Relief Model Research Articles

Определение подтопленных территорий с использованием гис-моделирования гидрологических процессов

Проведено исследование методики геоинформационного моделирования подтопляемых территорий речной долины. Создана анимационная ГИС-модель затопления исследуемого объекта - участок долины р. Есиль близ г. Петропавловска (Северо-Казахстанская область), что подвергается ежегодным интенсивным затоплениям. Моделирование сценария производилось на основе гидрологических характеристик, информации об уровнях поднятия воды за определенный период, а также данных о рельефе с использованием инструментариев ArcGIS ArcScene. Использованные методы - сравнительно-географический, картографический, наблюдение, полевые методы, ГИС-технологии. Исследование состоит из нескольких этапов, которые включают следующие задачи: сбор и обобщение аналитических данных о гидрологическом режиме, весеннем половодье, паводковых явлениях на р. Есиль, создание цифровой модели рельефа по данным SRTM, создание прогнозной модели затопления вблизи г. Петропавловска. Полученные результаты могут быть полезны для планирования и проведения мероприятий по предупреждению чрезвычайных ситуаций, связанных с паводковыми явлениями на реке.

Опыт компьютерного моделирования паводкового стока реки Кубань к Краснодарскому водохранилищу на основе модели DWAT

The article is dedicated to PC modeling of the maximum water runoff of the Kuban rivers flowing to the Krasnodar reservoir after the storm rains. A mathematical model of the «precipitation-runoff» type – DWAT was used. This model is recommended by the World Meteorological Organization for use on rivers with flash floods, based on river survey digital elevation models and storm rain forecasts. A possibility of using proposed approach, the estimated possibility of using DWAT for short-term forecasting of flood inflow to the Krasnodar reservoir based on storm precipitation at predictor meteorological stations, which is tentatively assessed based on the analysis of the dependence of the main elements of floods on the storm rain characteristics. In addition to the digital relief model, the model uses georeferenced layers of data on vegetation, land use types and soils of the catchment area. In general, the article shows the process of entering and processing data into the model. The obtained final simulation results, expressed by the forecast hydrograph, are compared with the observed true values. The forecasted flood graphs correspond suffi ciently to the observed ones and in general the ma ximum water discharges of the forecasted floods obtained using the model under study for previous precipitation are for the most part slightly higher than the observed ones, which is partly explained by the spatial data due to map resolution used. The use of more detailed source data and map resolution may improve the final result.

The effects of message order on emotions and donation intention in charity advertising: the mediating roles of negative and positive empathy

ABSTRACT This study examines the impact of message order on recipients’ responses to charity advertisements using the expectancy-contrast and negative-state relief models. The results show that a negative-positive message order evokes positive emotion, while a positive-negative order generates negative emotions. Both positive and negative emotions induced by charity advertisements affect helping intention through positive and negative empathy. This study enhances the current understanding of the roles of emotion and empathy in charity intention formation. Its results have substantial implications for increasing donations to fundraising campaigns based on charity advertisements.

Development model of rock relief on thick horizontal and gently sloping rock strata exposed to rain

Due to various factors influencing diverse rocks, karst phenomena take unique shapes that are most often reflected in the rock relief. Through a series of different developmental factors, new factors first gradually transform the traces of old formations and over time, if they are distinct enough, they can replace them with completely new ones. In places old forms are reflected in the formation of a new rock relief only indirectly. The rock relief of karst phenomena, in this case karren, also develops under the influence of a single factor. Developmentally, rock forms, due to dissection of the surface and lasting of development, often in several layers merge into one another. A development model enables us to discover the overall development of the formation of the selected part of the rocky karst surface. The individual rock forms which have merged into the rock relief represent just one stage of development. Good knowledge of the overall development enables us to discern the development so far and predict future development. A number of development models can be discerned. One of the basic models reveals the manner of the rain-induced formation and development of horizontal and gently sloping carbonate rock strata into karren and stone forests, especially after the disintegration of the upper (thinner) rock strata and the denudation and shaping of the bottom strata. It reveals many characteristics of rock formation, from the sheet flow to the formation of rain flutes, their merging into rain channels and the development of funnel-like notches; that is, developmental transition of rock forms and rock relief in the overall development from the flat surface to its dissection into peaks.

