Reliable Information Transfer Research Articles

Information Transmission through Biotic-Abiotic Interfaces to Restore or Enhance Human Function.

Advancements in reliable information transfer across biotic-abiotic interfaces have enabled the restoration of lost human function. For example, communication between neuronal cells and electrical devices restores the ability to walk to a tetraplegic patient and vision to patients blinded by retinal disease. These impactful medical achievements are aided by tailored biotic-abiotic interfaces that maximize information transfer fidelity by considering the physical properties of the underlying biological and synthetic components. This Review develops a modular framework to define and describe the engineering of biotic and abiotic components as well as the design of interfaces to facilitate biotic-abiotic information transfer using light or electricity. Delineating the properties of the biotic, interface, and abiotic components that enable communication can serve as a guide for future research in this highly interdisciplinary field. Application of synthetic biology to engineer light-sensitive proteins has facilitated the control of neural signaling and the restoration of rudimentary vision after retinal blindness. Electrophysiological methodologies that use brain-computer interfaces and stimulating implants to bypass spinal column injuries have led to the rehabilitation of limb movement and walking ability. Cellular interfacing methodologies and on-chip learning capability have been made possible by organic transistors that mimic the information processing capacity of neurons. The collaboration of molecular biologists, material scientists, and electrical engineers in the emerging field of biotic-abiotic interfacing will lead to the development of prosthetics capable of responding to thought and experiencing touch sensation via direct integration into the human nervous system. Further interdisciplinary research will improve electrical and optical interfacing technologies for the restoration of vision, offering greater visual acuity and potentially color vision in the near future.

HYBRID DEEP LEARNING APPROACH TO IDENTIFY INTRUSION DETECTION WITH IMBALANCE DATASETS

The intrusion detection system is a computer-based system that constantly identifies all types of malicious activities by monitoring the network traffic. These intrusions and doubtful activities disturb all business activities performed over the public network, such as the Internet and all connected networks. It is an essential system to provide consistent and reliable transfer of information to complete e-commerce and e-business transactions and private communication using social sites. Various deep learning techniques are used to identify security attacks by observing the typical system usage profile and to restrict all of the network traffic if it is outside the scope of the standard profile. Our proposed system is used to combine various deep learning techniques to develop a hybrid deep learning model to identify any security attack in the network. The proposed hybrid deep learning model is trained using an integrated and balanced dataset by merging already available imbalanced benchmark datasets such as NSL-KDD, ISCX, CICIDS2017, and UNSWNB15. Our proposed system is limited to identifying security attacks in benchmark datasets and restricted to available deep-learning techniques and algorithms.

Ultra-reliable intelligent link scheduling based on DRL for manned/unmanned aerial vehicle cooperative scenarios

When manned/unmanned aerial vehicle (MAV–UAV) perform cooperative missions in complex and variable situations, the communication link between manned aerial vehicle (MAV) and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) must be extremely dependable to guarantee the reliable transfer of command and control information. To address the above issues, this study provides an intelligent link scheduling algorithm based on MAVlink protocol that leverages deep reinforcement learning (DRL) for highly reliable communication in MAV–UAV multiple input multiple output-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) communication systems. This algorithm combines a deep neural network (DNN) with a Q-learning (QL) algorithm to get a deep Q-network (DQN). The downlink communication link between MAV and UAV uses it to intelligently schedule the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) and the number of spatial multiplexing layers. Results from system simulations indicate that the proposed algorithm outperforms other representative scheduling algorithms in the communication between MAV and UAV in complex scenarios with high-speed movement and large noise interference, improving the reliability of communication in MAV–UAV cooperative missions.

