Reliability Of Wireless Sensor Networks Research Articles

A Quantitative Measure of Reliability for Wireless Sensor Networks

The reliability of a wireless sensor network is often associated with its capacity to maintain an end-to-end connection in the presence of unreliable links or node failure. It is also associated with the level of partitioning the network suffers when some nodes fail or exhaust their batteries. Despite being a critical feature, often it is not clear how it can be expressed in quantifiable terms. We assert that Katz's status index can be used as an adequate measure of reliability. Originally proposed for sociometric analysis, it assigns a value of significance to each node in a network. Some of the underlying assumptions made and the intermediate steps taken to construct the status index are not applicable for our case, but we shall demonstrate that their effect on the final result is marginal.

Distance based thresholds for 2-tier relay nodes selection in WSN

Relay selection technique approaches are increasingly used to improve the reliability of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) communication, thus providing energy efficiency and reducing energy consumption. Due to the adoption of direct transmission from Cluster Heads (CHs) to the Base Station (BS), faster energy depletion may arise. Hence, the deployment of proper relay nodes techniques in WSN is a crucial task. This paper proposed, implemented and evaluated a new technique for the selection of relay nodes according to the nearest distance with Base Station (BS) in a 2- tier network. The selection was performed using K-Optimum that target the selection of the nearest number of relay nodes and, at the same time, ensure that all CHs are connected to at least one corresponding relay node based on K-Mean approach. Simulation results show that the distance based threshold for relay nodes selection implemented in Relay Access Protocol (RAP) performs better than the Multi-Tier Protocol (MAP) and Stable Election Protocol (SEP) protocols in terms of First Node Dead (FND), Last Node Dead (LND) and network lifetime.

Fault tolerance of random graphs with respect to connectivity: Mean-field approximation for semidense random graphs

The fault tolerance of random graphs with unbounded degrees with respect to connectivity is investigated, which relates to the reliability of wireless sensor networks with unreliable relay nodes. The model evaluates the network breakdown probability that a graph is disconnected after stochastic node removal. To establish a mean-field approximation for the model, we propose the cavity method for finite systems. The analysis enables us to obtain an approximation formula for random graphs with any number of nodes and an arbitrary degree distribution. In addition, its asymptotic analysis reveals that the phase transition occurs in semidense random graphs whose average degree grows logarithmically. These results, which are supported by numerical simulations, coincide with the mathematical results, indicating successful predictions by the mean-field approximation for unbounded but not dense random graphs.

Design and Evaluation of Algorithms for Energy Efficient and Complete Determination of Critical Nodes for Wireless Sensor Network Reliability

A critical node (cut vertex or articulation point) in wireless sensor networks, is a node which its failure breaks the connectivity of the network. Therefore, it is crucial that critical nodes be detected and treated with caution. This paper provides two localized distributed algorithms for determining the states of nodes (critical or noncritical). The first proposed algorithm identifies most of the critical and noncritical dominator nodes from two-hop local subgraph and connected dominating set (CDS) information that limits the computational complexity to $O(\Delta ^2)$ and bit complexity to $O(c\text{log}_2n)$ where $\Delta$ is the maximum node degree, $c$ is the critical node count, and $n$ is the node count. The testbed experiments and simulation results show that this algorithm detects up to 93% of critical nodes and achieves up to 91% of state determination with low energy consumption. The second proposed algorithm, which is based on the first one, finds the states of all nodes by running a limited distributed depth-first search algorithm in unrecognized parts of the network without traversing the whole network. Comprehensive testbed experiments and simulation results reveal that, in the presence of a CDS, this algorithm finds all critical nodes with lower energy consumption than all existing algorithms.