Corrigendum: Recency of Faulting and Subsurface Architecture of the San Diego Bay Pull-Apart Basin, California, USA

Figure 13. Regional fault orientations and plate boundary parameters used for kinematic analysis and interpretation. Solid orange arrows are maximum and minimum horizontal stress orientations, ! and " , respectively (Hardebeck and Hauksson, 2001), large black and white outlined arrows are plate motion vectors, and the average orientations for Group-1, Group-2, and La Nacion fault zones are solid black, toothed lines. Large black hatched lines are regional faults. G1, Group 1; G2, Group 2. Background fault traces (thin red lines) are from USGS Quaternary fault database (USGS, 2019). Background topography and bathymetry are from the National Centers for Environmental Information Southern California Coastal Relief Model (v2) (Calsbeek et al., 2013).

Development of an optimal relief method for the palatal plate by stress analysis

BackgroundPlate dentures cannot be easily modified after fabrication; therefore, the sites and magnitude of relief must be effectively assessed at the time of fabrication. However, a considerable variation exists in the magnitude of optimal relief and relief range, and there are no guidelines that present these clearly, leading the dentists to decide subjectively. Thus, this study aims to develop an optimal relief method to improve the stress bearing capacity of the palatal mucosa.MethodsThe objective of this study, namely, the borderline, was set in steps. A three-dimensional finite element model for the pseudopalatal plate was created and used to evaluate the changes in stress distribution in the palatal mucosa due to the selective relief of stresses above the borderline. The resulting data were used to develop the optimal relief method.ResultsIn the relief model with a borderline of 0.04 MPa or higher, the distribution volume at which a high stress of 0.20 MPa or higher is generated was approximately 800% of that with the no-relief model, and in the relief model with a borderline of 0.06 MPa or higher, the respective ratio was approximately 280%. On the other hand, the relief models with a borderline of 0.14 MPa or higher were approximately 60%. In the mid-palatal relief model, the distribution volume at which a stress of 0.20 MPa or higher was generated was 180% of that in the relief model.ConclusionsThe supportive strength of plates can be increased by selectively applying optimal relief rather than standard relief, allowing for easier and more effective plate-denture treatment.

Improvement of the method of combined plans for the analysis of channel re-formations of a water body on the example of the oka river section

The article discusses the ways of improving the method of combined plans for a water body channel reformations analysis on the example of a section of the Oka River. The main disadvantages of the existing classical approach to the analysis of channel processes through the channel surveys separate isobaths’combination are highlighted. A new approach to combining digital models of the river bed relief obtained from the hydrographic surveys results is proposed. Two directions of surface comparison are shown for the subsequent analysis of channel processes. For a qualitative assessment of channel changes, it is proposed to construct a new surface of vertical deformations and visualize it in color gradation or using lines of equal vertical deformations. For a quantitative assessment of channel processes, the use of a cartogram of vertical channel deformations is considered, and the numerical parameters for assessing the stability of the river channel are introduced. For the considered section of the Oka river channel, the main indicators of channel processes were obtained and analyzed using the proposed updated method. Separately, the calculation of the most optimal grid size was performed when constructing a cartogram of vertical channel deformations.

