Relevant Goals Research Articles

A Review of Top Submerged Lance (TSL) Processing—Part II: Thermodynamics, Slag Chemistry and Plant Flowsheets

In Part II of this series of review papers, the reaction mechanisms, thermodynamics, slag chemistry and process flowsheets are analyzed concerning cases where the TSL bath smelter has found its application. These include the primary and secondary production routes of five non-ferrous metals (tin, copper, lead, nickel, zinc), ironmaking and two waste-processing applications (spent pot lining and municipal solid waste/related ash treatment). Thereby, chemistry and processing aspects of these processes are concisely reviewed here, allowing for clear and in-depth overview of related aspects. In contrast to Part I, the focus lies on a holistic analysis of the metallurgical processes themselves, especially the particularities induced by carrying them out in a TSL reactor rather than on the respective equipment and auxiliaries. The methodology employed per metal/application is presented briefly. Firstly, the feed type and associated statistical information are introduced, along with relevant process goals, e.g., the secondary metallurgy of copper involves the recovery of platinum group metals (PGMs) from waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Subsequently, associated chemistry is discussed, including respective chemical equations, analysis of the reaction mechanisms and phase diagrams (especially of associated slag systems); these are redrawn using FactSage 8.1 (databases used: FactPS, FToxid, FTmisc, FTsalt and FTOxCN) and validated by comparing them with the literature. Then, based on the above understanding of chemistry and thermodynamics, the flowsheets of several industrial TSL plants are introduced and discussed while providing key figures associated with process conditions and input/output streams. Finally, this article culminates by providing a concise overview of the simulation and digitization efforts on TSL technology. In light of the foregoing discourse, this paper encapsulates basic principles and operational details, specifically those pertaining to TSL bath smelting operations within the non-ferrous industry, thereby offering valuable insights intended to benefit both scholarly researchers and industry professionals.

Classification and Quantification of Physical Therapy Interventions across Multiple Neurological Disorders: An Italian Multicenter Network.

Despite their relevance in neurorehabilitation, physical therapy (PT) goals and interventions are poorly described, compromising a proper understanding of PT effectiveness in everyday clinical practice. Thus, this paper aims to describe the prevalence of PT goals and interventions in people with neurological disorders, along with the participants' clinical features, setting characteristics of the clinical units involved, and PT impact on outcome measures. A multicenter longitudinal observational study involving hospitals and rehabilitation centers across Italy has been conducted. We recruited people with stroke (n = 119), multiple sclerosis (n = 48), and Parkinson's disease (n = 35) who underwent the PT sessions foreseen by the National Healthcare System. Clinical outcomes were administered before and after the intervention, and for each participant the physical therapists completed a semi-structured interview to report the goals and interventions of the PT sessions. Results showed that the most relevant PT goals were related to the ICF activities with "walking" showing the highest prevalence. The most used interventions aimed at improving walking performance, followed by those aimed at improving organ/body system functioning, while interventions targeting the cognitive-affective and educational aspects have been poorly considered. Considering PT effectiveness, 83 participants experienced a clinically significant improvement in the outcome measures assessing gait and balance functions.

Climate change dynamics and mercury temporal trends in Northeast Arctic cod (Gadus morhua) from the Barents Sea ecosystem