Selective Authentication Based Geographic Opportunistic Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks for Internet of Things Against DoS Attacks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been widely used as the communication system in the Internet of Things (IoT). In addition to the services provided by WSNs, many IoT-based applications require reliable data delivery over unstable wireless links. To guarantee reliable data delivery, existing works exploit geographic opportunistic routing with multiple candidate forwarders in WSNs. However, these approaches suffer from serious Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, where a large number of invalid data are deliberately delivered to receivers to disrupt the normal operations of WSNs. In this paper, we propose a selective authentication-based geographic opportunistic routing (SelGOR) to defend against the DoS attacks, meeting the requirements of authenticity and reliability in WSNs. By analyzing statistic state information (SSI) of wireless links, SelGOR leverages an SSI-based trust model to improve the efficiency of data delivery. Unlike previous opportunistic routing protocols, SelGOR ensures data integrity by developing an entropy-based selective authentication algorithm, and is able to isolate DoS attackers and reduce the computational cost. Specifically, we design a distributed cooperative verification scheme to accelerate the isolation of attackers. This scheme also makes SelGOR avoid duplicate data transmission and redundant signature verification resulting from opportunistic routing. The extensive simulations show that SelGOR provides reliable and authentic data delivery, while it only consumes 50% of the computational cost compared to other related solutions.

A Survey of Different Techniques for Energy-Efficient, Reliability and Fault Tolerant in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists numerous sensor hubs which containing a preparing unit, at least one sensor, a radio for information correspondence and power unit generally outfitted with a low limit energy distributed over a geographic area for monitoring our environment and physical conditions. It has been established that vitality is the most obliging element on the functionality of such systems as they are controlled with constrained vitality and replacement of vitality resources might be difficult. While sending the data in sensor network, there might be loss of information or miscalculation could occur in receiving data during transferring. The correctness of information has incredible impact on the performance of the network. To enhance the exactness of sensor information, minimizing vitality utilization and adaptation to internal failure is vital for some WSN’s applications as they operate in unpredictable conditions and ought to stay operational regardless of whether a network failure happen. This paper surveys the available energy efficient, reliability and fault tolerant in WSNs. It focuses on Residue Number System (RNS) and Agent technologies for energy-efficient and fault tolerant in WSNs respectively. However, performance evaluation was also conducted based on the energy consumption, reliability, delay in receiving the sent data and efficiency.

Copula-based reliability modelling of wireless sensor networks with dependent failures

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have widely been applied in various industries and business fields covering large geographical regions. It is therefore important to be able to model, assess and predict the reliability of WSNs since the failures can have a great effect on the monitoring or control systems that are normally depending on the WSNs. In this paper, the general WSN reliability models are developed by deleting the independent assumption of component or subsystem failures and are consequently more reasonable to characterise the failure process of WSNs. The methodology in the proposed WSN reliability models is to consider that the failure times of subsystems are dependent variables and their joint distribution is obtained by binding their marginal failure distributions together through a copula function. For specific Frank copula functions, the Star-based WSN reliability models are derived and their properties are also discussed in this paper.

Copula-based reliability modelling of wireless sensor networks with dependent failures

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have widely been applied in various industries and business fields covering large geographical regions. It is therefore important to be able to model, assess and predict the reliability of WSNs since the failures can have a great effect on the monitoring or control systems that are normally depending on the WSNs. In this paper, the general WSN reliability models are developed by deleting the independent assumption of component or subsystem failures and are consequently more reasonable to characterise the failure process of WSNs. The methodology in the proposed WSN reliability models is to consider that the failure times of subsystems are dependent variables and their joint distribution is obtained by binding their marginal failure distributions together through a copula function. For specific Frank copula functions, the Star-based WSN reliability models are derived and their properties are also discussed in this paper.

A new approach to heterogeneous wireless sensor networks reliability evaluation based on perception layer in internet of vehicles

Internet of vehicles (IoV) is a typical application of internet of things in the field of traffic. Heterogeneous wireless sensor network (HWSN) offers the technical support for perceiving and collecting the information on the internet of vehicles, but this technology faces tremendous challenges regarding the guarantee for data transmission reliability. This paper will study the HWSN reliability evaluation based on IoV perception layer and utilizes the object-oriented colored Petri net as the modeling tool for HWSN. On the basis of this model, this paper further explores the definition of HWSN reliability evaluation quantification and proposes a new approach to HWSN reliability evaluation quantification. At last, a simulation platform of HWSN is constructed to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed model and approach.

A New Method for Reliability Evaluation of Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Fuzzy Neural Network

In this paper, a reliability evaluation model based on fuzzy neural network is proposed to evaluate the reliability of wireless sensor networks without a unified standard. Firstly, the reliability is analyzed from the point of view of topology structure, protocol stack structure and reliability mechanism of wireless sensor network, and the performance indexes that affect the reliability are extracted. Secondly, some performance indexes are screened out, and the standard value matrix of reliability evaluation for index fuzzy quantization is established. The sample data is generated by interpolation, and the reliability evaluation model based on fuzzy neural network is established. The neural network model takes the selected index values as input, and outputs are the reliability of the wireless sensor network. The simulation results show that the evaluation model is basically consistent with the actual situation, and it can evaluate the wireless sensor network from the system level.

