Relevant Branches Research Articles

The memorial function of law on the example of international humanitarian law

Relevance. The theory of the functions of law at the present stage of the development of domestic jurisprudence occupies one of the leading places in the general theory of law. Despite the sufficient elaboration of the relevant section, the gradual transformations of public relations, the increment of new knowledge in related fields of knowledge require further scientific research. Thus, in accordance with the author's concepts, one of the significant places in the system of social functions of law is occupied by the memorial function. The presented problems deserve special attention in the context of international law, the connection of which with memory is the most distinct. The purpose of the study is to assess the importance of the memorial function of law in the system of other functions on the example of international humanitarian law.Objectives: to study the genesis and evolution of international humanitarian law; to identify the relationship between memory and the essence of law (using the example of international humanitarian law); to study the manifestations of the memorial function in the content of international humanitarian law.Methodology. The methodological basis of the research was the principles of scientific, systematic and historicism. The work uses dialectical-materialistic, historical-legal and formal-legal methods, as well as the method of content analysis.Results. Using the example of international humanitarian law, the article reveals the fundamental foundations of the idea of the memorial function of law. The author analyzes the relationship of memory with the nature, essence and content of international humanitarian law. As examples demonstrating the expression of the memorial function in international humanitarian law, the norms of customary and contractual (Hague and Geneva law) are given.Conclusions. The paper substantiates the conclusion that the formation of the relevant international legal branch was due to the accumulation in the memory of the international community of evidence of the horrors and losses that the war entails. It is noted that the essence of international humanitarian law is related to the protection of the most significant values for the international community, the need for special attention to which has been formed in social memory on the basis of accumulated experience in warfare.

Компенсационная и восстановительная функции уголовного права

Introduction. At the present stage of social development, criminal law is characterised by compensatory and restorative functions. The purpose of the study is to substantiate this position. The author sets the following objectives in the study: to study the main approaches to defining the concepts of “function of law” and “function of criminal law”; to explore how the science of criminal law has evolved towards recognising an increasing number of functions inherent in the relevant branch of law; to identify the reasons for the absence of a clear division between compensatory and restorative mechanisms in domestic criminal law; to consider the specifics of implementing compensatory and restorative mechanisms when bringing a person to criminal liability and, from this perspective, to assess such criminal law measures as confiscation of property and a judicial fine. Methods. General and specific methods were used in the study: historical, system-structural, formal-logical, comparative-legal. Results. At the present stage of social development, criminal law is characterised by compensatory and restorative functions. Each of them should be considered independently. The identification of these two functions in the domestic doctrine is largely associated with the history of the formation of the legal system of our country. Compensatory and restorative functions inherent in criminal law are legal. Proving the validity of their allocation, one should rely on the general provisions of the theory of law, a unified approach to understanding the functions of law and their content, developed by legal scholars. The introduction of norms into Russian criminal legislation providing for the implementation of compensatory and restorative mechanisms, and the practice of their application have shown that there is a real need for such legal institutions.

Возможности организации речевой зарядки на практических занятиях по иностранному языку в образовательных организациях МВД России

Abstract. The article elicits possible types of speech warming-up exercises as an organizational part of a class in the discipline “Foreign Language”, aimed at developing and improving the skills of spontaneous speech in the form of monologues, dialogues and/or polylogues. The aim of the article is to demonstrate possible formats of warming-up activities which are optimal to use when working with cadets of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Among the recommended formats, the following are considered: responding to questions based on visual stimuli; role-playing dialogues situationally anchored in the professional activities of police officers; composing verbal portraits; interpreting terms that form semantic fields within the relevant branches of law; reconstructing the chronology of events related to the commission of a crime; identifying temporal gaps in the statements of witnesses and suspects; and news reports on innovations in the professional activities of internal affairs officers. Recommendations for organizing warming-up activities, regardless of the specific format used, include deferred error correction and grouping cadets of varying proficiency levels in professional foreign language communicative competence to accomplish the designated tasks.

Research Factors Affecting Green Economic Development and Some Policy Implications

Vietnam is one of the countries heavily affected by climate change and rising sea levels. According to the World Bank, it is estimated that climate change will reduce Vietnam's GDP by 3.5% by 2050. Therefore, developing a green economy is the most effective and fastest way to adapt. and minimize the impact of climate change. The goal of the research is to evaluate the impact of environmental factors on Vietnam's green economic development. Through a survey of 215 samples from different subjects such as managers, businesses, residential communities, etc., the study pointed out 5 main influencing factors, including: government’s regulatory policies, engineering technology, environmental resources, human resources, and residential community. The research results provide a premise for suggesting a number of policy implications for the goverment as well as relevant ministries and branches in the process of completing the policy framework to develop a green economy for Vietnam in the coming time.

