Body Of Relevant Literature Research Articles

Invariant syllable skeleton, complex segments and word edges

San Duanmu'sSyllable Structure: The Limits of Variationraises a number of questions that are of general interest for phonological theory. Of special interest here are: the genesis and management of linearity in complex segments, the place of analogy (or paradigm uniformity) in grammar, the role of morphology in accounting for phonological patterns, the balance of static (distributional patterns) and dynamic (phonological processes) evidence for syllable structure, the role of stress in syllabification, and the import of corpus-based data for phonological analysis. In each case, Duanmu's proposals are evaluated according to their intrinsic consistency, the empirical record and the relevant body of literature. Alternative ways of handling the phenomena are offered, and these are fairly traditional in most cases. Duanmu's book is particularly relevant in the current constitution of the field where the see-saw movement between computation and representations seems to swing back in direction of the latter after having long been immobilised on the computational end. Standing clearly on the representational side, the theory exposed in the book aims to show that all surface strings may be reduced to a fixed and invariant syllable template, C(onsonant)V(owel)X. This enterprise is interesting especially in presence of another representationally-oriented theory, CVCV (Lowenstamm 1996, Scheer 2004), which also aims at reducing surface variation to an invariant syllabic skeleton, made of a monotonic sequence of CV units. However, the CVX and the CVCV templates are quite distinct, and the strategies that are used in order to accommodate the surface string are opposite (shrinking in the former case, expanding in the latter).

A Rare Occurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis to the Mandible: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer globally, with 626,000 new cases per year, and is the third leading cause of global cancer-related mortality, with 598,000 deaths per year. In the United States, HCC is the ninth leading cause of cancer-related deaths. From 2001 through 2006, 48,596 cases of HCC were reported in the United States according to the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The incidence f HCC is estimated to be 3 per 100,000 individuals, ith an expectation for increasing numbers in comng years because of the higher incidence of hepaitis C infection during the 1960s through the 990s. Distant metastasis has been reported in 10% to 20% of patients with HCC. Metastatic disease to the orofacial region, however, is a rare occurrence. The objective of this article was to review the relevant body of literature and report a clinical case of metastatic disease to the mandible as the initial presenting symptom of HCC in a 72-year-old man.

Some Insights into the Genesis and Evolution of Dunefields Along the Lower Ganjiang River and Surrounding the Poyang Lake

Based on a body of relevant literature and field investigations, this paper presents some insights into the genesis and evolution of dunefields along the lower Ganjiang River and surrounding the Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Province, central China. After analyses and comparisons, it concluded that: 1) the dunefields in the Poyang Lake valley occurred at lest during late Quaternary, not Holocene, and there could be theoretically mid-Quaternary dunefields; 2) the essentials of genesis and evolution of dunefields exist during both Quaternary glaciations and dry seasons and periods in the Holocene, especially in specific sites such as Shaling of Xingzi County and Laoyemiao of Duchang County; 3) considering the distinct location and spatial characters of the Poyang Lake valley, as the existence of “Easten Asian Cold Trough” is possible and reasonable, glacial and aeolian processes as a coupled complex should be concurrent and synergic in a much larger spatial extent, the widespread dunefields of late Quaternary suggest more possibly the existence of corresponding glacial products in the region; 4) the future explorations in such vulnerable and distinct environments entail more original ideas and approaches as well as research and analysis techniques in order to obtain more valuable results.

Online Gambling: Murky Legal Status and Vulnerable Socio-Economic Environment Pose Public Policy Challenges

ABSTRACT The marketing of online gambling has been successful, measured by the revenues being generated and by its tremendous growth in popularity. After examining a growing body of relevant literature, this study analyzes the legal environment of the United States and European markets and its impact on the affected stakeholders. It was found that the legal status of Internet gambling in the United States is in a flux while enforcement is largely ineffective. An exploration of several future scenarios for the legal environment identifies the dire need for clarification of the legal status of the market as the federal government's most important policy challenge. Some suggestions made regarding future research include studies on promotion and consumer welfare.