Differential Evolution-Based 3-D Directional Wireless Sensor Network Deployment Optimization

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are applied more and more widely in real life. In actual scenarios, 3-D directional wireless sensor nodes are constantly employed, thus, research on the real-time deployment optimization issue of 3-D directional WSNs based on terrain big data has more practical significance. Based on this, we study the deployment optimization issue of directional WSNs in the 3-D terrain through comprehensive consideration of coverage, lifetime, connectivity of sensor nodes, connectivity of cluster headers, and reliability of directional WSNs. We present a modified differential evolution algorithm by adopting crossover rate sort and polynomial-based mutation on the basis of the cooperative coevolutionary framework, and apply it to address the deployment problem of 3-D directional WSNs. In addition, to reduce computation time, we realize implementation of message passing interface parallelism. As is revealed by the experimentation results, the modified algorithm proposed in this paper achieves better performance with respect to either optimization results or operation time.

An Optimized Relay Selection Technique to Improve the Communication Reliability in Wireless Sensor Networks.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are enabler technologies for the implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT) concept. WSNs provide an adequate infrastructure for the last-link communication with smart objects. Nevertheless, the wireless communication medium being inherently unreliable, there is the need to increase its communication reliability. Techniques based on the use of cooperative communication concepts are one of the ways to achieve this target. Within cooperative communication techniques, nodes selected as relays transmit not only their own data, but also cooperate by retransmitting data from other nodes. A fundamental step to improve the communication reliability of WSNs is related to the use of efficient relay selection techniques. This paper proposes a relay selection technique based on multiple criteria to select the smallest number of relay nodes and, at the same time, to ensure an adequate operation of the network. Additionally, two relay updating schemes are also investigated, defining periodic and adaptive updating policies. The simulation results show that both proposed schemes, named Periodic Relay Selection and Adaptive Relay Selection, significantly improve the communication reliability of the network, when compared to other state-of-the-art relay selection schemes.

A new hierarchical belief-rule-based method for reliability evaluation of wireless sensor network

With the wide applications of wireless sensor network (WSN), its reliability evaluation has been attracted more attention. The reliability of a WSN is affected mainly by internal and external factors, which include internal faults and external attacks. In this paper, a reliability evaluation method based on a hierarchical belief rule base (BRB) method is proposed for the reliability evaluation of the WSN. First, the factors affecting the reliability of a WSN are analysed, and the reliability evaluation process that considers the WSN fault evaluation and WSN security evaluation is described. Second, the reliability evaluation model is constructed based on the hierarchical BRB model. The qualitative knowledge is used by the BRB model to build initial belief rules, and the quantitative data are used to optimize the initial parameters of the BRB model, which can utilize various types of uncertainty information effectively. Therefore, the proposed method can be applied to the WSN reliability evaluation, which is a complex and uncertain problem. Finally, a simulation case study and an actual case study of wellhead blowout monitoring are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The reliability results of actual WSN are obtained by the standard testing method, where the loss and accuracy rates of the collected data are treated as the observation factors for obtaining the actual reliability values. The estimated results of hierarchical BRB model are very close to the actual reliability values, which shows that the proposed method can be used for evaluating the reliability of the actual WSN accurately.

An Active Defense Model with Low Power Consumption and Deviation for Wireless Sensor Networks Utilizing Evolutionary Game Theory

In wireless sensors networks, nodes may be easily captured and act non-cooperatively, for example by not defending forwarding packets in response to their own limited resources. If most of these nodes are obtained by attackers, and an attack by an internal malicious node occurs, the entire network will be paralyzed and not be able to provide normal service. Low power consumption indicates that the rational sensor nodes tend to be very close to the mean; high power consumption indicates that the rational sensor nodes are spread out over a large range of values. This paper offers an active defense model for wireless sensor networks based on evolutionary game theory. We use evolutionary game theory to analyze the reliability and stability of a wireless sensor network with malicious nodes. Adding a defense model into the strategy space of the rational nodes and establishing a preventive mechanism forces the malicious node to abandon the attack and even switch to cooperative strategies. Thus, this paper argues that the stability and reliability of wireless sensor networks can be improved. Numerical experiments were conducted to evaluate the proposed defense model, and these results verified our conclusions based on a theoretical analysis that showed that, compared with the existing algorithms, our approach has lower energy consumption, lower deviation, and a higher probability to quickly switch each node to cooperative strategies.