System behaviour of water and environmental law

Rules and procedures of mechanical things might be revealed by a piece by piece, linear analysis, while large unorganised masses can be approached by means of statistics. However, there is a vast middle layer of entities with complex structure and hardly calculable non-linear procedures that offer themselves for system science. System thinking makes possible that we understand wicked problems, perfect storms and other similar phenomena that otherwise resist the old, positivist, silo-thinking. In these cases, we learn that elements of a system form structures, develop procedures through which they together produce such results that could have been unimaginable solely by the elements alone. Is it possible that with the help of system thinking we will be able to better grasp the essence of laws, moreover, we can design and implement laws with higher effectiveness? Is law a system? Or rather a complex tiered system of sub-systems, embedded into larger social-economic systems? In order to test these questions we analyse two intriguing sets of legal problems, to learn if we can describe and interpret them as systems that are – like systems generally – protecting their integrity with accommodation and resilience. The first example is the development of the segment of water laws that regulates drilling of small size wells for farms, where we see a 140 years process off gradual, more and more successful accommodation to the double social needs of protecting the interests of small farmers and sustainable development in respect to underground waters. This system resisted successfully an abrupt change that would have not fit to its goals. The second example is climate law as such – a relatively new development in the short history of modern environmental law, which can be hardly called a success story, because of the stiff resilience of the relevant branches of law. Indeed, resilience of law, as a complex, flexible and effective system does not always work according to our wishes.

Future Innovation Unleashed for Sustainability in Longitudinal Research in Micro- and Small-Sized Enterprises

The research reveals how micro- and small-sized enterprises can unleash future innovation to pursue sustainability. This empirical participatory action research is conducted from 2018 to 2022 in 18 multi-case micro- and small-sized enterprises. The findings reveal that these enterprises pursue sustainability through instrumental, moral and intrinsic value creation in combination. Despite the experienced uncertainty and resource limitations of the participating enterprises, they can pursue future innovation to create value for customers and society addressing, respectively, UN SDGs No. 3, 8, 9, 11, 12 and 17. None of the hitherto noted entrepreneurial literature branches can alone support micro- and small-sized enterprises to pursue future innovation. However, the literature branches illustrate individual useful strengths. Furthermore, they illustrate limitations for value creation. The illustrated useful strengths and the accompanying limitations call for context-dependent use in micro- and small- sized enterprises through the integration of the relevant specific extant literature branches to support their innovation aims, respectively, utilising opportunities, their own and others’ heterogeneous behaviours and reorganising resources to unleash future sustainable innovation in an action learning approach. Further collaborative participatory action research is needed to support and enable the practical implication potential for value creation in micro- and small-sized enterprises.

Epidemiological Data of Patients Consulted to Physical Therapy Clinic in the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake

On February 6, 2023, 7.8-magnitude earthquake occurred in Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye. This earthquake was one of the most devastating disasters to hit Türkiye, resulting in an official death count of over 45,000. In this study, we aimed to determine the injury patterns of the patients who were consulted to the physical therapy and rehabilitation clinic after the Kahramanmaraş earthquake, and to ensure that their physicians were better prepared for possible earthquakes. Our study was completed between February and June 2023. All patients, male and female, who had earthquake-related injuries and were consulted to the physical therapy unit were included. Discharged patients were screened retrospectively. Inpatients were investigated prospectively. A total of 220 patients were included in the study. The patients were examined in terms of age, gender, date of application, pain score, time under the dent, complaint at admission, additional disease, type of injury, and treatment applied. Statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS version 22.0 software. The most frequently affected age group was 15-30 years old. The most common complaints were pain, limitation of movement and difficulty in walking. The most common surgical procedures are fasciotomy, internal fixation, and amputation. The most commonly injured limbs are the lower extremities. The most common level of amputation was transtibial amputation. After the earthquake, patients need physical therapy and rehabilitation. The knowledge and experience of the physicians of the relevant branches about the frequently observed injury patterns should be increased. This study is generally in line with most other studies reporting the epidemiology of injury after earthquakes. However, there is no standardization among the studies. Therefore, standardization in reporting earthquake injuries is necessary for evidence-based response policy planning after natural disasters.

