Reliability Of Assessment Scale Research Articles

Study on reliability and validity of OH risk assessment scale in critical care patients

Objective To convert OH risk assessment scale into Chinese version and test it reliability and validity in critical care patients for pressure ulcers. Methods The first, Japanese version of OH risk assessment scale was translated into Chinese, then it was translated back to Japanese, and last, converted into the Chinese version by experts correction and language adaption. Twenty-one trained nurses from 7 ICU departments were divided into three groups, with seven nurses in each group. They used Braden scale and Chinese version of OH risk assessment scale, respectively and independently assessed 476 critical care patients from five comprehensive care hospitals' ICU once daily until to seven days. Results The content validity of OH risk assessment scale was 0.88 and its criterion-related validity was 0.82 and 0.86. Comulative contribution of two common factors by factor analysis was 63.82% and component factor loading of each item was more than 0.4, and communalities of each item was more than 50%. The Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.75 and test-retest reliability was 0.80.The inter-rater reliability was 0.95 to 0.98. Conclusions The Chinese version of OH risk assessment scale had good validity and reliability. It could be used to assess and predict the pressure ulcer risks for critical care patients. Key words: Pressure ulcer; Critical care; Risk assessment; Reliability; Validity

UPORABA OCENJEVALNIH LESTVIC PRI OCENJEVANJU SAMOSTOJNOSTI PACIENTA V REHABILITACIJSKI ZDRAVSTVENI NEGI: PREGLED LITERATURE

Introduction: Functional assessment of patient's independence is a systematic attempt to evaluate their abilities. The aim of the literature review was to determine which assessment scales are most frequently used in rehabilitation nursing and to assess their usefulness. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted. The research was done in December 2015 using the following databases: CINAHL, PubMed, COBIB.SI and the article database of the Slovenian Nursing Review journal. The following keywords in English were used: rehabilitation scales, rehabilitation, dependency, assessment outcome. The Boolean AND operator was used. From the total of 416 results, 19 articles were included in the final analysis. Results: Five content categories were developed: (1) the most frequently used assessment scales for assessing patient's independence and progress in nursing, (2) the validity and reliability of assessment scales, (3) a comparison of assessment scales, (4) the use of assessment scales, and (5) the impact of nurses on increasing patients' independence. Discussion and conclusion: There are numerous assessment scales that describe patient's functional independence. The Barthel Index scale is most often used, followed by a combined Functional Independent Measure + Functional Assessment Measure and Northwich Park Dependency Scale, which are among the most reliable for the use in rehabilitation health care. The latter two provide for a full assessment of a patient's nursing needs, and monitoring and evaluating work.

Measuring family needs of people living with cancer. Portuguese validation and descriptive studies of the Family Inventory of Needs.

The aim of this study was to validate the Portuguese version of the Family Inventory of Needs (FIN). The FIN aims to measure important family needs and their fulfilment by a healthcare team. This cross-sectional study involved a sample of 364 family members of cancer patients, recruited from three medical institutions and through online recruitment. Three instruments were used: a socio-demographic questionnaire, the FIN and the Brief Symptom Inventory - 18 (BSI-18). Construct validity and reliability were considered regarding the FIN's psychometric properties. The method used to determine construct validity was factor structure analysis (confirmatory factor analysis), inter-factor correlations (Spearman's rank correlation) and convergent validity (Spearman's rank correlation). To assess scale reliability, the FIN's internal consistency was evaluated (Cronbach's alpha coefficient). Descriptive and frequency statistics and tests to compare means were used to assess important needs and to what extent they were met. The four-factor structure of the FIN was confirmed. Thus, the FIN has four domains: Basic Information, Information on treatment and care, Support and Patient Comfort. Convergent validity with the BSI-18 was verified. Both subscales of the FIN and each domain exceeded the minimum reliability standard of 0.70. Family members also reported important needs that were not adequately met by healthcare professionals. The Portuguese version of the FIN seems to be a reliable and valid tool for identifying cancer patients' important family needs and to what extent these are met.

