Reliable Streaming Research Articles

Link Reliable On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing for Reliable Video Streaming in MANET

Background: Due to the generic feature of AOMDV, it is widely used in Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks such as the Internet which requires new challenges to deploy conversational real-time applications like VoIP (Voice over IP) and video conferencing. Objective: In AOMDV, the multiple routes between any source and destination pair are selected based on minimal hop count which does not ensure reliable video content delivery as the communicating nodes along the paths are prone to link failures and route breaks. Methods: To overcome such problems, the Link Reliable On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (LROMDV) is proposed by modifying the Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV). Results: The LROMDV uses an enhanced Cumulative Expected Transmission Count (enh-CETX) for selecting multiple routes between any source and destination pair to avoid link failures and route breaks in Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks. Conclusion: The performance of LROMDV on H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video streaming under both Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) and Enhanced Distributed Coordination Function (EDCF) using NS2.34 and Enhanced EvalVid framework is evaluated and the simulation result shows the effectiveness of LROMDV.

Financial Statement Analyses of Netflix

This paper discusses and analyses Netflix’s financial performance over the past 4 years between 2016 and 2019, with the use of financial ratios. Netflix is well known to many as a major streaming platform and the company that changed traditional DVD players as the main source for movies and TV shows into the more equipped and reliable streaming services. We gather our information from yahoo finance about the performance of Netflix and look at how it has fared between 2016-19 and the points in which Netflix has excelled and the point in which they need some improvements.

RETRACTED: A hybrid security strategy (HS2) for reliable video streaming in fog computing

Abstract Recently, digital communication and storage over the Internet through the cloud have increased in a rapid manner. Accordingly, data security becomes a vital issue as there are many hackers who want to steal or alter others’ private data. Fog computing comes to secure and facilitate the connection to the cloud. It works as an intermediary between the cloud and the peripheral devices. Accordingly, the channel between the fog and those devices must be secured against attacks. Many efforts have been done to secure the fog through the use of steganography to embed important data into a cover digital medium and cryptography to encrypt the data into a meaningless form. As steganography and cryptography have their own advantages, combining them into a hybrid system will certainly promote the security level. Video steganography uses video as a cover media for hiding secret data as video streaming over internet is very popular and common that cannot be doubted by intruders. The advantage of using video files as a cover is that they are more secure against hacker attacks due to their relative complexity compared to other multimedia types and the data redundancy which permits to embed large amount of secret data. In this paper a new hybrid security strategy (HS2) merging the advantages of both cryptography and steganography for securing the fog has been proposed. HS2 embeds a secret image into a video as the host medium. HS2 has two main contributions. The first is a new encryption technique that depends on α-blocks of linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs) merged with an adder/subtractor to generate a strong secret key for each block. All blocks outputs are combined using a nonlinear function to construct the final key. Such generated key will be XORed with the secret image to produce the encrypted secret image. The second contribution is a new steganography methodology based on an enhanced discrete wavelet packet transform (DWPT) to embed the encrypted secret image into a cover video. Experimental results and security analysis have shown that the proposed HS2 outperforms recent security strategies and resist common attacks when applied to the fog environment.

Reliable 3D video streaming considering region of interest

3D video applications are growing more common as communication technology becomes more predominant nowadays. With such increasing demand for the 3D multimedia services in either the wired or wireless networks, robust methods of video streaming will be introduced to show more favorable efficiency outcomes since packet failure is an integral characteristic of communication networks.This paper aims to introduce a new reliable method of stereoscopic video streaming based on multiple description coding (MDC) strategy. The proposed multiple description coding generates four 3D video descriptions considering the interesting objects contained in the scene. To be able to find the interesting objects in the scene, we use two metrics from the second-order statistics of the depth map image in a block-wise manner. Having detected the objects, the proposed multiple description coding algorithm generates the descriptions for the color video using a nonidentical decimation method with respect to the identified objects. To show how much reliable the proposed MDC method is, this article assumes that due to the unreliable communication channel, only one description, among four encoded descriptions, is delivered to the receiver successfully. Therefore, the receiver needs to estimate the missed descriptions’ data from the available description. Since the human eye is more sensitive to objects than it is to pixels, the proposed method provides a better visual performance in view of its subjective assessment. Although, the objective test results verify the fact that the proposed method provides an improved performance than the Polyphase SubSampling (PSS) multiple description coding and our previous work using pixel variation. Regarding the depth map image, the proposed method generates the multiple descriptions according to the pixel prediction difficulty level. The considerable improvement achieved by the proposed method is shown with the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and Structural SIMilarity (SSIM) simulation result.