The Northeast Arctic cod (Gadus morhua) is the world's northernmost stock of Atlantic cod and is of considerable ecological and economic importance. Northeast Arctic cod are widely distributed in the Barents Sea, an environment that supports a high degree of ecosystem resiliency and food web complexity. Here using 121 years of ocean temperature data (1900–2020), 41 years of sea ice extent information (1979–2020) and 27 years of total mercury (Hg) fillet concentration data (1994–2021, n = 1999, ≥71% Methyl Hg, n = 20) from the Barents Sea ecosystem, we evaluate the effects of climate change dynamics on Hg temporal trends in Northeast Arctic cod. We observed low and consistently stable, Hg concentrations (yearly, least-square means range = 0.022–0.037 mg/kg wet wt.) in length-normalized fish, with a slight decline in the most recent sampling periods despite a significant increase in Barents Sea temperature, and a sharp decline in regional sea ice extent. Overall, our data suggest that recent Arctic amplification of ocean temperature, “Atlantification,” and other perturbations of the Barents Sea ecosystem, along with rapidly declining sea ice extent over the last ∼30 years did not translate into major increases or decreases in Hg bioaccumulation in Northeast Arctic cod. Our findings are consistent with similar long-term, temporal assessments of Atlantic cod inhabiting Oslofjord, Norway, and with recent investigations and empirical data for other marine apex predators. This demonstrates that Hg bioaccumulation is highly context specific, and some species may not be as sensitive to current climate change-contaminant interactions as currently thought. Fish Hg bioaccumulation-climate change relationships are highly complex and not uniform, and our data suggest that Hg temporal trends in marine apex predators can vary considerably within and among species, and geographically. Hg bioaccumulation regimes in biota are highly nuanced and likely driven by a suite of other factors such as local diets, sources of Hg, bioenergetics, toxicokinetic processing, and growth and metabolic rates of individuals and taxa, and inputs from anthropogenic activities at varying spatiotemporal scales. Collectively, these findings have important policy implications for global food security, the Minamata Convention on Mercury, and several relevant UN Sustainable Development Goals.

Let the Program Evaluation Committee SOAR: Applying the Strengths, Opportunities, Aspirations, and Results (SOAR) Framework for Program Evaluation.

Annual program evaluations are important activities of all graduate medical education programs. Although the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education provides general guidelines, there is substantial scope for educational innovation. Strengths, opportunities, aspirations, and results (SOAR) is a strengths-based framework for strategic planning. Because SOAR emphasizes positivity and engagement, it is an appealing framework for evaluating graduate medical education programs. Our objective was to demonstrate the feasibility and acceptability of SOAR in a program evaluation committee of a fellowship program to generate strategic initiatives. The authors used the four steps of SOAR within the program evaluation committee in 2022. Interviewers collected positive stories to understand program strengths. Then, rapid ideation was used to translate strengths into opportunities. These opportunities were condensed and refined for fellows to assess how well they align with aspirations. The ones that aligned best with aspirations were prioritized for implementation. Results were monitored through a scorecard based on specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) goals every month. Of 15 divisional members, 11 participated (73.3%). Five major strengths were identified: supportive environment, variety of cases, scheduling flexibility, integration with larger networks, and multidisciplinary collaboration. These 5 yielded 15 opportunities, which were refined and condensed to 9. Four were selected for implementation: scholarly works accountability group, hybrid-flex curriculum, fellowship weekly huddles, and structured electives. Scorecards have shown successful implementation during a 4-month period. SOAR is an innovative and feasible approach to program evaluation that uses trainee engagement to translate and synergize existing program strengths into actionable program improvement.

Multi-parametric optimization of magnetic resonance imaging sequences for magnetic resonance-guided radiotherapy

Background and purposeMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is widely used in oncology for tumor staging, treatment response assessment, and radiation therapy (RT) planning. This study proposes a framework for automatic optimization of MRI sequences based on pulse sequence parameter sets (SPS) that are directly applied on the scanner, for application in RT planning. Materials and methodsA phantom with seven in-house fabricated contrasts was used for measurements. The proposed framework employed a derivative-free optimization algorithm to repeatedly update and execute a parametrized sequence on the MR scanner to acquire new data. In each iteration, the mean-square error was calculated based on the clinical application. Two clinically relevant optimization goals were pursued: achieving the same signal and therefore contrast as in a target image, and maximizing the signal difference (contrast) between specified tissue types. The framework was evaluated using two optimization methods: a covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) and a genetic algorithm (GA). ResultsThe obtained results demonstrated the potential of the proposed framework for automatic optimization of MRI sequences. Both CMA-ES and GA methods showed promising results in achieving the two optimization goals, however, CMA-ES converged much faster as compared to GA. ConclusionsThe proposed framework enables for automatic optimization of MRI sequences based on SPS that are directly applied on the scanner and it may be used to enhance the quality of MRI images for dedicated applications in MR-guided RT.