Exploring Embodied Intelligence in Soft Robotics: A Review.

Soft robotics is closely related to embodied intelligence in the joint exploration of the means to achieve more natural and effective robotic behaviors via physical forms and intelligent interactions. Embodied intelligence emphasizes that intelligence is affected by the synergy of the brain, body, and environment, focusing on the interaction between agents and the environment. Under this framework, the design and control strategies of soft robotics depend on their physical forms and material properties, as well as algorithms and data processing, which enable them to interact with the environment in a natural and adaptable manner. At present, embodied intelligence has comprehensively integrated related research results on the evolution, learning, perception, decision making in the field of intelligent algorithms, as well as on the behaviors and controls in the field of robotics. From this perspective, the relevant branches of the embodied intelligence in the context of soft robotics were studied, covering the computation of embodied morphology; the evolution of embodied AI; and the perception, control, and decision making of soft robotics. Moreover, on this basis, important research progress was summarized, and related scientific problems were discussed. This study can provide a reference for the research of embodied intelligence in the context of soft robotics.

Tax law system in the context of digitalization: problems and prospects

The purpose of the article is to develop a criterion for structuring the branch of tax law relevant for the period of digitalization.The methodology of the study includes an analysis of regulatory acts of tax legislation regulating the legal regulation of digital transformation of taxation.The main results and the scope of their application. Due to the lack of a single criterion for the formation of the structure of tax law (in different years, the tax system or the system of tax legislation was considered as such), obstacles are created in the unambiguity of understanding the system and types of tax law institutions. This leads to a number of practical problems related to the “alignment” of new tax law norms that appeared in the digital era into the “classical” tax legal relationship.Conclusions. The criterion on the basis of which the modern legislator, as well as representatives of the tax and legal doctrine, divides tax law into institutions is a controversial issue of the relevant branch of science. Such uncertainty does not give an unambiguous understanding of the legal nature of new tax law institutions, for example, the institute of a single tax payment. At the present stage, it would be logical to use the category of “tax obligation” as a kind of link in the system of tax law, which is predetermined by its fundamental role in tax and legal regulation.

Biosystematic studies on Lilium (Liliaceae) II. Evolutionary history and taxon recognition in the L. maculatum–L. pensylvanicum complex in Japan

AbstractTo clarify the evolutionary history of the Lilium maculatum–L. pensylvanicum complex in Japan and to improve the circumscription of its component taxa, we conducted phylogenetic analyses based on chloroplast and nuclear internal and external transcribed spacer (ITS, ETS) DNA sequences, a genome‐wide analysis of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using multiplexed ISSR genotyping by sequencing (MIG‐seq), and morphological observations. Topological differences between the chloroplast and nuclear ITS + ETS phylogenies indicate that ancient hybridization or incomplete lineage sorting were involved in the origin of “maculatum”, but the relatively long length of relevant branches indicates that incomplete lineage sorting is implausible. The results of STRUCTURE analysis (K = 3, the highest delta K value) using MIG‐seq indicate that “maculatum” has already developed its own cluster and can be considered a species (L. maculatum) that originated through the hybridization of L. pacificum (sp. nov.) and L. pensylvanicum. MIG‐seq Neighbor‐Net and STRUCTURE analyses (K = 3), as well as chloroplast DNA phylogeny, reveal that populations in disjunct limestone areas (L. maculatum var. bukosanense) originated via the hybridization of L. maculatum and L. pacificum, whereas populations in the Sado‐Tobishima Islands (L. maculatum var. sadoense, var. nov.) originated via hybridization between L. maculatum and L. pensylvanicum. These taxa appear to be more or less genetically isolated from other populations based on the STRUCTURE analysis (K = 5), although we do not know whether this isolation resulted from geographic distance or reproductive barriers. Based on available MIG‐seq and morphological data, respectively, we consider the two hybrid‐origin populations to be independent varieties. Furthermore, the morphology of seaside populations of L. maculatum in East Tohoku District appears to have deviated slightly from that of mountain populations (L. maculatum f. monticola); as such, coastal populations merit recognition as a form of L. maculatum (L. maculatum f. spontaneum, comb. & stat. nov.). Other seaside populations of L. maculatum in the West Tohoku District appear to have originated from populations of L. pacificum, but have been successively taken over by L. maculatum through introgression, and have consequently evolved into a form of L. maculatum (L. maculatum f. maculatum). In addition, we found putative extant hybrid populations of L. maculatum × L. pensylvanicum. We recognize three species, two varieties, two forms, and one hybrid in the L. maculatum–L. pensylvanicum complex in Japan.

