Release Of Silver Ions Research Articles

In Vivo Bioimaging of Silver Nanoparticle Dissolution in the Gut Environment of Zooplankton.

Release of silver ions (Ag+) is often regarded as the major cause for silver nanoparticle (AgNP) toxicity toward aquatic organisms. Nevertheless, differentiating AgNPs and Ag+ in a complicated biological matrix and their dissolution remains a bottleneck in our understanding of AgNP behavior in living organisms. Here, we directly visualized and quantified the time-dependent release of Ag+ from different sized AgNPs in an in vivo model zooplankton ( Daphnia magna). A fluorogenic Ag+ sensor was used to selectively detect and localize the released Ag+ in daphnids. We demonstrated that the ingested AgNPs were dissoluted to Ag+, which was heterogeneously distributed in daphnids with much higher concentration in the anterior gut. At dissolution equilibrium, a total of 8.3-9.7% of ingested AgNPs was released as Ag+ for 20 and 60 nm AgNPs. By applying a pH sensor, we further showed that the dissolution of AgNPs was partially related to the heterogeneous distribution of pH in different gut sections of daphnids. Further, Ag+ was found to cross the gills and enter the daphnids, which may be a potential pathway leading to AgNP toxicity. Our findings provided fundamental knowledge about the transformation of AgNPs and distribution of Ag+ in daphnids.

Gold-Treated Silver Nanoparticles Have Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity

Abstract Silver nanoparticles are known to have strong antibacterial activity and constitute a novel material to treat infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria. The antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles is influenced by two important factors, their high dispersion stability and their release of silver ions. In this study, silver nanoparticles were treated with gold ions. The resultant Ag/Au nanoparticles were a hollow-shaped alloy made of silver and gold atoms. The antibacterial activity of the Ag/Au nanoparticles against the pathogenic bacteria S. Typhimurium was stronger than the original silver nanoparticles. Additionally, the release of silver ions from the hollowed Ag/Au nanoparticles was higher than the original silver nanoparticles. The existence of gold atoms on the silver metal and chloride ions in the medium likely enhanced the release of silver ions from the nanoparticles. The gold treatment of silver nanoparticles is an effective method to improve their antimicrobial activity.

Fabrication of antibacterial polyvinylalcohol nanocomposite mats with soluble starch coated silver nanoparticles

In this study silver nanoparticles were synthesized by microwave irradiation method using soluble starch as a green capping and reducing agent. The as-prepared soluble starch coated silver nanoparticles (S-Ag NPs) were incorporated in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix to fabricate nanofibers through electrospinning process. Two different types of crosslinking treatments were used to make the nanofiber mats insoluble in physiological environments. Experimental studies revealed that the choice of the crosslinking treatment led to affect the silver ion release. The nanofiber mats crosslinked with glutaraldehyde have superior silver ion release and stability in simulated body fluid (SBF). The released amounts of silver ions were lower than the toxic level of silver ions for HaCat keratinocytes and human epidermal keratinocytes. After proving antibacterial properties of the glutaraldehyde crosslinked S-Ag NPs loaded PVA nanofiber mats against E. coli and S. aureus it was thought that the nanofibrous mats fabricated in this study can be good candidates as antibacterial scaffolds for wound dressing applications.

Redox/pH dual-controlled release of chlorhexidine and silver ions from biodegradable mesoporous silica nanoparticles against oral biofilms.