Elevation modelling of an area of the Siverskyi Donets riverbed (near Haidary village, Chuguyevskiy district, Kharkiv region)

Formulation of the problem. The article represents the practical experience of the bottom echo sounding and processing of the data received for digital elevation modelling. The relevance and specificity of using sonar equipment to study the specificity of the morphology of the underwater relief of small hydrological features are covered. The domestic and foreign publications in this area are analysed, and therefore the conclusion of the issue being not studied enough in domestic sources is made. Methods. The analysis of literature sources on modelling the river network, visualization of relief models. The bathymetric survey data was used to compile a bathymetric map of the river and build a digital elevation model. The purpose of the article is sharing developer experience in making of digital elevation models of a section of the riverbed on the example of the Siverskyi Donets River (near Haidary village, Chuguevskiy district, Kharkiv region). Processing of measurement data received as a result of echo sounder surveys. Preservation and recording of general information received to expand the river bottom relief database. Provide an overview of the uses and applications of geoinformation technologies, determine the research prospects based on the developed digital elevation models. Results. The results of echo sounding and post-processing of the data received using specialized software are presented. The section of the Siverskyi Donets River in the area of the geographical educational and scientific station «Haidary» was chosen as the territory for the hydrographic research (Haidary village, Chuguevsky District, Kharkiv region). The field part of the research was conducted using the equipment of the material and technical basis of the Physical Geography and Cartography Department of the V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, for instance using the Lawrance Elite 7 TI chartplotter-echosounder with modern scanning modes CHIRP, DownScan, StrucureScan. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The specificity of creating and visualizing in the ReefMaster software package is covered in the article. A model of the bottom of the corresponding section of the Siverskyi Donets River and a depth map, which will allow the future analysis of the dynamics and the prediction of changes of the bed configuration, have been developed on the basis of the field work results. The advantages of using budget equipment and software for performing underwater relief studies of such hydrological objects are formulated. The novelty of the study is not only the use of the methodological foundations of digital modelling, but also the alternative classification approaches for describing the relief and conducting morphostructural analysis based on the GIS technologies.

Self-AdaptIve LOcal Relief Enhancer (SAILORE): A New Filter to Improve Local Relief Model Performances According to Local Topography

The use of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is becoming more and more common in different landscape exploration domains such as archaeology or geomorphology. In order to allow the detection of features of interest, visualization filters have to be applied to the raw Digital Elevation Model (DEM), to enhance small relief variations. Several filters have been proposed for this purpose, such as Sky View Factor, Slope, negative and positive Openness, or Local Relief Model (LRM). The efficiency of each of these methods is strongly dependent on the input parameters chosen in regard of the topography of the investigated area. The LRM has proved to be one of the most efficient, but it has to be parameterized in order to be adapted to the natural slopes characterizing the investigated area. Generally, this setting has a single value, chosen as the best compromise between optimal values for each relief configuration. As LiDAR is mainly used in wide areas, a large distribution of natural slopes is often encountered. The aim of this paper is to propose a Self AdaptIve LOcal Relief Enhancer (SAILORE) based on the Local Relief Model approach. The filtering effect is adapted to the local slope, allowing the detection at the same time of low-frequency relief variation on flat areas, as well as the identification of high-frequency relief variation in the presence of steep slopes. First, the interest of this self-adaptive approach is presented, and the principle of the method, compared to the classical LRM method, is described. This new tool is then applied to a LiDAR dataset characterized by various terrain configurations in order to test its performance and compare it with the classical LRM. The results of this test show that SAILORE significantly increases the detection capability while simplifying it.

The Near Abasement of Uganda Hotels’ Staff Altruistic Behaviour by COVID-19 Pandemic: A Relief Model

This paper aims to analyze the relationship between employee optimism, status competitiveness, interpersonal adaptability and employee altruism during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, it examined the mediating effect of interpersonal adaptability and employee optimism in the stated relationship. A quantitative study was conducted using a sample of 303 respondents that constituted both managers and employees from 70 selected hotels in Uganda shortly after the end of the first lockdown in July, 2020. The associated hypotheses were tested using the Smart-PLS 3.2 software. Once employees are optimistic, undergo free and fair competition for any position, and feel that they freely interact with one another, then they are bound to devote themselves to the welfare of one another at all costs. It examined employee optimism, status competitiveness, and interpersonal adaptability as explanations of employee altruism. This is in addition to the mediation effect of interpersonal adaptability and employee optimism in the stated relationship. In terms of its value, when employees have positive expectations regardless of the current challenges they undergo, there is fair competition for all positions in the organization, and that they interact freely, they can offer help for others’ welfare. Keywords: employee optimism, status competitiveness, interpersonal adaptability, employee altruism, organizational citizenship behavior and COVID-19

What Is the Numerical Nature of Pain Relief?