VideoCoreCluster: Energy‐Efficient, Low‐Cost, and Hardware‐Assisted Video Transcoding System

Video streaming is one of the killer applications in recent years. Video transcoding plays an important role in the video streaming service to cope with the various purposes. Specifically, content owners and publishers heavily utilize video transcoders to reconfigure source video in a variety of formats, video qualities, and bitrate to provide end users with the best possible quality of service. In this paper, we present VideoCoreCluster, a low‐cost and energy‐efficient transcoder cluster that is suitable for live streaming services. We designed and implemented real‐time video transcoder cluster using cheap ($35), powerful, and energy‐efficient Raspberry Pi. The quality of transcoded video provided by VideoCoreCluster is similar to the best software‐based video transcoder while consuming significantly less energy (<3 W). We have proposed a scheduling algorithm based on priority of video stream and transcoding capacity. Our cluster manager provides reliable and scalable streaming services, because it uses the characteristics of adaptive bitrate scheme. We have deployed our transcoding cluster to provide IP‐based TV streaming services on our university campus.

Scalable Robust Implementation of Reliable Streaming (SRIRS) with Tristate aware Quality of Service

In today's rapidly developing technological world, video streaming plays a vital role in mobile devices where the quality of streaming is significant. Quality of video streaming primarily depends on factors including: device's features, available bandwidth, and video codec. Existing video streaming techniques do not provide smooth streaming since the streaming quality depends only on estimating the available bandwidth ignoring the device's static and dynamic features. This research work concentrates on hybrid features of device, i.e. static and dynamic features and also the network features for enhancing video streaming quality. This is achieved by using the following three components (Tristate): Static grade point calculator, energy manager and hybrid bandwidth estimator for estimating quality states respectively. Using the statistical features extracted from the three components, the state machine decision maker with novel ensemble-based adaptive learning algorithm decides on the quality of the video to be streamed. Main objective of this work is to provide scalable, robust video streaming with the services of Tristate components and the development of a novel ensemble-based adaptive learning algorithm to achieve quality of service. This proposed technique is tested with cloud open stack platform under various network conditions like motion, driving and train. The experimental results are compared with those of the existing techniques and the results indicate that the proposed work outperforms other schemes in terms of metrics like PSNR, Bandwidth Estimation, and Smoothness in streaming, Power Consumption Rate, Freeze time and computational time.

Streaming and 3D mapping of AGRI-data on mobile devices

Farm monitoring and operations generate heterogeneous AGRI-data from a variety of different sources that have the potential to be delivered to users ‘on the go’ and in the field to inform farm decision making. A software framework capable of interfacing with existing web mapping services to deliver in-field farm data on commodity mobile hardware was developed and tested. This raised key research challenges related to: robustness of data steaming methods under typical farm connectivity scenarios, and mapping and 3D rendering of AGRI-data in an engaging and intuitive way. The presentation of AGRI-data in a 3D and interactive context was explored using different visualisation techniques; currently the 2D presentation of AGRI- data is the dominant practice, despite the fact that mobile devices can now support sophisticated 3D graphics via programmable pipelines. The testing found that WebSockets were the most reliable streaming method for high resolution image/texture data. From our focus groups there was no single visualisation technique that was preferred demonstrating that a range of methods is a good way to satisfy a large user base. Improved 3D experience on mobile phones is set to revolutionize the multimedia market and a key challenge is identifying useful 3D visualisation methods and navigation tools that support the exploration of data driven 3D interactive visualisation frameworks for AGRI-data.