BackgroundOral plaque biofilms pose a threat to periodontal health and are challenging to eradicate. There is a growing belief that a combination of silver nanoparticles and chlorhexidine (CHX) is a promising strategy against oral biofilms.PurposeTo overcome the side effects of this strategy and to exert maximum efficiency, we fabricated biodegradable disulfide-bridged mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) to co-deliver silver nanoparticles and CHX for biofilm inhibition.Materials and methodsCHX-loaded, silver-decorated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (Ag-MSNs@CHX) were fabricated after CHX loading, and the pH- and glutathione-responsive release profiles of CHX and silver ions along with their mechanism of degradation were systematically investigated. Then, the efficacy of Ag-MSNs@CHX against Streptococcus mutans and its biofilm was comprehensively assessed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration, and the inhibitory effect on S. mutans biofilm formation. In addition, the biosafety of nanocarriers was evaluated by oral epithelial cells and a mouse model.ResultsThe obtained Ag-MSNs@CHX possessed redox/pH-responsive release properties of CHX and silver ions, which may be attributed to the redox-triggered matrix degradation mechanism of exposure to biofilm-mimetic microenvironments. Ag-MSNs@CHX displayed dose-dependent antibacterial activity against planktonic and clone formation of S. mutans. Importantly, Ag-MSNs@CHX had an increased and long-term ability to restrict the growth of S. mutans biofilms compared to free CHX. Moreover, Ag-MSNs@CHX showed less cytotoxicity to oral epithelial cells, whereas orally administered Ag-MSNs exhibited no obvious toxic effects in mice.ConclusionOur findings constitute a highly effective and safe strategy against biofilms that has a good potential as an oral biofilm therapy.

Antifouling and anti-algal effects of chitosan nanocomposite (TiO2/Ag) and pristine (TiO2 and Ag) films on marine microalgae Dunaliella salina

Biofouling is the main problem for marine water systems such as the immersed leisure vessels, oceanographic sensors, heat exchangers, and ship hulls. The obstacle of biofouling created by barnacles, mussels, bacteria, and micro and/or macro algal species. To overcome this problem, some metal nanoparticles incorporated films and membranes were employed to control the biofouling. In this study, metal nanoparticles (Ag NPs and TiO2) of different concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 wt %) were incorporated with chitosan polymer to fabricate nanocomposite and pristine films. The biofouling inhibition was examined using the marine microalgal species Dunaliella salina. The higher performance in algal viability (45.42 ± 0.36%) was observed by TiO2 and concentration maintained Ag NPs incorporated chitosan nanocomposite (0.5 wt% Ag/ 0.75 wt% TiO2) films under UV-C condition, in comparison with other nanocomposite and pristine concentrations. The same concentration showed higher activity in the slime formation (Glycocalyx test), mass assessment, exo-polymeric substances (EPS), and membrane damages (LPO) under UV-C condition. The release of silver ions (Ag+) and uptake of Ag showed good performance of Ag NPs incorporated nanocomposite film at higher concentration (0.5 wt% TiO2/ 0.75 wt% Ag). The surface morphology of nanocomposite were characterized using SEM, and AFM, and the surface modifications of chitosan nanocomposites were examined by XRD, and FTIR. TiO2 and Ag NPs being photoactive induce more ROS that damage the cell membrane leading to algal cell death and control of biofouling formation.

Physicochemical characterisation and ecotoxicological assessment of nano-silver using two cyanobacteria Nostoc muscorum and Plectonema boryanum

The rapid expansion of nanotechnology has led to the use of nanomaterials in various consumer products. Among these nanomaterials, nano-silver has gained considerable attention as an excellent candidate due to its unique physical and chemical properties. However, studies related to their effects on the ecosystem are still insufficient. Thus, the present study was designed to explore in length the toxic effects of nano-silver on Nostoc muscorum and Plectonema boryanum in terms of dose-dependent cellular growth, cell viability, bioaccumulation/biodistribution and changes in protein profile. The exposure to nano-silver resulted in 8–9 times less reduction in cell viability as compared to silver nitrate, suggesting the formation of aggregates in test medium and low release of silver ions from nano-silver. Morphological changes under stress were studied by scanning electron microscopy, and corresponding elemental silver was monitored by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Significant uptake and bioaccumulation/biodistribution of both forms of silver were elucidated by atomic absorption spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. This study demonstrated that silver nitrate was more toxic as compared to nano-silver and both exerted toxic effects in a dose- and species-specific manner. The present study suggests that observed toxicity of nano-silver might be due to the silver ions released from nano-silver. Thus, the release of silver from various consumer products in the environment should be controlled and carefully monitored at regular interval.