АКТУАЛЬНІ ПРОБЛЕМИ БЮДЖЕТУВАННЯ ВИТРАТ БУДІВЕЛЬНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ В УКРАЇНІ

The article is devoted to the study of the current problems of developing the budget structure and budgeting the costs of construction enterprises. The analysis of the dynamics of construction in Ukraine for 2012-2022, conducted according to statistical data, showed an increase in production volumes, despite the impact of negative factors. It is emphasized that the economic and managerial aspects of the activity of construction enterprises, including drawing up a consolidated budget, are largely determined by the specific features of construction as a branch of the economy. When developing the list and structure of operating budgets, construction enterprises need to take into account both their own production capacity and the rhythm of the supply of raw materials, materials and components, and a number of influencing factors. It is important to make assumptions about the probability of external influence on the components of construction works by other participants in the construction process (investors, designers, subcontractors, etc.). Thus, changes in the schedule of investment receipts, non-compliance with the terms of the contract by suppliers of raw materials or materials, inaccuracy of the developed estimate documentation can lead to additional costs. Since construction is one of the most material-intensive industries, preparation of the budget for material costs is of priority. It is noted that the budgeting of the wage component and deductions for social events should contribute to the motivation of workers at existing enterprises and reduce the turnover of qualified personnel in conditions of labor shortage. Due to budgeting, it is possible to carry out preliminary control over costs, in order to prevent irrational use of resources and to check compliance with the accepted standards of costs for individual construction works. It was determined that the budgeting process, as an element of financial planning, has prospects for use in calculating the forecasted values of the revenues of enterprises of the relevant branch of the national economy, which is especially important in the conditions of recession of the country's economy in a state of war.

ON AN OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM FOR A PRESTRESSED PLATE WITH VARIABLE STIFFNESS

Most studies in the field of optimization problems in the mechanics of the deformable solid body are aimed at finding the optimal shape of structural elements, which most often leads to the search for the optimal distributions of geometric characteristics for the considered objects in order to ensure reducing the objects? weight and improve their strength characteristics. At the same time, with the advent of modern materials with variable physical and mechanical properties, new relevant branches arose in the optimization problems, as well as the inverse problems on the reconstruction of non-uniform variable characteristics. In this study, the problem of steady-state oscillations of a prestressed inhomogeneous round elastic plate in an axisymmetric formulation is considered. Variational and weak problem statements are presented. The case of free oscillations of a plate simply supported along the contour is investigated; it is shown that the eigenvalue problem is self-adjoint and quite definite. The problem of finding the optimal distribution of the plates? elastic modulus and the corresponding oscillation shape in order to maximize the first natural frequency is considered. An isoperimetric condition for the variable stiffness function is proposed. Based on the Rayleigh energy ratio, the minimum principle for the first eigenvalue and the corresponding eigenfunctionis formulated. On the basis of the variational principle, using the constructed Rayleigh ratio, the optimality condition is formulated, and an explicit representation is obtained for the functions of the optimal oscillation shape and optimal stiffness, taking into account the initial radial stretching or compression of the plate. The range of possible values for the initial stress is determined. The results of solving the problem via constructing optimal inhomogeneity laws for the stiffness function in the class of smooth functions in the considered range of changes in initial stresses are obtained and analyzed.

EVALUATION OF A LOW-COST PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SYSTEM FOR THE RETRIEVAL OF 3D TREE ARCHITECTURE

Abstract. Reconstruction of major branches of a tree is an important first step for the monitoring of tree sway and assessment of structural stability. Photogrammetric systems can provide a low-cost alternative for the acquisition of three-dimensional data, while also enabling long-term monitoring of a tree of interest. This study introduces a low-cost photogrammetric system based on two Raspberry Pi cameras, which is used to reconstruct the tree architecture for the purpose of stability monitoring. Images of five trees are taken at a range of distances and the resulting point clouds are evaluated in terms of point density and distribution with the reference to TLS. While the photogrammetric point clouds are sparse, it was found that they are capable of reconstructing the tree trunk and lower-order branches, which are most relevant for sway monitoring and tree stability assessment. The most optimal distance for the reconstruction of the relevant branches was found to be 9–10 m, with a baseline of 120 cm.