Signal Strength based Self Reconfiguration to Ensure Reliability in Wireless Sensor Networks

<span lang="EN-US">Providing reliability in Wireless sensor networks is considered to be a challenging task, due to the limited capabilities in terms of energy, power and memory. The applications of these systems run in sensors with low level programming abstractions, limited capabilities and routing protocols. In this paper, we propose a strategy to adjust radios in the sensor network depending on the signal strength of the neighboring nodes to ensure reliability using self reconfiguration (S2R2). Redundancy-based reliability is achieved by performing encoding/decoding either at the source and the destination node or each pair of communicating sensor nodes from the source to the destination. Along with the reliability, the link and the stability of the link are checked. The stability of the route makes the route a valid one to send data. Simulation analysis shows that the proposed mechanism performs better in terms of stability and reliability compared to the existing mechanism</span>

A comprehensive survey on the reliability of mobile wireless sensor networks: Taxonomy, challenges, and future directions

With the development and popularization of mobile terminal technology, mobile wireless sensor networks (MWSNs) have become a new evolution trend in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) technology. The mobility of nodes introduced by MWSNs greatly expands the application range of WSNs. However, the mobility of the sink node also induces changes of the network topology, time delays, and packet loss rates, which can greatly affect the routing performance of the networks. In addition, the reliability and robustness of the networks are also greatly affected and challenged. The theories and methods applied to WSNs previously, such as data collection, reliable data transmission, network reliability, network topologies, and routing protocols are not currently available for MWSNs. The introduction of mobility features into traditional static WSNs brings new challenges for the stability, security, and reliability of WSNs. Reliability is an important index for evaluating the performance of MWSNs. Moreover, the reliability of the data transmission determines the practical value of MWSNs. The stable and reliable operation of MWSNs requires ongoing and important work. Therefore, in this article, we present a comprehensive and meticulous investigation of the reliability theory of MWSNs which was developed in recent years. This article outlines the classification and features of MWSNs. Specifically, we systematically analyze the research direction and recent progress made in the field of MWSNs. The existing methods are systematically compared and the advantages and disadvantages of the methods are presented. The main parameters of comparison include time delays, network size, energy efficiency, scalability, and reliability. Finally, some open questions and future research directions are presented at the end of this article.

ВИПРАВЛЕННЯ ПАКЕТІВ ПОМИЛОК НА ОСНОВІ МОДУЛЯРНОГО КОРИГУВАЛЬНОГО КОДУ

Запропоновано метод виправлення пакетів помилок на основі модулярного коригувального коду для підвищення надійності передачі даних у безпровідних сенсорних мережах. Для боротьби з пакетами помилок розроблено різні багатовимірні (каскадні, ітеративні) коди. Принцип роботи цих кодів полягає в послідовному використанні двох рівнів кодування і декодування даних. При цьому на кожному рівні кодування можна використовувати однакові за типом і коригувальною здатністю коди або різні. Перевагою багатовимірних кодів є їх висока коригувальна здатність, а недоліком – висока надлишковість. Розроблено двовимірну схему контролю помилок на основі модулярного коригувального коду. Модулярні коригувальні коди належать до символьних кодів, характеризуються низькою надлишковістю, дають змогу ефективно виявляти та виправляти одиничні символьні помилки. Принцип формування перевірних символів у двовимірному модулярному коді полягає в такому: спочатку обчислюють перевірні символи по рядках матриці даних; на наступному кроці обчислюють перевірні символи по стовпцях даних. Розроблено алгоритм виявлення та виправлення випадкових однократних помилок та пакетів помилок максимальною довжиною b = 3k – 2. Проведено експериментальні дослідження з виявлення та виправлення помилок у пакеті даних. Показано мінімальну та максимальну довжину та структуру помилок, яку може виправити цей код. Враховуючи низьку складність реалізації алгоритму декодування, цей коригувальний код планують використати для підвищення надійності передачі даних у безпровідних сенсорних мережах.