Pain relief, or a decrease in self-reported pain intensity, is frequently the primary outcome of pain clinical trials. Investigators commonly report pain relief in one of two ways: using raw units (additive) or using percentage units (multiplicative). However, additive and multiplicative scales have different assumptions and are incompatible with one another. In this work, we describe the assumptions and corollaries of additive and multiplicative models of pain relief to illuminate the issue from statistical and clinical perspectives. First, we explain the math underlying each model and illustrate these points using simulations, for which readers are assumed to have an understanding of linear regression. Next, we connect this math to clinical interpretations, stressing the importance of statistical models that accurately represent the underlying data; for example, how using percent pain relief can mislead clinicians if the data are actually additive. These theoretical discussions are supported by empirical data from four longitudinal studies of patients with subacute and chronic pain. Finally, we discuss self-reported pain intensity as a measurement construct, including its philosophical limitations and how clinical pain differs from acute pain measured during psychophysics experiments. This work has broad implications for clinical pain research, ranging from statistical modeling of trial data to the use of minimal clinically important differences and patient-clinician communication.

Sublacustrine canyons of the South and Central Basins of Lake Baikal as a result of interaction of tectonic, lithological and climatic factors

To study the morphological characteristics of the largest canyons in the Southern and Central Basins of Lake Baikal, we analysed a digital relief model based on high-resolution multibeam bathymetric surveying. We evaluate the role of tectonic, lithological and climatic controlling factors in the formation and evolution of canyons. Tectonic activity and seismicity act as a catalyst for canyon formation and for the development of sublacustrine gravity flows and turbidity currents, and alter the morphological appearance of already existing canyons. The influence of tectonics on the formation of the Baikal canyons is particularly noticeable on the western slope of Lake Baikal, where canyons are mainly located along faults and follow their directions. Gravity flows and turbidity currents become more important during earthquakes and periods of lower lake level. When canyon heads are located close to river mouths, riverine processes have a significant impact on the evolution of the canyon. The topography of the original surface and the lithology of the substrate also play a significant role in the evolution of canyons and in shaping the canyon morphology. During periods of lower lake level (during Pleistocene glacial periods) riverine processes were responsible for initiating the formation of many canyons in Lake Baikal. The canyons developed under the complex influence of the factors considered. One or another factor could be dominant at different stages of their evolution, while the role of the other factors became secondary. These roles could interchange over time. The Baikal canyons show a great deal of resemblance to canyons in marine environments, in terms of morphological characteristics as well as of canyon-forming processes. We propose a morphogenetic classification of the underwater valleys and canyons of Lake Baikal.

Hybrid MSRM-Based Deep Learning and Multitemporal Sentinel 2-Based Machine Learning Algorithm Detects Near 10k Archaeological Tumuli in North-Western Iberia

This paper presents an algorithm for large-scale automatic detection of burial mounds, one of the most common types of archaeological sites globally, using LiDAR and multispectral satellite data. Although previous attempts were able to detect a good proportion of the known mounds in a given area, they still presented high numbers of false positives and low precision values. Our proposed approach combines random forest for soil classification using multitemporal multispectral Sentinel-2 data and a deep learning model using YOLOv3 on LiDAR data previously pre-processed using a multi–scale relief model. The resulting algorithm significantly improves previous attempts with a detection rate of 89.5%, an average precision of 66.75%, a recall value of 0.64 and a precision of 0.97, which allowed, with a small set of training data, the detection of 10,527 burial mounds over an area of near 30,000 km2, the largest in which such an approach has ever been applied. The open code and platforms employed to develop the algorithm allow this method to be applied anywhere LiDAR data or high-resolution digital terrain models are available.