Low-Power VLSI Implementation of Novel Hybrid Adaptive Variable-Rate and Recursive Systematic Convolutional Encoder for Resource Constrained Wireless Communication Systems

In the modern wireless communication system, digital technology has tremendous growth, and all the communication channels are slowly moving towards digital form. Wireless communication has to provide the reliable and efficient transfer of information between transmitter and receiver over a wireless channel. The channel coding technique is the best practical approach to delivering reliable communication for the end-users. Many conventional encoder and decoder units are used as error detection and correction codes in the digital communication system to overcome the multiple transient errors. The proposed convolutional encoder consists of both Recursive Systematic Convolutional (RSC) Encoder and Adaptive Variable-Rate Convolutional (AVRC) encoder. Adaptive Variable-Rate Convolutional encoder improves the bit error rate performance and is more suitable for a power-constrained wireless system to transfer the data. Recursive Systematic Convolutional encoder also reduces the bit error rate and improves the throughput by employing the trellis termination strategy. Here, AVRC encoder ultimately acquires the channel state information and feeds the data into a fixed rate convolutional encoder and rate adaptor followed by a buffer device. A hybrid encoder combines the AVRC encoder and RSC encoder output serially and parallel, producing the solid encoded data for the modulator in the communication system. A modified turbo code is also obtained by placing interleaver between the two encoder units and building the stronger code word for the system. Finally, the conventional encoder system is compared and analyzed with the proposed method regarding the number of LUT’s, gates, clock cycle, slices, area, power, bit error rate, and throughput.

Qubit teleportation between non-neighbouring nodes in a quantum network

Future quantum internet applications will derive their power from the ability to share quantum information across the network1,2. Quantum teleportation allows for the reliable transfer of quantum information between distant nodes, even in the presence of highly lossy network connections3. Although many experimental demonstrations have been performed on different quantum network platforms4–10, moving beyond directly connected nodes has, so far, been hindered by the demanding requirements on the pre-shared remote entanglement, joint qubit readout and coherence times. Here we realize quantum teleportation between remote, non-neighbouring nodes in a quantum network. The network uses three optically connected nodes based on solid-state spin qubits. The teleporter is prepared by establishing remote entanglement on the two links, followed by entanglement swapping on the middle node and storage in a memory qubit. We demonstrate that, once successful preparation of the teleporter is heralded, arbitrary qubit states can be teleported with fidelity above the classical bound, even with unit efficiency. These results are enabled by key innovations in the qubit readout procedure, active memory qubit protection during entanglement generation and tailored heralding that reduces remote entanglement infidelities. Our work demonstrates a prime building block for future quantum networks and opens the door to exploring teleportation-based multi-node protocols and applications2,11–13.

Direct Spread Spectrum Technology for Data Hiding in Audio.

Direct spread spectrum technology is traditionally used in radio communication systems with multiple access, for example, in CDMA standards, in global satellite navigation systems, in Wi-Fi network wireless protocols, etc. It ensures high security and reliability of information transfer. In addition, spread spectrum technology provides the transmitted signals with a noise-like appearance, thus hiding the semantic content of the messages. We researched this technology for other implementations. The purpose of our study was to investigate new technologies for hiding data in multimedia files. In particular, we investigated the direct spread spectrum in the context of the development of methods for hiding data in audio containers. We considered various spreading sequences (chip codes) and also explored their use for hiding information in audio files. We conducted experimental studies and estimated the bit error rate (BER) in the recovered data. The article also evaluates the distortion of an audio container by the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). The results of our research enable us to find out which method of forming chip codes gives a lower BER with equal PSNR. We provide recommendations on the formation of spreading sequences to reliably and safely hide informational messages in audio files.

Experimental Demonstration of Delay-Bounded Wireless Network Based on Precise Time Synchronization

Low latency and reliable information transfer are highly demanded in fifth generation (5G) and beyond 5G wireless communications. A novel delay-bounded wireless media access control (MAC) protocol called Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Arbitration Point (CSMA/AP) was established to strictly ensure the upper boundary of communication delay. CSMA/AP enables collision-free and delay-bounded communications with a simple arbitration mechanism exploiting the precise time synchronization achieved by Wireless Two-Way Interferometry (Wi-Wi). Experimental demonstration and proving the feasibility in wireless environments are among the most critical steps before any further discussion of CSMA/AP and extension to various applications can take in place. In this work described in this paper, we experimentally demonstrated the fundamental principles of CSMA/AP by constructing a star-topology wireless network using software-defined radio terminals combined with precise time synchronization devices. We show that CSMA/AP was successfully operated, even with dynamic changes of the spatial position of the terminal or the capability to accommodate mobility, thanks to the real-time adaption to the dynamically changing environment by Wi-Wi. We also experimentally confirmed that the proposed CSMA/AP principle cannot be executed without Wi-Wi, which validates the importance of precise time synchronization. This study paves the way toward realizing delay-bounded wireless communications for future low-latency and highly reliable critical applications.