The Effect of Transactional Leadership on Organizational Agility in Tourism and Hospitality Businesses: The Mediating Roles of Organizational Trust and Ambidexterity

The tourism and hospitality industry is dynamic, so it demands agility to gain a competitive edge. This paper aims to examine the effect of transactional leadership on organizational agility in the tourism and hospitality industry. It also investigates the roles of organizational trust and ambidexterity as mediators by adopting the resource-based view (RBV). This study’s data are collected from the full-time employees working in category (A) travel agencies and five-star hotels operating in Egypt. The PLS-SEM approach was used to analyze 532 valid responses using WarpPLS 7.0. The findings showed that there is a positive relationship between transactional leadership and organizational agility, as well as positive relationships between transactional leadership with organizational trust and ambidexterity. Organizational trust and ambidexterity were also found to have positive relationships with organizational agility. Moreover, the findings revealed that organizational trust and ambidexterity play a mediating role between transactional leadership and organizational agility. According to the results, setting specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) goals is a key aspect of transactional leadership. Managers can collaborate with employees to set goals aligned with organizational agility, encouraging them to proactively identify and seize opportunities.

Developing a framework for generating production-dependent failure rate through discrete-event simulation

Over the last decades, maintenance has experienced a transition from being a necessary evil to being a pivotal resource to create value for enterprises. Within the process of maintenance planning, distinct decisions could be responsible for different outcomes concerning profit and equipment reliability. Consequently, maintenance optimization has become pivotal to achieving relevant business goals. One of the most popular approaches to conduct maintenance optimization is simulation-based optimization, especially Discrete-Event Simulation (DES). Most works related to DES for maintenance optimization purposes focus on modeling imperfect maintenance or imperfect inspection and prognosis, while failures are often generated through a Weibull distribution. However, failure strongly depends on the production rate or the stress level, defining a Dynamic Non-Homogeneous Poisson Process (DNHPP). To this end, this paper proposes an algorithm for scheduling such DNHPP failure events in a DES framework model and, as a first implementation to apply it, an open-access library capable of generating stress level-dependent failures within the Rockwell ARENA© simulation environment. The developed package, that in the future will be ported to other relevant off-the-shelf simulation environments, provides a more realistic tool for maintenance engineers and researchers to optimize or compare maintenance strategies from an economic perspective.

On the question of the genesis of the concept of information security as a component of national security

This article is devoted to the genesis of the concept of information security. Historical interpretations of this concept are analyzed, different interpretations of this concept by domestic scientists are given. The relevance of information security, in particular, during a full-scale war with the Russian Federation was emphasized.
 The purpose of the study is the analysis of theoretical developments regarding the evolution of the concept of information security through the clarification of its essence as the main and integral direction of national security.
 It is emphasized that when considering the normative definition of information security, it should be noted that the current legislation of Ukraine does not contain an appropriate detailed interpretation of this concept, but normative acts concerning information security issues naturally consider it in the context of a more general concept of national security.
 Information security is not only an independent component of national security, but also an integral part of political, economic, defense and other components of national security, since all types of relations between subjects of the information society are based on the consumption and exchange of information.
 It has been proven that the information security of Ukraine should be considered as a state in which self- preservation, stable and progressive development of the information sphere is ensured in the presence of real and potential threats, in particular the security of information infrastructure, information space, information resources, information processes and their subjects, and as well as the achievement of relevant national goals and realization of national interests in the information sphere.
 It is proposed to consider information security as a permanent process of activities of competent authorities, aimed at prevention, countering threats in the information sphere, the use of active measures of information influence, as well as a set of conditions of such activity, which are implemented and can be controlled for a long time.