Comparison of the reliability and validity of two incontinence-associated dermatitis risk assessment instruments in the patients with incontinence

Objective To compare the reliability and validity of 2 incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) risk assessment tools (IAD risk assessment scale and PAT) in patients with incontinence, and to search for the best risk assessment tool. Methods A total of 101 IAD cases were chosen from the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University.Reliability was evaluated by the inter-rater reliability,internal consistency,item sensitivity analysis and retest reliability; validity was evaluated by the structure validity and predictive validity. Results Cronbach α was 0.313 (IAD risk assessment scale) and 0.421(PAT); Cronbach α coefficient was the highest after the items thatChange sheets and mats andrelevant factors were removed respectively in two tools,which were 0.431, 0.428; The correlation between the total scores were 0.711 (P<0.01)(IAD risk assessment scale) and 0.498 (PAT)(P<0.01);Area under curve were 0.661 (IAD risk assessment scale),0.864 (PAT); the best cut-off value to forecast a poor prognosis was 53.5(IAD risk assessment scale), 6.5 (PAT). Conclusions The reliability and validity of IAD risk assessment scale and PAT are low.The change of sheets and mats andRelated influencing factors are needed to be adjusted and revised. Key words: Incontinence-associated dermatitis; IAD risk assessment scale; Perineal Assessment Tool

The PETRA (Perinatal Emergency Team Response Assessment) Scale: A High-Fidelity Simulation Validation Study.

The objective of this study was to establish the validity and reliability of a new interdisciplinary teamwork assessment scale, the Perinatal Emergency Team Response Assessment (PETRA), to assess team dynamics during a simulated obstetriccrisis. This observational cohort study was conducted using high-fidelity simulation and multidisciplinary obstetric teams in order to evaluate the validity and reliability of the previously developed PETRA scale for the assessment of teamwork in the management of obstetric crises. Two high-fidelity simulations of preeclampsia and postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) were conducted 50 times; 42 were performed by multidisciplinary teams and eight (four "good," four "poor") were performed by actors. Five raters used the PETRA tool to assess the simulation video recordings. Three additional raters assessed each performance without the use of PETRA as "good" or "poor" in order to provide an overall rating (referred to as the standardized score). The primary outcome measure was the PETRA score. Cronbach's alpha and intra-class correlation coefficients (2,1) with 95% CIs were calculated to examine internal consistency of the scale and level of agreement among raters, respectively. Construct validity was established by comparing the assessments of the raters with the standardized scores. Generalizability theory analysis was performed to demonstrate PETRA's reliability and to investigate the sources of variation in scores. The simulated emergencies were performed by 119 participants. There was overall high consistency (Cronbach's alpha [95% CI] 0.984 [0.981 to 0.987]) and moderate agreement (intra-class correlation coefficients [95% CI] 0.49 [0.35 to 0.63]) among raters. Significantly higher PETRA scores (mean [standard deviation]) were recorded with "good" versus "poor" performing teams (real scenarios 3.8 [0.7] vs. 2.9 [0.7]; P < 0.001; acted scenarios 4.7 [0.5] vs. 2.2 [0.7]; P < 0.001), suggesting strong construct validity. The overall PETRA scores were not different between the PPH (3.7 [0.7]) and preeclampsia (3.7 [0.8]) scenarios (P= 0.49). Generalizability coefficients were 0.83 for PPH and 0.76 for preeclampsia. PETRA is a valid and reliable scale that may be a valuable tool in the assessment and training of multidisciplinary teams in their management of obstetric crises.

The reliability and validity of a new professionalism assessment scale for young health care workers.