From named place to naming event: creating gazetteers for history

For historians and other scholars of the human past, gazetteers are best seen as records of events in the histories of places, rather than as indexes of named places per se. This paper discusses the episodic nature of historical temporality, the narrative form of reasoning in history, and the value of using events as the basis for gazetteers in order to reflect the character of knowledge about historical places. It identifies the attributes of a historical event and introduces the idea that a historical event gazetteer must build networks of relationships among events in order to effectively represent historical narrative. It reviews relevant bodies of literature and proposes a procedure for identifying chronological, mereological, and causal relationships among historical events. Finally, it suggests new directions in spatiotemporal visualization of history, with reference to a prototype developed by the authors.

From P Economy to K Economy: An empirical study on knowledge-based quality factors

Knowledge management (KM) initiatives, projects and systems are just beginning to appear in organisations, there is little research and field data to guide the successful development and implementation of such systems or to guide the expectations of the potential benefits of such systems. Therefore, and due to the complex and integrated nature of KM, the investments involved, and the relatively high implementation failure rates, this paper attempts to fill this gap by investigating the critical success factors of KM implementation in organisations that have already implemented it, and learn from their practice. In this paper, an integrated model for effective implementation of KM projects based on a best practice perspective has been proposed. This paper aims to identify and empirically assesses the critical success factors (CSFs) in the KM implementation and the investigation of how the KM processes and these factors are being addressed and implemented in projects. This paper has identified a series of critical issues that must be carefully considered to ensure successful implementation of a KM system project. However, most of these factors are not related to technology and almost entirely to the people and business processes, and they are highly interdependent. Although this study has reviewed a large body of relevant literature and collected a vast set of appropriate data from both primary and secondary sources, it is not possible to claim that the empirical investigation has come across all issues related to KM project implementation. The paper shows that by explicitly describing these knowledge assets, the KM activities within organisations can more effectively leverage knowledge and improve performance. In essence, adhering to the various levels of application of KM projects will ensure that organisations can derive maximum benefits from KM and that the decision-making process and the flow of information happen in a seamless, corporate-wide perspective. Finally, it is hoped that the theory and research findings presented in this paper can aid the development of the KM, as well as serving as a consultative tool for organisations in their KM implementations.

The role of hope in psychotherapy with older adults

The positive impact of psychotherapy upon the mental health problems of older people is increasingly accepted. However little attention has been paid to the role of hope in working therapeutically with older adults. Three relevant bodies of literature, namely adult psychotherapy, hope in older adulthood, and coping with chronic and terminal illness, provide a starting point for examining the therapeutic uses of hope. However, it is argued that these literatures cannot provide a sufficiently comprehensive conceptualisation of hope in psychotherapy with elders. Firstly, it is considered that hope in therapy is directly affected by key experiences of ageing, namely: facing physical and/or cognitive deterioration and facing death. Also, these three bodies of literature have tended to dichotomise hope as either beneficial and adaptive or dysfunctional and maladaptive. A developmental perspective is used to critique this dichotomy and a clinical framework is provided which examines the role and utility of hope in older adult psychotherapy from a more integrated viewpoint embedded in the client's life history. The framework is comprised of three types of ‘hope work’: ‘facilitating realistic hope,’ ‘the work of despair’ and ‘surviving not thriving’. Suggestions are made about how this work may be carried out and with whom.

The effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on infant mental development: a meta-analytical review.

Although research on fetal alcohol exposure has had a significant effect on social norms and public policy, there has been little quantitative review of this literature. Meta-analysis was used to examine the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on infant mental development, assessed using the Mental Development Index (MDI) from the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, a widely used, standardized measure. The current study examined the effects of three levels of average daily exposure during pregnancy: less than 1 drink per day, 1-1.99 drinks per day and 2 or more drinks per day. Analyses were conducted separately for effects derived from observations of 6-8-, 12-13- and 18-26-month-old children. Fetal alcohol exposure at all three dosage levels was associated with significantly lower MDI scores among 12-13-month-olds. The effect was attenuated, but not eliminated, when effect sizes adjusted for relevant covariates were used. For younger and older children, the effect of fetal alcohol exposure did not attain statistical significance at any dosage level. This pattern of results may reflect differences in MDI item content at different ages and the differential sensitivity of these abilities to prenatal alcohol exposure. Because the body of relevant literature is neither large nor conclusive, and because of heterogeneity in measurement, analysis and samples, caution is urged in interpreting results. Future research would benefit from use of more specific measures of infant outcomes and consideration of the impact of relevant covariates, different dosage patterns and timing of drinking on infant mental development.