Integrating Sustainable Design into Advanced Electrochemical Manufacturing

Considering the green engineering principles developed by Anastas and Zimmerman or detailed from the Sandestin conference of 2004 as presented by Abraham and Nguyen there is a duty of care as environmental stewards of our technology to closely examine where we can reduce impact regarding nascent electrochemical technologies.Comparison of state-of-the-art electrochemical manufacturing technologies highlight the design options competing technologies offer when we consider the sourcing, manufacturing, emissions, and other ways of embodying the environmental footprint of our designed processes.Impact on natural systems, circular life-cycle thinking and creating engineering solutions beyond our current or dominant manufacturing technologies to improve, innovate and invent solutions for a transition to a clean energy future are highlighted. Principles of conservation and improvement of natural ecosystems are considered to inform novice scientists and engineers and lead to insight in opportunities for advanced system developments for mature industry representatives and experienced experts.Challenges in greening of existing systems offers opportunities for continued growth in the industrial domain. Triple bottom line examination of how our actions can improve manufacturing processes, as well as benefit globally relevant sustainable development goals. Reframing the basis for how we design electrochemical processes from a cost-efficiency relationship to include additional considerations in our practice using simple guidelines to address cell architectures, integration and interconnection of energy and material flows, and careful material selection are shown to have a win-win benefit when we examine intergenerational scope of our practice.

Comparison between the General Assessment of Hospitalised Patient Tool and the Barthel Index: A Retrospective Study.

Among hospitalised patients, functional decline and increased dependence on others are common health problems. Identifying critical needs is an important starting point to empower patients to improve their own health and behaviour. Once these needs are determined, the most relevant goals for addressing patients' needs and health potential can be established. This study aimed to test a model for profiling patients using the General Assessment of Hospitalised Patients (ASGO) compared to the Barthel Index (BI) as the gold standard. A retrospective approach was conducted by reviewing administrative data recorded between 2017 and 2020 at the University of Padova, Italy. Data from patients (a) older than 18 years, (b) admitted to a local hospital, and (c) with a stay of at least three days were included in the study. The ASGO and the BI were both used on patients' admission and discharge from the ward. Data were analysed using STATA software (v.16) (StataCorp. 2019. Stata Statistical Software: Release 16. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC). The database used for the analysis consisted of 842 patient records, with more than 50% over 75 years of age and consisting mainly of men. The results of the ASGO and the BI were more correlated at discharge (rho = -0.79) than at admission (rho = -0.59). Furthermore, sensitivity and specificity, calculated with reference to the optimal cut-off point (Youden index), demonstrated the highest reliability of the test at discharge (sensitivity: 0.87; specificity: 0.78) compared to admission (sensitivity: 0.77; specificity: 0.72). This result was confirmed by the analysis of the ROC curve: The area under the curve was greater at discharge (89%) than at admission (82%). Analysis of the results obtained from assessments created with the ASGO demonstrates the applicability of this model in the context of hospital care and how well it can represent functional dependence. This study was not registered.

Renovation or Redevelopment: The Case of Smart Decision-Support in Aging Buildings

In Germany, as in many developed countries, over 60% of buildings were constructed before 1978, where most are in critical condition, requiring either demolition with plans for redevelopment or renovation and rehabilitation. Given the urgency of climate action and relevant sustainable development goals set by the United Nations, more attention must be shifted toward the various sustainability aspects when deciding on a strategy for the renovation or redevelopment of existing buildings. To this end, this study focused on developing a smart decision support framework for aging buildings based on lifecycle sustainability considerations. The framework integrated digital technological advancements, such as building information modeling (BIM), point clouds processing with field information modeling (FIM)®, and structural optimization, together with lifecycle assessment to evaluate and rate the environmental impact of different solutions. Three sustainability aspects, namely, cost, energy consumption, and carbon emissions, were quantitatively evaluated and compared in two scenarios, namely, renovation, and demolition or deconstruction combined with redevelopment. A real building constructed in 1961 was the subject of the experiments to validate the framework. The result outlined the limitations and advantages of each method in terms of economics and sustainability. It was further observed that optimizing the building design with the goal of reducing embodied energy and carbon in compliance with modern energy standards was crucial to improving overall energy performance. This work demonstrated that the BIM-based framework developed to assess the environmental impact of rehabilitation work in aging buildings can provide effective ratings to guide decision-making in real-world projects.