Exploring the Use of Structure and Polymer Incorporation to Tune Silver Ion Release and Antibacterial Activity of Silver Coordination Polymers

The use of silver as an antibacterial agent has seen renewed interest as a result of its ability to combat a broad range of bacterial species, including those resistant to multiple classes of antibiotics. Silver coordination polymers (CPs) provide the opportunity to control the release of silver ions, thus avoiding unwanted side effects and toxicity; however, the parameters that tune release remain poorly understood. Here, four silver CPs, namely [Ag2(Me4bpz)] as both four‐ and eightfold interpenetrated forms, and [Ag(dpzm)(ClO4)] in its open 3D and close‐packed 2D forms, were used to probe the role of structure in the release of silver ions. Release was measured by inductively‐coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) and shown to be more marked for the charged networks, [Ag(dpzm)(ClO4)] (complete dissolution). Incorporation of the silver CPs into inert polymer matrices, polyethylene and polycaprolactone, to provide surface coatings was also investigated, and shown to significantly retard silver ion release. The antibacterial activities of all materials as their polymer composites were analysed by disk diffusion and bacterial growth assays. All CPs showed antibacterial activity, with the Gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus exhibiting greater sensitivity to silver than the Gram‐negative Escherichia coli. Metal–ligand bond strength and anion availability were found to influence silver release into aqueous solution but this did not always correlate with the in vitro antibacterial activity.

Carbon Quantum Dot Surface-Chemistry-Dependent Ag Release Governs the High Antibacterial Activity of Ag-Metal-Organic Framework Composites.

Nanocomposites and hybrid materials of Ag-1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with S- and N-carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial activity against representative Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacterial strains using the qualitative disk-diffusion approach and the quantitative minimum inhibitory concentration test. The composites and hybrids were found to be nontoxic to living cells. The composite formation fostered a synergistic effect that enhanced their antibacterial activity compared with those of their pristine components. Charge transfer from AgMOF to CQDs facilitated the electrostatic interactions of the composites and hybrids with the bacterial cell membranes. Enhanced bactericidal activity was linked to morphological features (a nanorod-like morphology) and specific surface chemistry. The latter affected the release of silver. Silver on the surface of the MOFs rather than silver in the bulk was found to be important. The destruction of the MOF component in the extracellular environment led to the release of silver ions, which have a high affinity to S compounds of the cell physiology. The formation of metallic silver (Ag°) and silver sulfides (Ag2S) was suggested as essential for the ability of the composites and hybrids to inhibit bacterial growth. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that introduces the bactericidal effect of AgMOF-CQDs composites and hybrids.

Synergistic Enhancement in Antibacterial Activity of Core/Shell/Shell SiO2/ZnO/Ag3PO4 Nanoparticles

AbstractNovel core/shell/shell SiO2/ZnO/Ag3PO4 nanoparticles (SZA‐NPs) were prepared through a facile reflux method involving sequential deposition of ZnO and Ag3PO4 to SiO2 spheres. The obtained SZA‐NPs were systematically characterized and used as the dual‐functional antibacterial agents for disinfection. Under visible‐light irradiation, the SZA‐NPs exhibit enhanced antibacterial activity for of Escherichia coli DH5α (E. coli) compared to that of Ag3PO4 or SiO2/ZnO in liquid phase and on agar plates. Quantitative analysis of Ag+ release from SZA‐NPs confirms the minor contribution of released silver ions to the antibacterial efficiency. On the other hand, chemical scavengers and photoluminescence studies suggest that radical oxygen species (ROS) also make major contribution to E. coli cell death. The enhanced antibacterial activity of the SZA‐NPs under visible‐light irradiation can be attributed to the synergistic effect of released silver ions and ROS generated from the excellent band matching between Ag3PO4 and ZnO. This work paves a new way for future design of highly efficient visible‐light induced antibacterial agents.

Tunable Silver-Functionalized Porous Frameworks for Antibacterial Applications.

Healthcare-associated infections and the rise of drug-resistant bacteria pose significant challenges to existing antibiotic therapies. Silver nanocomposites are a promising solution to the current crisis, however their therapeutic application requires improved understanding of underpinning structure-function relationships. A family of chemically and structurally modified mesoporous SBA-15 silicas were synthesized as porous host matrices to tune the physicochemical properties of silver nanoparticles. Physicochemical characterization by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) and porosimetry demonstrate that functionalization by a titania monolayer and the incorporation of macroporosity both increase silver nanoparticle dispersion throughout the silica matrix, thereby promoting Ag2CO3 formation and the release of ionic silver in simulated tissue fluid. The Ag2CO3 concentration within functionalized porous architectures is a strong predictor for antibacterial efficacy against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including C. difficile and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

Trithiocarbonate-Functionalized PNiPAAm-Based Nanocomposites for Antimicrobial Properties.