With the development of medical technique, many medical challenges have been solved. This cross-sectional study was aimed to assess the reliability and validity of a new developed scale for assessing the professionalism of young health care workers.This cross-sectional population-based study was conducted based on cluster sampling method in 2015. The participants were from 2 medical centers of Nantong city of Jiangsu province in China. The internal consistency reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha and split-half reliability coefficients. Construct validity was analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Content, convergent, and discriminant validities were also assessed in this study.Total 749 individuals aged 29.09 ± 3.91 years old participated in this investigation. There were 745 valid questionnaires and 730 were complete. Cronbach's alpha value (0.944) and the split-half reliability coefficient (0.873) reflected satisfactory internal consistency reliability of this new professionalism assessment scale. EFA extracted a 7-factor model. About 63.4% of the total variance was explained by these factors. However, CFA showed a good model fit after excluding the items with factor loading lower than 0.5. Good discriminant validity of this new developed professionalism assessment scale was also shown (P < .05). However, the evidences for content and convergent validity were not enough in this study.The results showed the satisfactory reliability of this new developed professionalism assessment scale. However, this scale should be modified to improve the validity in further studies.

The Advance Care Planning Readiness Scale: Development and Validation of a Measure of Willingness to Discuss and Acceptance of End-of-Life Care in Gynecologic Cancer Patients.

The objective of this article was to develop and validate a scale that assesses the readiness of gynecologic oncology patients to engage in advance care planning. The Advance Care Planning Readiness Scale (ACPRS) was validated across 3 independent samples of gynecologic oncology patients. In step I, patients underwent cognitive interviewing to determine if the scale items were comprehensible and applicable to patients. Based on this, modifications to the scale (addition, removal, and merger of items) were completed. In step II, the revised scale was administered to a new sample of patients to assess scale reliability and validity. An exploratory factor analysis determined if the scale loaded onto unique factors. In step III, the revised scale was administered to a third sample of patients, and a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to test the factor structure proposed in step II. Associations between ACPRS score and completion of advance directives were evaluated. Based on patients' responses, the original ACPRS used in step I was modified to the ACPRS used in step II. The final 8-item ACPRS is a valid, reliable (Cronbach α = 0.81) scale and has 2 primary factors. Women with medical power of attorney documents and living wills had higher ACPRS total scores than those who did not have these advance directives (P = 0.0030). Women with do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders had higher ACPRS total scores than women without DNRs (P = 0.0176). The ACPRS is a valid and reliable 8-item scale that assesses the readiness of gynecologic oncology patients to discuss advance care planning issues.

Validity and Reliability of an Alcohol Withdrawal Clinical Assessment Scale for Use with Acutely Ill Patients: An Abbreviated Version of the CIWA-Ar

The number of people in the United States admitted to hospitals with alcohol use disorder is increasing. Screening for alcohol dependence is a critical component to prevent alcohol withdrawal syndrome which places both the patient and staff at risk for injury. Management of symptoms includes early identification of at-risk individuals and continuous assessment of symptoms and treatment plans. In light of the growing number of patients in need of care for alcohol disorders, our goal was to assess the reliability and validity of a more concise version of the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment of Alcohol Scale, Revised (CIWA-Ar) to enhance clinical efficiency without compromising the integrity of this diagnostic instrument. Members of an interdisciplinary team researched and revised the full 10-item CIWA-Ar to six items. Clinicians were trained on how to conduct and document their diagnostic findings using this abridged 6-item instrument. The research team then examined the psychometric properties of the new brief instrument to determine reliability and validity. The research team confirmed content validity. Based on data drawn from multiple sites, we compared the 10-item version of this instrument to the 6-item version; this produced a strong positive correlation, thereby satisfying concurrent criterion validity. Correlational analysis of 71 cases confirmed robust interrater reliability. This pilot study suggests that the new 6-item scale is a valid and reliable instrument, essentially performing equivalently to the 10-item version. Our research team therefore suggests further multi-site studies to confirm our findings of this more concise diagnostic instrument.