Socialization, education and learning for the internet (SELFI): development and pilot of a social media skills program for autistic adults

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to describe the development and pilot of a novel program to support autistic adults with social media use. Social media use among autistic adults has been associated with increased happiness and closer friendships. However, autistic adults are at risk of social media challenges such as cyber-victimization. To date, no programs exist that specifically support autistic adults with safe and effective social media use. The primary aim of this study was to develop and pilot test a novel social media skills program for feasibility and acceptability. A secondary aim was to explore changes in Facebook activity as a proxy for online social engagement.Design/methodology/approachThe socialization, education and learning for the internet (SELFI) program was developed by identifying relevant target skills, goals, considerations and evidence-based strategies to help autistic adults with online social communication. The developed SELFI program was then pilot tested with six autistic male young adults to explore initial feasibility (fidelity of delivery, attendance) and acceptability (attrition, enjoyment and programmatic feedback). Facebook data were collected to explore differences in the frequency of likes/reactions, comments and posts after completion of the program.FindingsEach participant completed all procedures and attended every session. There was no attrition from the program. The average fidelity score for recorded sessions was 85.1%. Most participants endorsed agreement with program enjoyment and that it helped them maintain current relationships. Participant feedback provided valuable information regarding areas of strength and areas that needed improvement. Each participant who completed the study demonstrated increased Facebook engagement across likes/reactions, comments and posts.Research limitations/implicationsLimitations include a small all-male sample, exclusion of adults with intellectual disabilities and adolescents and dependence on Facebook data. Additionally, the developed program did not incorporate feedback from relevant stakeholders, including autistic adults.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is one of the first studies to explore support for autistic adults specifically related to social media use.

Chronic pain management using combination of non-pharmacological therapy on elderly with arthritis rheumatoid: Case study

Arthritis rheumatoid are among the chronic conditions causing motor system decline in the elderly. The limited implementation of a non-pharmacological therapy combination involving warm compresses with deep breathing relaxation serves as the basis for this study. The aim of this scientific work is to conduct an analysis of pain management in elderly individuals with Arthritis rheumatoid.Method: A case study design was employed involving three clients, elderly individuals suffering from Arthritis rheumatoid. The nursing problem addressed was chronic pain (D.0078). The intervention applied to address chronic pain in these elderly individuals with an autoimmune condition involved a combination of warm compresses and deep breathing relaxation given three times over three consecutive days. The analysis was performed using the SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound goals) method. The UNITRI FIKes gerontic nursing care format was used from data collection through action evaluation.Results: The case study revealed that on the initial assessment, all three elderly individuals experienced chronic pain at a moderate level. The planned nursing intervention was pain management, with pain level as the outcome criterion. After a three-day implementation, the issue of chronic pain was resolved in these elderly individuals, showing an increased ability to complete activities, reduced pain and grimacing, less protective attitude, and decreased sleep complaints.Conclusion: The combination therapy effectively reduced pain levels. This research serves as an addition to information and a resource for further studies concerning chronic pain management in elderly individuals with Arthritis rheumatoidKeywords: Arthritis, Breathing Exercises, Chronic pain, Hot Temperature, Rheumatoid

Scientific literacy: Its real origin story and functional role in American education