Organizational Buying and Advertising Agency-Client Relationships in China

The 1980s and 1990s have seen the development of an interesting, diverse, and relevant body of literature on the advertising agency-client relationship. In recent times, an area of focus has been the application of organizational buying behavior principles to companies that are purchasing advertising services from advertising agencies. However, little is known about the application of such theories in the context of a developing country. After examining the literature relating to China's advertising industry and the application of organizational buying behavior principles in the advertising industry, this article reports on a survey of 200 firms in Shanghai. The results unexpectedly show that advertising agency power in the campaign development process is not related to the nature of the advertising task (new task, modified rebuy, straight rebuy) at hand. In addition, bottom-up processes give agencies the weakest power, and the client buying process is dominated by marketers, the salesforce, and public relations, with top managers the primary deciders.

Exploring Advertising Client-Advertising Agency Relationships in China

The 1980s and 1990s have seen the development of an interesting, diverse and relevant body of literature on the advertising client-advertising agency relationship. Recently an area of focus has been the application of organizational buying behavior principles to companies who are purchasing advertising services from advertising agencies. However, little is known about such issues in China. This article reviews the literature relating to the application of organizational buying behavior principles in the advertising industry, and provides a background to China's advertising industry. Then, based on insights from both the literature and in-depth interviews in Shanghai, this article lists a set of propositions relating to organizational buying behavior in the context of the agency-client relationship in China. Future researchers can use these propositions to develop testable hypotheses relating to the agency-client relationship in China.

Speaking Only To Ourselves? Citation Analysis of Journal of Leisure Research and Leisure Sciences

Journal Citation Reports and Social Science Citation Index were used to determine the extent to which articles in Journal of Leisure Research and Leisure Sciences cite or are cited by articles published in outside sources. Though there is a large and growing body of research on leisure and recreation, little contemporary outside literature is cited in these leisure research journals. In addition, sources outside of leisure studies seldom cite articles from these journals. Analysis of citation patterns documents the ways that journals borrow from and build upon one another. The citation patterns uncovered in this analysis suggest that these leisure research journals are intellectually isolated from important and relevant bodies of literature.

Enhancing the Accessibility and Visibility of Leisure Research

The articles by Jordan and Roland and by Samdahl and Kelly encourage us, as leisure researchers, to step back and examine relevance of our research and role of journals and periodicals in disseminating this research. The main conclusion arising from Jordan and Roland paper is that very few practitioners and academic researchers read research journals. This certainly appears to be true for practitioners, but majority of academic researchers did report reading Journal of Leisure Research (JLR) or Leisure Sciences (LS) at least sometimes (see Jordan and Roland: Table 1). Jordan and Roland found fairly strong agreement from both practitioners and academic researchers that published articles should have some applicability to practice of profession and that all research articles should include a section about implications for practice. Very few respondents felt that research articles are easily understood or applied by practitioners. Should these findings cause JLR to reassess its approach to dissemination of leisure and recreation research? As with any type of publication, journals need to identify an appropriate niche in which to meet needs of a defined readership. JLR has traditionally functioned as a theory-based scholarly publication meeting prescribed academic standards. This represents a valid and valuable niche in spectrum of leisure and recreation publications, and is complementary to roles of other journals and periodicals that locate themselves at various points along theoretical-- applied dimension, some with specific mandates to bridge gap between empirical research and practical application. There are also alternative forums in which published research from academic journals may be disseminated to recreation practitioners. The fact that practitioners may not read journals such as JLR does not mean, as Jordan and Roland suggest, the existence of a non-influential body of research Publications or features are often designed specifically to convey relevant research findings to practitioners. Examples of these include Research Update section of Parks and Recreation and Look at Leisure bulletin of Alberta Recreation and Parks. Furthermore, educational seminars and presentations for a practitioner audience often draw on empirical findings, providing contextual and trend information that may ultimately be more beneficial to practitioners than conclusions from discrete published articles. Nevertheless, findings of Jordan and Roland should focus our attention on continuing need for dialogue between practitioners and academic researchers to ensure that practitioners are aware of significant developments in leisure literature and that researchers are making some attempt to address key concerns of practitioners. Although there is a role for theoretically-based journals, there are opportunities for these journals to provide more practitioner-friendly features such as review articles that summarize key findings and trends in specific topic areas and address their implications for practice. Samdahl and Kelly, in their analysis of publication citations, have provided a valuable overview of broad field of leisure and recreation research and have raised some challenging issues with regard to crossfertilization of leisure research with other relevant bodies of literature. They report that articles in JLR and LS represent less than ten percent of currently published leisure and recreation research. …