Validity, Reliability and Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Myocardial Infarction Dimensional Assessment Scale for Arabic Egyptian Speaking Patients

Validity, Reliability and Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Myocardial Infarction Dimensional Assessment Scale for Arabic Egyptian Speaking Patients

Validity and Reliability Study for the Social and Emotional Competence Assessment Scale among 60-72 Months-old Children

In the present study, the aim is to adapt the scale developed by Merrell, Felver-Gant and Tom (2011) to evaluate Social-Emotional Competence of Children and Young People among 60-72 months old children. Data have been obtained 200 preschool children attending preschool institutions. In testing validity of the scale, expert opinions are taken regarding scope and appearance validity. To test the construct validity of the scale, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis techniques were used. As a result of exploratory factor analysis, it has been observed that variance of all items in the scale is loaded on three factors that explain 81.15% of the variance. As a result of the confirmatory factor analysis it has been noticed that all coefficients demonstrating the relationship between variables and factors observed in the model showing the factorial structure of this scale are sufficient. Internal consistency coefficients for each dimension and among total items of the scale have been calculated. T-test is conducted on independent sample and sub-, upper-groups and a meaningful difference at .001 level was found. Consequently, findings relating to validity and reliability of Social and Emotional Competence Assessment Scale for 60-72 Months Children have showed that the scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool.

Validity and reliability of ALPS-Neo pain and stress assessment scale in newborns

GIRIS ve AMAC: Arastirmanin amaci ALPS-Neo Yenidoganin Agri ve Stresini Degerlendirme Olcegi’nin Turkce formunun gecerlik ve guvenirliginin belirlenmesidir.YONTEM ve GERECLER: Calisma metodolojik bir arastirmadir. Arastirmaya yenidogan yogun bakim unitesinde tedavi ve bakim alan 51 yenidogan alinmistir. Arastirma verileri Yenidogan tanitim formu, ALPS-Neo Yenidoganin Agri ve Stresini Degerlendirme Olcegi ve Yenidogan Agri Skalasi (NIPS) kullanilarak toplandi. Olcek; dil ve kapsam gecerligi, es zaman gecerligi, ic tutarlik, gozlemciler arasi guvenirlik acisindan degerlendirildi.BULGULAR: Olcegin kapsam gecerlik indeks 0,90 ile 1,00; cronbach alfa katsayisi 0,70-0,81 arasinda idi. Madde analizi sonuclarina gore madde-toplam korelasyonlari yeterli duzeyde yuksek bulundu. Es zaman gecerligi icin yapilan incelemede ALPS-Neo ve NIPS puanlari arasinda pozitif yonde guclu bir iliski vardi. Kappa analizine gore gozlemciler arasi uyum oldugu belirlendi. TARTISMA ve SONUC: ALPS-Neo Turkce Formu gecerli ve guvenilir bir olcum araci olarak bulundu.

Reliability and Photographic Equivalency of the Scar Cosmesis Assessment and Rating (SCAR) Scale, an Outcome Measure for Postoperative Scars