AbstractIt has been widely accepted in the science education research community that scientific literacy as a concept and phrase was introduced by Paul deHart Hurd in 1958. Recent research into the origins of the phrase, however, has shown this to be incorrect. Its first published use can be traced back, in fact, to 1945, and the phrase was frequently invoked in popular and research publications throughout the 1940s and 1950s. Exploring the historical circumstances of the phrase's introduction into popular discourse, it is argued, reveals that despite the rhetorical power and widespread adoption of the idea, scientific literacy (as others have pointed out) has proven to be little more than an empty slogan that offers no substantive guidance for thinking about the goals of science education. This essay argues that rather than continue to cling to the idea, the field of science education can more productively consider the most relevant and appropriate goals of science teaching by dispensing with the concept altogether.

Accelerating sustainability through better reporting

PurposeThis paper aims to review and discuss City Developments Limited (CDL)’s 15-year sustainability reporting journey with GRI Standards as core for its blended reporting framework.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on the knowledge and experience of the company’s reporting team from the perspective of CDL’s Chief Sustainability Officer.FindingsTo future-proof businesses against climate crisis and achieve relevant sustainable development goals, companies need to be committed to goal setting, tracking and reporting Environment, Social and Governance (ESG) performance for sustained growth. A robust and rigorous approach to sustainability reporting that incorporates both value and impact allows organisations to identify material ESG issues and determine risks and opportunities that will help organisations to enhance strategy and practices for long-term resilience and business growth.Practical implicationsThis paper can help businesses to understand that the rising climate change agenda has led to substantial emphasis being placed on climate-related standards and disclosures.Social implicationsBusinesses cannot manage without measuring performance. Reporting is critical for businesses to effectively integrate sustainability into their business strategy and operations to accelerate action towards a low-carbon economy.Originality/valueThis paper addresses the development of sustainability reporting trends and the benefits and challenges of using GRI as a core reporting framework in an evolving ESG reporting landscape from the perspective of a real estate company.

DEVELOPMENT AND CURRENT STATE OF THE STUDY PROBLEMS OF SIGNATURES AND SHORT HANDWRITTEN NOTES MADE USING TECHNICAL METHODS AND MEANS

A retrospective analysis of the state of the study of the problems of studying signatures and short handwritten notes showed that the question of the possibility of a forensic study of such handwriting objects, performed using technical techniques and means, does not lose relevance today and requires the development and application of appropriate techniques and methods. The main directions and provisions that contribute to the improvement of the study of signatures and short handwritten notes are determined. In particular, it was concluded that while maintaining the traditional scientific, theoretical and methodological base, characteristic for the study of all handwriting records, the following is relevant when conducting an examination of small handwriting objects: organization of obtaining additional orienting information on the use of technologies when forging signatures and short handwritten notes; systematization of factors affecting the quality of manifestation of individual signs of writing; development of new recommendations on the methods of such research. It is noted that this type of expert research, taking into account its relevance, requires an integrated approach and a thorough analysis of the theoretical foundations related to the definition of the relevant object, goals and objectives, as well as the development of new recommendations on methods for studying small-volume handwriting, performed using technical methods and means. Each such examination, appointed as handwriting, requires the expert to have knowledge not only in the field of forensic handwriting but also in the field of technical and forensic examination of documents since only an integrated approach to solving the issues raised can ensure the completeness of expert studies and the successful solution of expert tasks.

Applying national-regional component in teaching a professionally oriented foreign language to undergraduates of agrarian specialties