Cost Effective Decentralized Key Management Framework for IoT

Security is a primary concern in communication for reliable transfer of information between the authenticated members, which becomes more complex in a network of Internet of Things (IoT). To provide security for group communication a key management scheme incorporating Bilinear pairing technique with Multicast and Unicast key management protocol (BMU-IOT) for decentralized networks has been proposed. The first part of the proposed work is to divide the network into clusters where sensors are connected to and is administered by cluster head. Each sensor securely shares its secret keys with the cluster head using unicast. Based on these decryption keys, the cluster head generates a common encryption key using bilinear pairing. Any sensor in the subgroup can decrypt the message, which is encrypted by the common encryption key. The remaining part focuses to reduce communication, computation and storage costs of the proposed framework and the resilience against various attacks. The implementation is carried out and results are compared with the existing schemes that have given considerably better results. Thus, the lightweight devices of IoT can provide efficiency and security by reducing their overhead in terms of complexity.

Editorial introduction to J.UCS special issue Challenges for Smart Environments – Human-Centered Computing, Data Science, and Ambient Intelligence I

Editorial introduction to J.UCS special issue Challenges for Smart Environments – Human-Centered Computing, Data Science, and Ambient Intelligence I

Stochastic chromatin packing of 3D mitotic chromosomes revealed by coherent X-rays

DNA molecules are atomic-scale information storage molecules that promote reliable information transfer via fault-free repetitions of replications and transcriptions. Remarkable accuracy of compacting a few-meters-long DNA into a micrometer-scale object, and the reverse, makes the chromosome one of the most intriguing structures from both physical and biological viewpoints. However, its three-dimensional (3D) structure remains elusive with challenges in observing native structures of specimens at tens-of-nanometers resolution. Here, using cryogenic coherent X-ray diffraction imaging, we succeeded in obtaining nanoscale 3D structures of metaphase chromosomes that exhibited a random distribution of electron density without characteristics of high-order folding structures. Scaling analysis of the chromosomes, compared with a model structure having the same density profile as the experimental results, has discovered the fractal nature of density distributions. Quantitative 3D density maps, corroborated by molecular dynamics simulations, reveal that internal structures of chromosomes conform to diffusion-limited aggregation behavior, which indicates that 3D chromatin packing occurs via stochastic processes.

Synthesis method of orthogonal encoding and decoding matrices based on integers, providing the implementation of code division of channels

The method of code division of binary channels based on the arithmetic analogue of convolutional codes is investigated. The synthesis method of encoding and decoding matrices is proposed for implementing a code division of channels regardless of the number of users. The synthesis and implementation of theses pairs of matrices will significantly simplify the schemes for constructing encoding and decoding devices. Research results can be used in various communication technologies: in real-time systems, in distributed systems in on-board equipment complexes, to ensure reliable information transfer.

EP.TU.79Assessed and Discharged - An Audit of Discharge Summaries Completion During On-Calls

Abstract Aim Effective health care provision is heavily dependent on timely, reliable transfer of patient information. Failure of this communication between professionals could result in redundancy of tests, delay in treatment, which may in turn endanger patient safety. The NHS Standard Contract requirements state discharge summaries should be completed within 24 hours of hospital assessment and discharge. Discharge summaries for patients who were reviewed but not admitted have been observed to be poorly completed during on-calls and this audit aims to clarify this. Method On-Call Patient Lists between 1 December to 14 December 2020 were studied retrospectively. Patients who were assessed by the on-call surgical team but not admitted were included in the audit. Patients referred to other specialties were excluded. Hospital electronic system was reviewed for electronic records from the encounter including clinical note or discharge summary. Results In total, 47 patients were identified during the 2 week- period. 40/47 patients were referred from AE and 9 of these patients were discharged from AE directly. 3 of the patients had a clinical note or discharge summary completed on the hospital electronic system. Overall, 18 of the 47 (38.3%) patients had a clinical note or discharge summary on the electronic system, with 6 (12.8%) of them being recorded as discharge summaries. Conclusion The overall completion of discharge summaries for this group of patients was poor. Awareness of this failing and the importance of professional communication should be highlighted with the juniors during surgical meeting to improve compliance.