Until recently, no ideal valid, feasible, and reliable scar scale existed to effectively assess the quality of postoperative linear scars. The Scar Cosmesis Assessment and Rating (SCAR) scale was developed and validated as a tool to assess the quality of postoperative scars in clinical and research settings. To assess the reliability of using photographs in lieu of live patient scar rating assessments, and to determine the interrater and intrarater reliability of the SCAR scale. This was a reliability study to assess clinicians' interrater and intrarater reliability, as well as the reliability of using high-quality macrophotographs of postoperative scars. Patients were from a private practice dermatology clinic, with assessed scars representing a range of surgical procedures including those performed by dermatologists, plastic surgeons, and general surgeons. Assessments were performed by an international multidisciplinary team from dermatology, plastic surgery, surgical oncology, emergency medicine, and physiatry, using photographs and live patient assessments. A single photograph was assessed for each patient's scar. Data were obtained between August 3, 2015, and January 18, 2016. Data analysis occurred between January 18, 2016, and July 29, 2016. Using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), the scale was tested for photographic equivalency as well as interrater reliability and intrarater reliability by 5 raters on a set of 80 total patient scars, 20 of which were analyzed for photographic equivalency and the remaining 60 of which were analyzed for interrater and intrarater reliability. The SCAR scale that measures postoperative scar cosmesis, with scores ranging from 0 (best possible scar) to 15 (worst possible scar), based on 6 clinician and 2 patient items was used. Of those 60 in the photographic subgroup, 10 were rated using not only the SCAR scale but also the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale and the Vancouver Scar Scale, and 10 were assessed twice by the same rater at different times to assess intrarater reliability. Patients' ages ranged from 18 to 96 years, with Fitzpatrick skin types I through VI. Thirty-seven were male, and 43 were female. A set of 20 live patient scars with associated photographs, as well as a separate set of 60 photographs, were rated; 10 patients were assessed twice for intrarater reliability. The SCAR scale ratings using photographs were found to be largely equivalent to live patient assessments, with ICCs of 0.99 (95% CI, 0.96-0.99) and 0.98 (95% CI, 0.96-0.99). The interrater reliability of the overall scale showed an ICC of 0.95 (95% CI, 0.96-0.99) using a 2-sample random-effects model. Intrarater reliability found ICCs ranging from 0.96 to 0.99 with 5 separate raters. Modeling the overall SCAR score predicted whether the rater would consider the scar undesirable, with an odds ratio of association of 1.76 (95% CI, 1.24-2.2). A secondary analysis of Fitzpatrick skin types IV, VI, and VI demonstrated a sustained interrater reliability, with an ICC of 0.93 (95% CI, 0.86-0.98). The SCAR scale is a reliable rating scale for postoperative linear scars, and photographs may reliably be used in lieu of live patient assessments. The SCAR scale therefore represents a reliable standard rating scale for postoperative scar cosmesis.

Validity and Reliability of Recovery Assessment Scale for Cantonese Speaking Chinese Consumers with Mental Illness

The present study aims to determine the reliability and validity of a 24-item Recovery Assessment Scale for Cantonese speakers (RAS-C) in the Chinese cultural context. The original English version of the RAS was translated into the RAS-C by means of forward and backward translation procedures. AThe cross-sectional research design adopted involving 295 participants randomly drawn from a population of Chinese Cantonese speaking consumers with mental illness who have been participating in community-based mental health services. The RAS-C has demonstrated high reliability with Cronbach’s alpha = .92. The RAS-C also shows significant and positive correlations with measures on the stage of recovery, self-esteem and quality of life of the service consumers. An explorative factor analysis of the RAS-C yielded five factors that were consistent with previous research results. The present study confirms the reliability and validity of the RAS-C. The RAS-C can facilitate the development of interventions that are effective in promoting the recovery of consumers in Chinese communities.

Analysis of reliability and validity of Hospice Care Quality Assessment Scale

Objective To investigate the reliability and validity of Hospice care quality assessment scale. Methods Eight experts in the field of hospice revised the Scale after Chinese localization. The scale data were analyzed after collation of 181 families fulfill the scale. Results The total scale Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.851. The first dimension's coefficient was 0.796. The second dimension's coefficient was 0.622 and the third dimension's coefficient was 0.827. In factor analysis of the scale, after varimax rotation, the number of characteristic roots >1 was 10 and made up of 70.88% of the total variance. Conclusions The hospice care quality assessment scale after Chinese localization has good reliability and validity and could be a tool to evaluate the clinical quality of care for dying patients. Key words: Hospice care quality assessment scale; Reliability; Validity

Development and validation of a visual grading scale for assessing image quality of AP pelvis radiographic images.