A study on mobile ad-hoc network for reliable multimedia streaming services

With innovative developments made in the research of wireless communication network technologies, many different types of cutting-edge wireless systems are being developed and used today. This paper focuses on the development of a MANET(Mobile Ad-hoc network) scheme intended to be used for delivery of wireless multimedia streaming services. MANET don’t use a fixed infrastructure network but mobile devices form the network themselves autonomously. But owing to un-stability in the state of the wireless channel formed in this way, there will be frequent transmission delays and data losses. In ordinary routing schemes available for data transmission, the greater the amount of data transmitted by the devices, the more severe the quality degradation. Therefore, these schemes are not suitable for streaming multimedia data. This paper suggests a stable protocol that takes into account mobility of nodes, in order to provide an efficient scheme for streaming video content in a MANET. The suggested protocol handles movements of nodes particularly well compared to the existing MP-AOMDV(Mobility Prediction Ad-hoc on-demand Multipath Distance Vector) scheme. The test results show the performance of the suggested protocol. In a large network, it has a short response time and a high transmission success rate. Use of the suggested protocol increases the reliability of the transmission paths, thereby resulting in more organic or flexible handling of changes to the network topology. Furthermore, multimedia streaming services can be delivered more stably compared to when existing systems or schemes are used.

Reliable Adaptive Video Streaming Driven by Perceptual Semantics for Situational Awareness.

A novel cross-layer optimized video adaptation driven by perceptual semantics is presented. The design target is streamed live video to enhance situational awareness in challenging communications conditions. Conventional solutions for recreational applications are inadequate and novel quality of experience (QoE) framework is proposed which allows fully controlled adaptation and enables perceptual semantic feedback. The framework relies on temporal/spatial abstraction for video applications serving beyond recreational purposes. An underlying cross-layer optimization technique takes into account feedback on network congestion (time) and erasures (space) to best distribute available (scarce) bandwidth. Systematic random linear network coding (SRNC) adds reliability while preserving perceptual semantics. Objective metrics of the perceptual features in QoE show homogeneous high performance when using the proposed scheme. Finally, the proposed scheme is in line with content-aware trends, by complying with information-centric-networking philosophy and architecture.

Pushing Server Bandwidth Consumption to the Limit: Modeling and Analysis of Peer-Assisted VoD

Recent years have witnessed video-on-demand (VoD) as an efficient means for providing reliable streaming service for Internet users. It is known that peer-assisted VoD systems, such as NetFlix and PPlive, generally incur a lower deployment cost in terms of server bandwidth consumption. However, some fundamental issues still need to be further clarified, particularly for VoD service providers. In particular, how far can we push peer-assisted VoD forward, and at the scale of VoD systems, the maximum reduction of server bandwidth consumption that can be achieved with peer-assisted approaches. In this paper, we provide extensive model analysis to understand the minimum server bandwidth consumption for peer-assisted VoD systems. We first propose a basic model that can optimally schedule user demands at given snapshots. Our model analysis reveals the optimal performance bound and shows that the existing peer-assisted protocols are still far from being optimal. How to push the server bandwidth consumption to the limit remains a big challenge in VoD system design. To approach the optimal bandwidth consumption in real deployment, we further extend our model to a realistic case to capture the peer dynamic across continuous time-slots. The simulation result indicates that the optimal load scheduling problem is still achievable through a dynamic programming algorithm. Its design principle further motivates a fast priority-based algorithm that achieves near-optimal performance. These proposed algorithms can significantly reduce the bandwidth consumption of dedicated VoD servers.

An Algorithm to Improve the Quality of Service in Mere Network

Transmission of traffic in optical network, the network may interrupt transmission because some component failures. In order to avoid such things, and in order to ensure a reliable business streaming, we proposed an algorithm to improve the service quality of the optical network. This algorithm is that some links used the protected road in the optical network link. In addition, this algorithm also supports traffic grooming. By this algorithm, the success rate of the users establishing a connection can be improved, and the quality of service of the network can be ultimately improved.

A Novel System Architecture for Mobile Campus Information Push Systems

E-mail, SMS (Short Message Service) and traditional mobile information push methods cannot meet the need of mobile digital campus systems due to no prompt, inefficiency, expensive and low acceptance rate. Mobile PubSub (publish-subscribe) system and mobile instant messaging system are two ways to implement mobile information push. The former mainly adopts HTTP polling mode to request updated information, but its efficiency is low. On the contrary, the latter has good instantaneity, but it lacks subscribe capability and cannot push information on demand. Also, most of mobile information push systems provide text message service only, and cannot support streaming media service. To solve these problems, in this paper, a novel system architecture is proposed by combining the PubSub protocol (PubSubHubbub), instant messaging protocol (XMPP, Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol) and streaming media protocol (RTMP, Real-Time Messaging Protocol). Also a new mobile campus information push system based on this novel hybrid system architecture is designed and implemented. Our experimental results have shown that our push system can provide reliable streaming media service with high efficiency and instantaneity. Index Terms—Mobile Push, PubSubHubbub, XMPP, RTMP