The Institutional Embeddedness of International Business Strategy

U.S. managers and business academics alike have been slow to recognize some of the fundamental differences between domestic and international industrial competition. This article examines one particularly salient difference, the role of national institutional systems in shaping economic action across national markets. The article initially reviews four relevant bodies of literature on competitive strategy and international competition and finds that, despite progress in this direction, none of them adequately account for the institutional embeddedness of corporate strategy. The nature of national institutional systems and their impact on international business strategies are then theoretically described. Finally, some fundamental strategic implications of the institutional embeddedness approach are explored for U.S. firms.

Conceptions of employee responsibilities and rights in the United States and the People's Republic of China

Workplace responsibilities and rights tend to be defined in ways that imply their universal applicability in various cultural contexts. Based on comparisons of the United States and the People's Republic of China, this article investigates the influence of differing cultural characteristics on conceptions of responsibilities and rights. The basic assumptions underlying the conceptions of employee (and employer) responsibilities and rights in the two countries are examined. Evidence drawn from relevant bodies of literature and a close examination of many social or organizational incidents suggest that the concepts of employee (and employer) rights and responsibilities are culture-relative. Based on the findings, the article further offers a set of theoretical propositions, and discusses implications for future comparative research on employee responsibilities and rights.

This Is 1987, Not 1980: A Comment on a Comment

A comparison of Baker and de Kanter (1981 , 1983) and Willig (1985) on three points relevant to current policy debates in bilingual education shows that issues driving the original report are moot in 1987 and that Willig provides more useful information, adheres more closely to accepted terminology, and restricts itself to a more relevant body of literature than does Baker and de Kanter. Baker’s “Comment” (1987) that Willig failed to replicate the original study misses the point; Willig represents a conceptual and methodological advance over that study. Moreover, in the years since Baker and de Kanter was issued, a new body of more technically sound research has been produced that is more relevant to current debates.

This Is 1987, Not 1980: A Comment on a Comment

A comparison of Baker and de Kanter (1981, 1983) and Willig (1985) on three points relevant to current policy debates in bilingual education shows that issues driving the original report are moot in 1987 and that Willig provides more useful information, adheres more closely to accepted terminology, and restricts itself to a more relevant body of literature than does Baker and de Kanter. Baker’s “Comment” (1987) that Willig failed to replicate the original study misses the point; Willig represents a conceptual and methodological advance over that study. Moreover, in the years since Baker and de Kanter was issued, a new body of more technically sound research has been produced that is more relevant to current debates.

Indexing of early scientific periodicals in the index catalogue.

We get our most intimate view of the prevailing beliefs and practices in medicine and science in the 17th and 18th centuries from the pages of the periodicals which were beginning to be issued everywhere in Europe. Yet today there are still no adequate guides to their contents. One exception, at least for medicine. is the monumental bibliography, the Index Catalogue. The extent to which it covers this early literature, however, has not been thoroughly explored. This study is based on an analysis of the periodical holdings of the National Library of Medicine on which the Index Catalogue was based and the relationship of these holdings to the total body of relevant literature. Sample volumes from this collection are also examined to determine the extent of coverage and some of the indexing policies.