402 Assessed and Discharged - An Audit of Discharge Summaries Completion During On-Calls

Abstract Aim Effective health care provision is heavily dependent on timely, reliable transfer of patient information. Failure of this communication between professionals could result in redundancy of tests, delay in treatment, which may in turn endanger patient safety. The NHS Standard Contract requirements state discharge summaries should be completed within 24 hours of hospital assessment and discharge. Discharge summaries for patients who were reviewed but not admitted have been observed to be poorly completed and this audit aims to clarify this. Method On-Call Patient Lists between 1 December to 14 December 2020 were studied retrospectively. Patients who were assessed by the on-call surgical team but not admitted were included in the audit. Patients referred to other specialties were excluded. Hospital electronic system was reviewed for electronic records frim the encounter including clinical note or discharge summary. Results In total, 47 patients were identified during the 2 week- period. 40/47 patients were referred from AE and 9 of these patients were discharged from AE directly. 3 of the patients had a clinical note or discharge summary completed on the hospital electronic system. Overall, 18 of the 47 (38.3%) patients had a clinical note or discharge summary on the electronic system, with 6 (12.8%) of them being recorded as discharge summaries. Conclusions The overall completion of discharge summaries for this group of patients was poor. Awareness of this failing and the importance of professional communication should be highlighted with the juniors during surgical meeting to improve compliance before re-audit.

Routing and Spectrum Allocation in Elastic Optical Networks for Ecosystem Monitoring

Elastic optical network is the promising solution to improve spectrum efficiency by utilizing flex-grid optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing technology and facilitating the flexible bandwidth allocation to services with heterogeneous demands. Future generation needs a reliable and fast transfer of information which leads to increase in demand bandwidth and therefore the necessity of optimized and improved spectrum management occurs. High resolution remote sensing have been adapted to sample growing crop in the hilly or high altitude field (like tea or apple bagan) to keep track of the crops growing in the field and also for the wild life monitoring in sanctuary or in national park to observe their health and behavior. One of the main challenges over here is the development of robust calibration and validation methodologies for transmission of these critical information through optical network for fast and reliable communication. In this article, authors have proposed Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) based algorithm to provide the solution for the above mentioned challenge. The simulation results show that proposed approach provides significant improvement for spectrum efficiency with respect to reference methods.

Wave packet shaping for a single-photon source

For the realization of a quantum network and efficient transfer of information between its nodes, many challenges should be resolved. One of these challenges is related to controlling photons, in that receiving and resending data in a real-time process should be reliable. The uncontrollable and time asymmetry shape of the photon wave packets emitted by quantum sources creates obstacles for reliable information transfer. In this work, an approach has been introduced to tune the wave packet shape of a single photon as a significant factor for absorbing and resending the same information. Since the wave packet of the photon emitted from spontaneous emission cannot be handled, in this research for the wave packet shaping, two lasers with a phase difference between them are proposed, where Rabi frequency Ω ( t ) is considered as a time-dependent function. Studying the temporal evolution of the system states and using the experimental parameters of a real single photon are two steps employed in this paper to achieve the desired outcome. Furthermore, the fidelity of two distant nodes, between which information is transmitted by the proposed single photon, is examined.

Secondary care interface: optimising communication between teams within secondary care to improve the rehabilitation journey for older people

Effective communication between members of the multidisciplinary team is imperative for patient safety. Within the Medicine for the Elderly wards at Royal Victoria Hospital (RVH) in Dundee, we identified an...

К вопросу о выборе метода анализа переходных процессов для развития теории временного разрешения. Ретроспективный аналитический обзор