THE INFLUENCE OF MOTIVATION, INCENTIVES AND COMPETENCIES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF OUTSOURCED EMPLOYEES (TAD) COLLECTION WITH ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT AS AN INTERVENING VARIABLE AT BANK BTN BEKASI BRANCH OFFICE

This research was conducted to determine how much influence Motivation, Incentives and Competence have on the Performance of Collection Outsourced Employees (TAD) with Organizational Commitment as an Intervening Variable at Bank BTN Bekasi Branch Office. The method used in this research is a descriptive quantitative method that uses a survey system. Where the data collected relates to motivation, incentives, competence, organizational commitment and employee performance at the BTN Bekasi Branch Office. The type of data is quantitative with the data source to be collected from the relevant BTN Bekasi Branch Office and based on research objects that are correlated with the title of this thesis. The population in this study were collection outsourcing (TAD) employees who worked at the BTN Bekasi Branch Office. This research uses primary and secondary data obtained from respondents, where respondents will provide verbal responses and/or written responses in response to the statements given. The data collection technique uses variable measurement using a questionnaire instrument. Each employee respondent was given three questionnaire instruments to become a source of measurement for the variables studied. The results of the research show that work motivation partially has a significant and positive influence on employee organizational commitment, incentives partially have a significant and positive influence on employee organizational commitment, partial competence has a significant and positive influence on employee organizational commitment, partial organizational commitment has a significant influence and positive on employee performance, partial work motivation has a significant and positive influence on employee performance, partial incentives have a significant and positive influence on employee performance, partial competence has a significant and positive influence on employee performance, partial work motivation has a significant influence and positive towards employee performance through organizational commitment, incentives partially have a significant and positive influence on employee performance through organizational commitment, competence partially has a significant and positive influence on employee performance through organizational commitment.

Wigner Equations for Phonons Transport and Quantum Heat Flux

Starting from the quantum Liouville equation for the density operator and applying the Weyl quantization, Wigner equations for the acoustic, optical and Z phonons are deduced. The equations are valid for any solid, including 2D crystals like graphene. With the use of Moyal’s calculus and its properties, the pseudo-differential operators are expanded up to the second order in ħ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\hbar $$\\end{document}. An energy transport model is obtained by using the moment method with closure relations based on a quantum version of the Maximum Entropy Principle by employing a relaxation time approximation for the production terms of energy and energy flux. An explicit form of the thermal conductivity with quantum correction up to ħ2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\hbar ^2$$\\end{document} order is obtained under a long-time scaling for the most relevant phonon branches.

Multisite Partial Glycosylation Approach for Preparation of Biologically Relevant Oligomannosyl Branches Contribute to Lectin Affinity Analysis.

High-mannose-type glycans play essential biological roles, e.g., immune response and glycoprotein quality control, and preparing a series of oligomannosyl branches of high-mannose-type glycans is critical for biological studies. However, obtaining sufficient amounts of the various oligomannosyl branches is challenging. In this study, we demonstrated a partial glycosylation strategy for the single-step synthesis of various biologically relevant oligomannosyl-branched structures. First, Manα1-6(Manα1-3)Man-type oligomannosyl branch was synthesized via double glycosylation from a 3,6-di-OH mannosyl acceptor and fluorinated mannosyl donor with perfect α-selectivity. Subsequent partial glycosylation by reducing the equivalent of the mannosyl donor enabled to obtain biologically relevant Manα1-2Manα1-6(Manα1-2Manα1-3)Man, Manα1-6(Manα1-2Manα1-3)Man, Manα1-2Manα1-6(Manα1-3)Man, and Manα1-6(Manα1-3)Man in one-pot. Each oligomannosyl branch could be easily purified by liquid chromatography. The resulting structural isomers were identified by 2D-HMBC NMR. A systematic lectin affinity assay using the prepared oligomannosyl branches showed different specificities for the Galanthus nivalis lectin between structural isomers of the oligomannosyl branches with the same number of mannose residues..