The article considers proven in practical teaching methodological techniques and strategies that are effective for the development of oral speech skills for undergraduates of agricultural specialties. Individual tasks and group projects based on the national-regional component are offered, facilitating the adaptation of probation specialists in the professional field and contributing to the development of professional communication skills in a foreign language. An integrative approach, methods of general scientific analysis, and a descriptive method are used. The introduction of a national-regional component is proposed using supportive tables and schemes that facilitate the comprehension of professional information. Visualization of agrotechnical information allows a student to select and apply the necessary amount of data for analyzing to discuss in a concise and accessible form, in a systematic and consistent presentation without the need to memorize. The article presents 2 types of tables useful to perform specific tasks aimed to develop professional competencies in the process of learning a foreign language. The data of the survey proposed to the students are given, the most relevant goals are highlighted in the opinion of undergraduates, achieved with the introduction of a regional component. The introduction of a regional component in the process of learning a professional foreign language contributes to the development of general professional competencies. Besides, it allows you to bring the learning process closer to the conditions of practical work and apply the acquired skills and knowledge of a foreign language to solve specific agrotechnical tasks. The ability to systematize information in the form of tables, formulate a related statement based on the data from a table or a diagram also contribute to the development of professional communication skills in a foreign language, useful for students in later professional activities.

A spatial justice perspective on EU rural sustainability as territorial cohesion

AbstractTerritorial cohesion is a guiding set of EU principles to achieve sustainable development. However, evidence suggests that within and across rural and peripheral regions in particular, prosperity and social and economic wellbeing continue to lag behind other regions. The aim of this article is to examine how a spatial justice perspective can provide new development insights on rural sustainability. Introducing a spatial justice perspective to a sustainability/territorial cohesion view of rural development, this article explores the scope for alternative framings of rural sustainability based on more place‐based, context‐specific socio‐spatial relations and processes. Drawing on interviews with EU‐based stakeholders mainly representing rural‐based NGOs, it identifies changing values and priorities about rural sustainability linked to notions of spatial justice and fairness. The findings illustrate an evolving local‐level emphasis on rural sustainability as a phenomenon less focused on economic growth and as much on achieving social equity, with associated capacity to frame and agree locally relevant sustainability goals in an inclusive and respectful way.

Goal Attainment Scaling in rehabilitation: An educational review providing a comprehensive didactical tool box for implementing Goal Attainment Scaling.

Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) is a person-centered and collaborative approach, allowing to assess the effectiveness of an intervention on personally relevant goals. However, GAS is not a "scale" but a heterogeneous group of methodologies, including many variations and lack of consensus on high quality GAS. The aim of this communication is to: 1. provide updated didactical information on GAS use in PRM practice and research; 2. increase awareness of GAS methodological challenges; 3. guide use of GAS as an integrated process of rehabilitation after goal setting and; 4. provide updated resources for self-directed learning and extensive supplemental material to increase knowledge and practical skills in GAS use. Educational literature review about current GAS applications relevant to PRM fields. Practical advice is provided regarding clinical challenges in GAS: definition of 0 level, time-frame and means employed to attain the goal, dealing with unforeseen pattern of improvement, synthesizing the numerous significations of "SMART" goal acronym to guide best use of GAS, and thinking flexibility on the type of relevant goals that can be set. Challenges with GAS in rehabilitation research are presented in order to promote researcher's and reviewer's awareness on reliable use of GAS and encouraging best-use of GAS.

University language teachers’ contextually dependent uses of instrumental emotion regulation

Emotion regulation is increasingly positioned as a skill that is developed ontogenetically across careers as language teachers come to recognise the impact that their emotional behaviour has on themselves and their classrooms. While recent research has attended to the connection between a teacher's regulation strategy choices and well-being, a broad view that recognises the full impact of emotion regulation actions on language teacher and student outcomes in highly contextualised circumstances is urgently needed. Adopting the position that emotion regulation is a motivated activity employed to achieve dynamic, contextually relevant goals, this study investigates the instrumental emotion regulation of 15 experienced non-Japanese EFL teachers at a university in Japan. Drawing on a corpus of 300,000 words obtained from 45 interviews and stimulated recall sessions, findings analysed through a complexity-informed approach demonstrate how emotion regulation strategies were employed to achieve a range of instrumental outcomes pertaining to identity projection, behavioural management, content engagement, and relational development. The data further illustrates that this emotion regulation was contextually dependent, informed by macro-level and internal factors, and that the participants' motive and strategy choices had a direct impact on their well-being.