Analysis and simulation of reliability of wireless sensor network based on node optimization deployment model

The reliability of wireless sensor network is affected by the credibility of nodes. With the addition of random nodes and increase of coverage, the reliability decreases. In order to improve the reliability of wireless sensor network, a reliability analysis method of intelligent computing-oriented wireless sensor network is proposed. In this method, a node optimization deployment model of wireless sensor network is established; The adaptive rotation scheduling method is adopted for optimal design of networking routing of wireless sensor network; the sensor quantization fusion tracking method is adopted for quantification of the credibility of sensor gird points; then the reliability of wireless sensor network is measured based on the analysis results with quantization fusion to improve the reliability of wireless sensor network, so as to achieve optimal network design. The simulation results show that with the proposed method in construction of wireless sensor network, the reliability of network is good. With the increase of bit error probability and packet length, the energy cost of network is gradually smaller and smaller, and the minimum energy cost can approach to 0.01 kJ, which indicates that the anti-attack ability of the proposed method is strong. When the number of data forwarding is 700, the success reception rate can reach 100%. Therefore, the proposed method is of good application value in wireless sensor network networking.

Dependable Interference-Aware Time-Slotted Channel Hopping for Wireless Sensor Networks

IEEE 802.15.4 Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) aims to improve communication reliability in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) by reducing the impact of the medium access contention, multipath fading, and blocking of wireless links. While TSCH outperforms single-channel communications, cross-technology interference on the license-free ISM bands may affect the performance of TSCH-based WSNs. For applications such as in-vehicle networks for which interference is dynamic over time, it leads to non-guaranteed reliability of the communications over time. This article proposes an Enhanced version of the TSCH protocol together with a Distributed Channel Sensing technique (ETSCH+DCS) that dynamically detects good quality channels to be used for communication. The quality of channels is extracted using a combination of a central and a distributed channel-quality estimation technique. The central technique uses Non-Intrusive Channel-quality Estimation (NICE) technique that proactively performs energy detections in the idle part of each timeslot at the coordinator of the network. NICE enables ETSCH to follow dynamic interference, while it does not reduce throughput of the network. The distributed channel quality estimation technique is executed by all the nodes in the network, based on their communication history, to detect interference sources that are hidden from the coordinator. We did two sets of lab experiments with controlled interferers and a number of simulations using real-world interference datasets to evaluate ETSCH. Experimental and simulation results show that ETSCH improves reliability of network communications, compared to basic TSCH and the state-of-the-art solution. In some experimental scenarios NICE itself has been able to increase the average packet reception ratio by 22% and shorten the length of burst packet losses by half, compared to the plain TSCH protocol. Further experiments show that DCS can reduce the effect of hidden interference (which is not detectable by NICE) on the packet reception ratio of the affected links by 50%.

A methodology for reliability of WSN based on software defined network in adaptive industrial environment

As communication technology and smart manufacturing have developed, the industrial internet of things U+0028 IIoT U+0029 has gained considerable attention from academia and industry. Wireless sensor networks U+0028 WSNs U+0029 have many advantages with broad applications in many areas including environmental monitoring, which makes it a very important part of IIoT. However, energy depletion and hardware malfunctions can lead to node failures in WSNs. The industrial environment can also impact the wireless channel transmission, leading to network reliability problems, even with tightly coupled control and data planes in traditional networks, which obviously also enhances network management cost and complexity. In this paper, we introduce a new software defined network U+0028 SDN U+0029, and modify this network to propose a framework called the improved software defined wireless sensor network U+0028 improved SD-WSN U+0029. This proposed framework can address the following issues. 1 U+0029 For a large scale heterogeneous network, it solves the problem of network management and smooth merging of a WSN into IIoT. 2 U+0029 The network coverage problem is solved which improves the network reliability. 3 U+0029 The framework addresses node failure due to various problems, particularly related to energy consumption. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the reliability of wireless sensor networks, by developing certain schemes to reduce energy consumption and the delay time of network nodes under IIoT conditions. Experiments have shown that the improved approach significantly reduces the energy consumption of nodes and the delay time, thus improving the reliability of WSN.