Multi-interface Extension to a Scalable Video Streaming Architecture

Video service adaptation capabilities are essential for the efficient utilization of the network resources in heterogeneous multi-access environments and ensuring sufficient perceived service quality for the end users. Multihoming is seen as one important enabler for high-quality and reliable video streaming services and it is expected to be supported extensively in the future Internet. Already today, terminal devices are equipped with multiple network interfaces and able to use them simultaneously. In the future, mobile multimedia services such as video streaming can maximize the user experienced quality by utilizing the available network resources, concurrently. However, intelligent decision-making as well as dynamic mapping of traffic to network interfaces are required for optimal operation. In this paper, we introduce an overall architecture for adaptive video streaming exploiting the novel scalable video coding technology. We also propose a multi-interface streaming extension to the architecture to allow dynamic and concurrent usage of the available access networks in the video service delivery. We present a prototype implementation of the proposed multi-interface video streaming system and test its operation in the presence of network impairments in an experimental evaluation.

Embedded Socio-oriented Model for End-to-End Reliable Stream Schedules by Using Collaborative Outsourcing in MP2P Systems

File-sharing systems have, in the past few years, witnessed an upsurge in research development and implementation of new technologies, and in the deployment of actual solutions and technologies. The type of protocol used to interconnect embedded nodes has a decisive impact on whether the system can operate in a deterministic way. File chunk streaming policy plays a major role for the quality of the end-to-end service provision, where, along with the diffusion process, they both aim to provide availability of the resources on-demand. Considering that reliability and availability are affected by the temporal characteristics, this work proposes an embedded framework using a k-hop collaborative outsourcing scheme for enabling and preserving the reliability in any requested path and for any requested resources. The proposed replication scheme takes into account the pre-determined vehicular mobility—as real-time users—in a k-hop path. The outsourcing strategy uses a sequential scheme for caching requested high-ranked resources onto neighboring nodes. The scheme takes into consideration the community-oriented triggered feedback for cluster formation and topology updates, the different file chunks’ capacities, the relay epoch and mobility considerations of each node in the k-hop path for evaluating the device's outsourcing schedules in order to enable end-to-end reliable streaming. Simulation experiments show that the proposed model, through the efficiency of the proposed collaborative streaming policy, can provide scalability and increases the successful delivery rate while it improves significantly the throughput response of the system.

Self-managing energy-efficient multicast support in MANETs under end-to-end reliability constraints

Dynamic networks, e.g. Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs), call for self-healing routing protocols to tolerate topological changes imposed by node mobility. Moreover, emerging time-critical MANET applications such as disaster response and rescue, and battlefield operations, require support for real-time, reliable data streaming, while maintaining energy efficiency. However, most of the energy-efficient routing protocols rely on configuration parameters which need to be estimated and specified before the deployment phase. This paper proposes a self-managing, energy-efficient multicast routing suite based on the self-stabilization paradigm. This suite uses (i) WECM, a Waste Energy Cost Metric designed for energy-efficient route selection, (ii) SS-SPST-E, a Self-Stabilizing, Shortest-Path Spanning Tree protocol for Energy efficiency based on WECM to maintain an energy-efficient, self-healing routing structure, (iii) SS-SPST-Efc, an enhanced SS-SPST-E with fault containment to decrease stabilization latency, (iv) AMO, an Analytical Model for Optimization framework to reduce the energy overhead of the route maintenance mechanism, and (v) self-configuration mechanisms that observe, estimate and disseminate the optimization parameters. The WECM's innovation is that it considers the overhearing energy wasted. The AMO framework considers the link state change rate, application data traffic intensity, application packet delivery requirements, and the stabilization latency. Numerical evaluations show that SS-SPST-E slightly increases the energy consumption when compared with non-adaptive energy-efficient protocols such as EWMA because of its mechanism to handle mobility. Simulation results show that SS-SPST-Efc achieves the maximum balance between the energy-reliability trade-off while conforming to the end-to-end packet delivery requirement with an accuracy between 80% and 100%. The energy-reliability balance, measured in terms of the packet delivery ratio (PDR) per millijoules of energy expended, is at least 24% and 27% higher in SS-SPST-E and SS-SPST-Efc, respectively, when compared to the MAODV and ODMRP protocols.