A risk management framework for power distribution networks undergoing a typhoon disaster

With the increasing distribution network accidents caused by typhoon disasters, risk management in typhoon scenarios is necessary. A risk management framework for power distribution networks (PDNs) undergoing a typhoon disaster is proposed. First, a risk prediction model of the PDN under typhoon conditions based on the Batts model is developed to predict the loss of load risk (LLR) index and economic loss risk (ELR) index of the PDN before the typhoon lands. Then, a vulnerability index of overhead lines, considering the failure frequency of specific overhead lines and their load importance, is introduced for use in a weak link identification model to identify weak links in the PDN. Finally, a two-time-step risk relief model based on typhoon forecast information and the identified weak links is developed to allocate PDN relief materials to reduce the LLR and ELR during a typhoon disaster. An IEEE RBTS BUS6 system is employed as a test system to verify the risk management strategy. The vulnerability index proposed by the strategy considers both the importance of load and line failure. The risk management strategy adopts a two-time-step model, which reduces the impact of meteorological forecast errors and enables more efficient use of materials. The results show that the proposed framework can take more effective use of relief materials to reduce the loss of PDNs compared with the traditional strategy.

Gradient fill fairway plotting method for mapping inland waterways

This article proposes a method for plotting fairways using gradient fill of digital terrain models of the bottom relief. The purpose of the method is to improve the accuracy of fairway plotting, ensuring the safety of both manned and unmanned navigation. Non-regulated fairways are usually plotted by eye. When done this way, the accuracy of the fairway placement directly depends on the cartographer’s capability and initial data. Gradient fill allows the operator to instantly and accurately assess bottom relief, without having to analyse text. Gradient fill is used to fill a digital terrain model of the bottom relief built based on an irregular depth grid densified via the biquadratic spline interpolation.

RELIEF AND GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF CARPATHIAN BIOSPHERE RESERVE

The relief and geological structure of Carpathian Biosphere Reserve represent the features of the geological and geomorphological structure of the four geomorphological regions of the Ukrainian Carpathians. The block mid-mountains of the Polonynsko-Chornohirsky Carpathians (Chornohora, Svydovets, and Uholsko-Shyrokoluzhansky massifs) and the folded mid-mountains of Marmarosy crystal massif (Marmarosy and Kuziy-Trybushansky massifs) are well protected within the reserve. The analysis of the morphostructure and morphosculpture of the reserve is carried out taking into account the longitudinal (NW–SE) and transverse divisions of the Ukrainian The analysis of the morphostructure and morphosculpture of the reserve is carried out taking into account the longitudinal (NW–SE) and transverse divisions of the Ukrainian Carpathians. The longitudinal division is associated with morphostructures of higher orders, such as second and third. The transverse division is associated with the fourth and fifth orders of morphostructures. In the analysis of morphosculpture of the reserve, the types characterized for all regions of Flysch and Crystal Carpathians are allocated. All mountain massifs and ridges could be characterized by an asymmetrical structure, such as steep northeastern slopes and acclivous southwestern slopes. The relic morphosculpture is represented by: 1) fragments of denudation surfaces of different ages such as Polonynska, Pidpolonynska, and riparian; 2) ancient glacial and extra glacial landforms; 3) areas of ancient longitudinal valleys. River valleys with a complex of different age terraces represent inherited morphosculpture. Modern morphodynamic processes are represented by height (tier) differentiation. The processes of sheet erosion, deflation, and rill erosion play an important role in the relief modeling for the tiers of strongly dissected mid-mountain relief. The lower tier of the terraced and non-terraced bottoms of the valleys are associated with the processes of leaching and erosion as well as a significant accumulation of erosion products and mudflows. Stabilized and active displacements are the most recorded among the gravitational processes and block motions. Key words: Carpathian Biosphere Reserve; Ukrainian Carpathians; relief; morphostructure; morphosculpture.