The aim of this article was to apply psychometric theory to develop and validate a visual grading scale for assessing the visual perception of digital image quality anteroposterior (AP) pelvis. Psychometric theory was used to guide scale development. Seven phantom and seven cadaver images of visually and objectively predetermined quality were used to help assess scale reliability and validity. 151 volunteers scored phantom images, and 184 volunteers scored cadaver images. Factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha were used to assess scale validity and reliability. A 24-item scale was produced. Aggregated mean volunteer scores for each image correlated with the rank order of the visually and objectively predetermined image qualities. Scale items had good interitem correlation (≥0.2) and high factor loadings (≥0.3). Cronbach's alpha (reliability) revealed that the scale has acceptable levels of internal reliability for both phantom and cadaver images (α = 0.8 and 0.9, respectively). Factor analysis suggested that the scale is multidimensional (assessing multiple quality themes). This study represents the first full development and validation of a visual image quality scale using psychometric theory. It is likely that this scale will have clinical, training and research applications. This article presents data to create and validate visual grading scales for radiographic examinations. The visual grading scale, for AP pelvis examinations, can act as a validated tool for future research, teaching and clinical evaluations of image quality.

Reliability and validity of the Swedish Fatigue Assessment Scale when self-administrered by persons with mild to moderate stroke

Objective: To examine internal consistency, test-retest reliability, floor/ceiling effects and construct validity of the Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS), when self-administrated by persons with mild to moderate stroke.Method: The FAS was translated into Swedish and tested for psychometric properties when self-administrated by persons with mild to moderate stroke. Participants, consequently selected from the stroke unit admission register received a letter with three questionnaires: the FAS, Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) subscale for vitality and Geriatric Depression Scale, GDS-15. Within two weeks, a second letter with FAS was sent for re-test.Result: Seventy-tree persons with mild to moderate stroke participated in the study. Internal consistency was good (Cronbach’s alpha 0.82). The test and retest reliability of individual items showed that five items out of 10 items were good (weighted kappa > 0.60), four were moderate (0.40-0.60), and one was fair (0.22). The relative reliability between total scores was good (ICC 3.1 = 0.73) and the absolute reliability was nine points, meaning that a change of at least nine points in total score implies a real change of fatigue level. Correlation analysis showed that the Swedish FAS correlated with the SF-36 subscale for vitality (rs = - 0.73) and GDS-15 (rs = 0.62), suggesting convergent construct validity. There were no floor or ceiling effects.Conclusion: The Swedish translation of the FAS used as a self-administrated questionnaire is reliable and valid for measuring fatigue in persons with mild to moderate stroke.

Reliability and validity measurement of critical care competency assessment scale for clinical nurses

Objective To develop the critical care competency rating scale for clinical nurses. Methods Literature review, interviews and Delphi consultation were performed to identify items of the scale. A total of 452 clinical nurses were enrolled to test the reliability and validity of scale. Results Items scores were related to total score and Pearson correlation coefficient were 0.524-0.861; 6 factors were extracted by exploratory analysis with cumulative contribution rate of 72.698%; the Cronbach′s alpha coefficient was 0.951 and split-half was 0.835; CVI was 0.964. Conclusions Reliability and validity of the critical care competency rating scale for clinical nurses were acceptable, and can be used to assess clinical nurses′ critical care competency. Key words: Clinical nurses; Critical care competency rating scale; Reliability; Validity

Interobserver reliability of the Australian Spasticity Assessment Scale (ASAS).

The aim of this paper is to present the Australian Spasticity Assessment Scale (ASAS) and to report studies of its interrater reliability. The ASAS identifies the presence of spasticity by confirming a velocity-dependent increased response to rapid passive movement and quantifies it using an ordinal scale. The rationale and procedure for the ASAS is described. Twenty-two participants with spastic CP (16 males; age range 1y 11mo-15y 3mo) who had not had botulinum neurotoxin-A within 4 months, or bony or soft tissue surgery within 12 months, were recruited from the spasticity management clinic of a tertiary paediatric teaching hospital. Fourteen muscles in each child were assessed by each of three experienced independent raters. ASAS was recorded for all muscles. Interrater reliability was calculated using the weighted kappa statistic (quadratic weighting; κqw) for individual muscles, for upper limbs, for lower limbs, and between raters. The weighted kappa ranged between 0.75 and 0.92 for individual muscle groups and was 0.87 between raters. The ASAS complies with the definition of spasticity and is clinically feasible in paediatric settings. Our estimates of interrater reliability for the ASAS exceed that of the most commonly used spasticity scoring systems.