Characteristics of Budget Law special principles

The purpose of the article is to define and characterise the principles of Budget Law. It is argued that the principles of budget law are most appropriately understood as the starting points, the initial ideas which form the basis for the functioning and further development of the relevant branch of law. The principles are intended to reflect the basic realities of social life in which certain processes under study take place or social relations are carried out. Thus, not only the functioning of Budget Law, but also all social legal relations regulated by the rules of the legal field under study depend on the content of the principles under study.
 The article identifies and describes the following special principles of budget law: the principle of economic feasibility; the principle of coherence of budget policy; the principle of stimulating the development of local budgets; the principle of dominance of the State budget; the principle of balance; the principle of unity of the budget system of Ukraine; the principle of targeted use of budgetary funds. The attention is focused on the fact that not all of these principles have been enshrined in law, and therefore this gap needs to be addressed.
 At the level of legal technique, it is necessary to ensure maximum detail of universal principles by taking into account the most problematic aspects in a particular area. Such principles need to be detailed, if not at the level of relevant laws, then reflected in the provisions of by-laws that would describe these principles with reference to specific situations in which they can be implemented in practice.

The essence and features of housing legal relations

The analysis of scientific viewpoints of scholars on the interpretation of the concepts of “social relations”, “legal relations” and “housing legal relations” has been carried out, and the author's own definition for the latter has been proposed. It has been established that legal relations are bilateral volitional relations between subjects of law which arise on the basis of legal provisions and are regulated by them with a view to recognising, exercising and protecting their rights, freedoms and interests. A key characteristic for legal relations is their voluntary nature and purpose, as they arise exclusively for a specific purpose. The specificity of legal relations depends on the sphere of public life in which they arise and the rules of which branch of law they are regulated.
 It has been proved that housing legal relations are legal relations regulated by housing law provisions between legal entities which have the necessary legal personality and are related to the acquisition and/or exercise of the right to ownership of housing, use, lease, privatisation, change of housing owner, and other issues which are subject to regulation by the provisions of the relevant branch of law.
 It has been identified and characterised the subject, object and subject of housing legal relations. It has been argued that housing legal relations accompany a person almost all his/her life, since housing is one of the basic needs of every person. That is why an important task of the legislator is to create all the necessary legal and organisational conditions for the proper functioning of the latter.

Theoretical and legal features of key institutions in Municipal Law

It has been established that the institutions of Municipal Law are the key elements of the studied branch of law. This is due to the fact that they are more clear, specific and homogeneous regulatory elements with regard to their subject matter, which allows making certain structural and substantive changes to them without affecting other components of the Municipal Law system. The division into institutes helps to group legal norms that are homogeneous in terms of subject matter and methods of regulation, which contributes to a clearer definition of the main directions of the regulatory impact of Municipal Law and ensures more meaningful and efficient regulation of relevant legal relations, as well as the internal integrity and autonomy of the Municipal Law system.
 The following are proposed to be classified as the institutions of Municipal Law: general principles of local self-government (constitutional and legal norms); guarantee of local self-government; exercise of power by the people through local self-government bodies; principles of organisation and operation of local self-government entities; local elections and referendums; various forms of direct participation of citizens in resolving local issues; territorial communities; executive bodies of village, town, city, district and city councils; village, town and city heads; institution of representative bodies of local self-government; communal property; local budget and local finance; responsibility of local self-government bodies and officials.
 It has been noted that the above-mentioned institutions of Municipal Law are not exhaustive, but they reveal the essence of the relevant branch of law in the most meaningful way. It has been emphasised that an important task of the legislator is to create appropriate legal and organisational conditions for ensuring high-quality and efficient functioning and interaction of all municipal law institutions.

Conceptualization of the Art Crisis: the Experience of Branch sociology

The subject of the research in the article is the crisis of art, which is considered both exogenous (its occurrence is associated with various external factors) and endogenous, identified as a state of self-sufficiency in the existence of art. The emphasis is placed on the analysis of the experience of the sociology of art in understanding the crisis and crisis as a factor in the development of time and man. An assessment of the theorizing about the crisis of art at the interdisciplinary level is given, and the main emphasis is placed on the potential of sociological knowledge in stating the state of art under study. In addition, the main directions of conceptualization of the crisis of art in science are revealed. The main conclusions of the study are the following key provisions: 1) conceptualization of the crisis of art within the framework of the relevant branch of sociology is carried out both in terms of understanding art as a form of public consciousness, and from the point of view of the correlation of form and content, as well as ideological and artistic potential; 2) conceptualization of the crisis of art is an independent perspective of scientific research that sets the task of objectifying the crisis of art, understanding the basic laws of its occurrence 3) the sociology of art identifies the crisis of art as a state in which the role of art in the socialization and inculturation of the individual decreases.