Commenting on Brand Posts during a Crisis: The Relationship between Context-Induced Moods and Brand Message Processing across Three Social Media Platforms

Within the context of COVID-19, this study examines the relationship between context-induced moods and consumers’ responses to two different types of brand posts on social media: profit-driven posts and public-driven posts. Using both social media data (24,578 user comments on 14 brand posts on Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter) and survey data (356 subjects recruited from Amazon.com’s Mechanical Turk), we found that across all three social media platforms (i.e., Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter), the more negative mood one was in when using a social media platform during the pandemic, the more likely one would leave a comment to praise the company endorser of the public-driven post (comment type 5) as opposed to leaving a comment to discuss serious issues, shedding light on the prediction of negative-state relief model. By contrast, across all three social media platforms, there is no relationship between context-induced moods and types of comments people leave on a profit-driven brand post. We provide theoretical, practical, and methodological implications for future research.

Early assessment of seismic hazard in terms of Voronezh massif-Moscow Depression contact

Purpose is to develop a system approach for early assessment of areas being of high seismic hazard and characterizing by low stability of rock mass relative to external loads. Methods. Well cores have been assessed down to 30 depth and seismic observations have been accumulated. Complexes of field geophysics methods have been applied for the research as well as remote sensing materials, digital model of surface relief, and techniques of qualitative and quantitative interpretation. Findings. Seismic hazard map has been formed in terms of seismic intensification and ground displacement units. The abovementioned is quite reliable but a cost-based result involving early assessments of high seismic hazard areas to infill network of geophysical measurements in the neighbourhood of the areas for their further quantitative characterization. It has been identified that rare well network and definite geophysical lines, run under conditions of a complex terrain, cannot localize the areas of high seismic hazard to focus builders on the enforcement of certain components of the erected structures. It has been defined that end result of the prognostic developments takes a shape of mapping of local areas with the decreased stability of upper share of the geological section supported by further measurements by means of a common depth point method (CDP). Comparison of potential secondary earthquake sources with high permeability zones makes it possible to predict highly reliable areas of the increased seismic magnitude. Originality.For the first time, interpretation techniques have been adapted to describe parametrically nonpotential geofields (i.e. optical density of remote basis; and relative elevation), accepted during the steps of potential field processing, with the use of wave analogies. Practical implications.The methods have been developed helping optimize field geological and geophysical operations in terms of area and well number as well as measuring stakes under the conditions of the limited prior data amount.

3D Modelling and FEM Analysis on Metal Coin Edge Punching Error

Minting metal coin, mean to impress a given relief model on both coin faces and also on the edge. Due to the high striking pressure, the round blank material is forced to fill the inner space between dies. In the past, for less coin value, the coin edge remained cylindrical, without any inscription. Following the increased coin value, it was introduced a security feature against forgery; on the coin edge model could be toothed or inscribed with relief or incuse text logo. Besides the coin edge basic design, a various amount of coin edge error types are released. In the paper there are studied some errors on the metal coin edge impressed with incuse text by punching. First, there are presented some particular examples and general aspects about the coin edge punching are also introduced. Then, the simplified 3D model of the parts is presented. Also, the finite element analysis on this model is realized and is achieved for different initial conditions. In the final part, the analysis results and conclusions are presented.

A three-dimensional thermohydrodynamic model for Krasnoyarsk Reservoir

The paper presents a 3D model for a deep flowing water body based on the open software package Delft3D to describe and predict thermohydrodynamic (THD) processes in existing and projected reservoirs of Siberia. As an example, a 3D model for non-stationary THD processes of the Krasnoyarsk Reservoir was built and tested. For its construction, we developed a Digital Relief Model (DRM) for the Krasnoyarsk Reservoir basin, generated a finite-difference grid, identified the empirical constants and formulated the initial and boundary conditions. Numerical simulation of current velocity and water temperature of the reservoir for spring/summer of the scenario year was performed.