Evaluation on the validity and reliability of the Diabetes Self-management Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior Assessment Scale (DSKAB)

To evaluate the validity and reliability of Diabetes Self-management Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior Assessment Scale (DSKAB). We selected 460 patients with diabetes in the community, used the scale which was after two rounds of the Delphi method and pilot study. Investigators surveyed the patients by the way of face to face. by draw lots, we selected 25 community diabetes randomly for repeating investigations after one week. The validity analyses included face validity, content validity, construct validity and discriminant validity. The reliability analyses included Cronbach's α coefficient, θ coefficient, Ω coefficient, split-half reliability and test-retest reliability. This study distributed a total of 460 questionnaires, reclaimed 442, qualified 432. The score of the scale was 254.59 ± 28.90, the scores of the knowledge, attitude, behavior sub-scales were 82.44 ± 11.24, 63.53 ± 5.77 and 108.61 ± 17.55, respectively. It had excellent face validity and content validity. The correlation coefficient was from 0.71 to 0.91 among three sub-scales and the scale, P<0.001. The common factor cumulative variance contribution rate of the scale and three sub-scales was from 57.28% to 67.19%, which achieved more than 50% of the approved standard, there was 25 common factors, 91 items of the total 98 items held factor loading ≥0.40 in its relevant common factor, it had good construct validity. The scores of high group and low group in three sub-scales were: knowledge (91.12 ± 3.62) and (69.96 ± 11.20), attitude (68.75 ± 4.51) and (58.79 ± 4.87), behavior (129.38 ± 8.53) and (89.65 ± 11.34),mean scores of three sub-scales were apparently different, which compared between high score group and low score group, the t value were - 19.45, -16.24 and -30.29, respectively, P<0.001, and it had good discriminant validity. The Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale and three sub-scales was from 0.79 to 0.93, the θ coefficient was from 0.86 to 0.95, the Ω coefficient was from 0.90 to 0.98, split-half reliability was from 0.89 to 0.95.Test-retest reliability of the scale was 0.51;the three sub-scales was from 0.46 to 0.52, P<0.05. The validity and reliability of the Diabetes Self-management Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior Assessment Scale are excellent, which is a suitable instrument to evaluate the self-management for patients with diabetes.

Design and research on reliability-validity for 3S intraoperative risk assessment scale of pressure sore.

The reliability and validity of risk assessment scale (RAS) of pressure sore during 3S surgery were investigated. RAS of pressure sore was designed independently during 3S surgery. Five operating room nursing experts were selected to consult and detect face validity. Convenient and purposive sampling of 707 samples was conducted. Cronbach's alpha was used to measure content reliability and evaluate the internal consistence of RAS. The structural reliability was investigated by exploratory factor analysis method. The results showed that the content validity index was 0.92, and Cronbach's alpha of content reliability was 0.71. Structural validity, detected by Bartlett sphericity test, was 135.3 for 707 samples with the difference being statistically significant (P<0.01). KMO value was 0.729. The accumulative variance contribution ratio of common factor was 64.63%. The exploratory factor analysis showed the factor load of every clause was larger than 0.596. It was concluded that RAS of pressure sore for 3S surgery has better validity and reliability, and it could be used for evaluating and screening the high risk patients with pressure sores during surgery in order to efficiently reduce the occurrence of pressure sore during surgery. RAS of pressure sore for 3S surgery is worth to be popularized.