FMRI and MEG evidence of overlapping generators in auditory cortex for streaming based on spatial and spectral cues

When analyzing complex acoustic scenes, the brain continuously groups related sounds and segregates others to form coherent perceptual streams. Neural mechanisms of streaming have been proposed based on spectral differences, and more recently also relying on f0 differences with unresolved spectral fine structure. These data suggest that feature-specific forward suppression is subserving streaming based on a variety of perceptual cues, and results in explicit neural representations of auditory streams within auditory cortex. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG), the present study investigated the human cortical activity during streaming based on spatial cues, and compared it to the cortical activity elicited by streaming based on f0 differences. 12 listeners were presented with 32-s sequences of a repeating ABBB pattern composed of 125-ms harmonic complex tones (lowpass filtered at 5kHz) at a normalized sound intensity level of 70 dB SPL. The fundamental frequency (f0) of the A tones was always 180Hz (i.e. the lower harmonics of the tone complex were spectrally resolved), and the tones were lateralized to the left by an inter-aural time difference (ITD) of -687.5µs. Three conditions were compared: (1) a control (no-streaming) condition, where the parameters of the B tones were identical to the A tones, (2) a spatial-streaming condition, where the B tones were lateralized to the right by an ITD of 687.5µs, yielding an ITD difference of 1375µs between A and B (no f0 difference), and (3) an f0-based-streaming condition, where the f0 of the B tones was 120.1Hz, such that the f0 difference between A and B equaled 7 semitones (no ITD difference). Psychophysical responses, recorded during the measurements, revealed reliable streaming in the spatial as well as the f0-based condition. The cortical activity measured by fMRI and MEG was stronger when the listeners perceived the tones segregated into two perceptual streams for the spatial (ITD-based), as well as the f0-based condition. In fMRI, the activation time course during both streaming conditions exhibited a similar shape and increased amplitude, this increase being slightly higher for f0-based streaming. Throughout auditory cortex, both streaming conditions involved topographically almost identical areas, with the f0-condition producing somewhat more expanded activation. In MEG, the amplitudes of the P1m, N1m, and P2m components evoked by A tones were significantly larger when listeners perceived streaming. The increase was generally similar, yet showing interactions between components. These results support the hypothesis of explicit neural representations of streaming in auditory cortex, served by feature-specific forward suppression. In particular, the data add evidence for spatial cues in streaming and show that these spatial cues involve the same sites as f0 and spectral cues for streaming. Research supported by DFG grant GU593/3–1

A Critical Approach to Measure Streaming Current: Case of Fuels Flowing Through Conductive and Insulating Polymer Pipes

Electrostatic charge generation phenomenon in the case of hydrocarbons flowing through pipes has been studied for a long time. The charge generation depends on the nature of both the liquid and the solid. Because of the introduction of new plastic materials and due to fuel composition evolution, it became necessary to perform a comprehensive study of the subject in the particular case of an automotive environment. The streaming current measurement permits one to characterize charge generation when a fuel flows through a plastic pipe. However, this measurement must be carefully managed. In this paper, we are working on the validity and the accuracy of such measurements. The case of conductive and insulating pipes, and the double-layer development influence, are analyzed and discussed. In particular, we give a detailed methodology in order to measure reliable streaming currents and to wisely derive the space-charge density at the wall (/spl rho//sub w/). Experimental results are presented for some solid/liquid couples.

A packet-loss-recovery scheme for continuous-media streaming over the Internet

This article proposes a new retransmission-based loss-recovery scheme for reliable streaming of continuous-media data over the Internet. The proposed scheme integrates two techniques, namely gap and time-out detection, to detect packet loss. The integrated scheme is ideal for situations in which it is difficult for end users to assess network characteristics (e.g., delay jitter) and for situations in which network characteristics may change drastically over the duration of a streaming session.

Optimised soundprint selection for identification in audio streams

An improved iterative method for selection of reference soundprints from a set of sound records to be identified is presented. The soundprints applied for reliable streaming audio identification should have maximum dissimilarity to each other. As the first trial of the iteration, a set of soundprints is randomly selected according to a grid placed on the records. To the accepted set, a further local refinement process is applied using the quadratic local approximations of the Euclidean distance between the soundprints. A large number of measurements have shown that the method significantly improves the reliability of real-time monitoring.