One of the fundamental and central problems of radio engineering and communication theory was and remains the scientific problem of finding ways to potentially reduce the frequency band occupied by the signal, as well as reducing the power of transmitting devices, which provide the necessary speed and reliability of information transfer, that is, the problem of increasing the specific bandwidth. One of the key forms of solving this problem is the transition to the reception of information messages in conditions of strong intersymbol interference. Sufficiently encouraging results in this direction are shown by the theory of resolution time presented in the papers [1-5] for APSK-N- and PSK-n- signals. At the same time, as a mathematical apparatus in these works, it is used as a mathematical apparatus in the field of optimization and analysis of transient processes. At the same time, as shown in these papers, the correct choice of the mathematical apparatus for the analysis of transient processes is of paramount importance. At present, due to the constant growth of the volume of transmitted information, more and more attention is paid to the issues of the possibility of increasing the transmission speed due to the use of the transmission mode "above the Nyquist rate". According to the theory of resolution time, which has been developing quite rapidly recently, it is required to analyze the transient processes in linear selective systems (LSS). In this case, LSS makes it possible to implement frequency selective properties of real communication channels in the channel model. At the same time, the question of choosing a method for analyzing the transient process is quite acute, since it primarily determines the complexity of estimating capacity procedure. This paper presents a retrospective, analytical review of methods for analyzing transient processes in LSS and substantiates the need to apply the method of slowly varying amplitudes S.I. Evtyanov and its developing. On its basis, the simplest and most convenient method for analyzing transient processes was chosen as applied to phase radio engineering systems for transmitting information.

Delay-Bounded Wireless Network Based on Precise Time Synchronization Using Wireless Two-Way Interferometry

The importance of reliable information transfer in wireless networks, especially regarding communication delay, is drastically increasing to fulfill safe and high-quality communication in the 5G and post-5G era. However, conventional media access control (MAC) protocol for wireless networks, notably Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA), sometimes yields unexpectedly significant delay due to its complex arbitration mechanism assuming asynchronous communication among terminals. As the delay cannot be strictly bounded by a deterministic value, this causes a vulnerability of systems relying on wireless networks. This paper utilizes precise time synchronization achieved by Wireless Two-way Interferometry (Wi-Wi), enabling all terminals to be time-synchronized via wireless signals. We show that by an appropriate periodic assignment of each terminal's data transmission timing, named Arbitration Point (AP), a simple arbitration algorithm obtains a strictly bounded maximum value for the delay while ensuring equalities among all participants. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the total number of terminals manageable in a star-topology wireless network significantly increases by densely packing AP timings, taking into account the spatial geometry information of terminals, which is another feature delivered by Wi-Wi measurement. In the meantime, we experimentally constructed a star-topology wired network where all terminals are time-synchronized via Wi-Wi to confirm the fundamental properties identified in the proposed arbitration protocol. This study paves a new way for future wireless networks where the delay is strictly bounded and provides the basis for ultra-reliable and high-quality information transfer functionalities by utilizing precise time synchronization and space localization (space-time synchronization).

Transitioning From Hospital to Palliative Care at Home: Patient and Caregiver Perceptions of Continuity of Care

ContextContinuity of care is important at improving the patient experience and reducing unnecessary hospitalizations when transitioning across care settings, especially at the end of life. ObjectiveTo explore patient and caregiver understanding and valuation of “continuity of care” while transitioning from an in-hospital to a home-based palliative care team. MethodsLongitudinal qualitative design using semistructured interviews conducted with patients and their caregivers before and after transitioning from hospital to palliative care at home. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis within a postpositivist framework. Thirty-nine participants (18 patients, seven caregivers, and seven patient-caregiver dyads) were recruited from two acute care hospitals, wherein they received care from an inpatient palliative care consultation team and transitioned to home-based palliative care. ResultsPatients had a mean age of 68 years, 60% were female and 60% had a diagnosis of cancer. Caregivers had a mean age of 62 years and 50% were female. Participants perceived continuity of care to occur in three ways, depending on which stage they were at in their hospital-to-home transition. In hospital, continuity of care was experienced, as consistency of information exchanged between providers. During the transition from hospital to home, continuity of care was experienced as consistency of treatments. When receiving home-based palliative care, continuity of care was experienced as having consistent providers. ConclusionPatients' and their caregivers’ valuation of continuity of care was dependent on their stage of the hospital-to-home transition. Optimizing continuity of care requires an integrated network of providers with reliable information transfer and communication.

Tone Reproduction Curve: rendering intents and their realization in halftone printing

Approaches to determining the Tone Reproduction Curve (TRC) which provides the reliable transfer of visual information in typical conditions of the halftone gray scale compression in relation to dynamic range of a graphic original or input image file are overviewed. The issues of such curve realization are also analyzed with taking into account the specifics of multiple stages of illustrative printing technology.