In this study, four trithiocarbonate-functionalized PNiPAAms with different molecular weights were synthesized and used as a matrix to form composites with silver nanoparticles. Nanocomposites with several polymer-to-silver ratios P:Ag+ were prepared in order to evaluate the influence of silver loading. UV studies showed a thermoresponsive behavior of the nanocomposites with a thermo-reversibility according to cooling-heating cycles. Release kinetics demonstrated that the release of silver ions is mainly influenced by the size of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which themselves depend on the polymer length. Antimicrobial tests against E. coli and S. aureus showed that some of the nanocomposites are antimicrobial and even full killing could be induced.

Preparation and Characterization of Novel Food Packaging Materials Based on Biodegradable PCL/Ag-Kaolinite Nanocomposites with Controlled Release Properties

ABSTRACTFood packaging materials based on biodegradable poly(ε-caprolactone)/Ag-Kaolinite nanocomposites with controlled release properties were successfully prepared via solvent casting method. X-Ray Diffraction, UV-visible Spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy results revealed the formation of mixed intercalated-exfoliated structures with a random dispersion of spherical Ag nanoparticles. PCL/Ag-KT films have showed a significant improvement in their barrier and antibacterial properties. The potential of the silver ion release from the PCL/Ag-Kt films to an aqueous medium was measured by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The results exhibited a gradual increase of the amount of silver ions released. The release’s mechanism was mainly governed by the diffusion process.

Mesoporous silica submicron particles (MCM-41) incorporating nanoscale Ag: synthesis, characterization and application as drug delivery coatings

Mesoporous silica particles (MCM-41) decorated with Ag nanoparticles were prepared by the template ion exchange (TIE) method. The properties of the synthesized material were investigated by several techniques, including the nitrogen sorption measurements, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Moreover, the degradability of the particles was tested in simulated body fluid (SBF) in order to evaluate the degradation rate of the material. The silica particles were loaded with different Ag concentrations but no structural changes were observed in the ordered mesoporosity. Already after 1 day of immersion in SBF most of the silver particles were released and partial degradation of the silica particles was observed. Ibuprofen was loaded into the Ag containing MCM-41 particles in order to evaluate their drug up-take/release capability. Silver and silicon ion release was quantified with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The novel silver doped MCM-41 particles were used as a functional coating on bioactive glass (BG) based scaffolds intended for bone tissue engineering application.

Toxicological Assessment of a Lignin Core Nanoparticle Doped with Silver as an Alternative to Conventional Silver Core Nanoparticles.

Elevated levels of silver in the environment are anticipated with an increase in silver nanoparticle (AgNP) production and use in consumer products. To potentially reduce the burden of silver ion release from conventional solid core AgNPs, a lignin-core particle doped with silver ions and surface-stabilized with a polycationic electrolyte layer was engineered. Our objective was to determine whether any of the formulation components elicit toxicological responses using embryonic zebrafish. Ionic silver and free surface stabilizer were the most toxic constituents, although when associated separately or together with the lignin core particles, the toxicity of the formulations decreased significantly. The overall toxicity of lignin formulations containing silver was similar to other studies on a silver mass basis, and led to a significantly higher prevalence of uninflated swim bladder and yolk sac edema. Comparative analysis of dialyzed samples which had leached their loosely bound Ag+, showed a significant increase in mortality immediately after dialysis, in addition to eliciting significant increases in types of sublethal responses relative to the freshly prepared non-dialyzed samples. ICP-OES/MS analysis indicated that silver ion release from the particle into solution was continuous, and the rate of release differed when the surface stabilizer was not present. Overall, our study indicates that the lignin core is an effective alternative to conventional solid core AgNPs for potentially reducing the burden of silver released into the environment from a variety of consumer products.

Effects of short- and long-term exposure of silver nanoparticles and silver ions to Nitrosomonas europaea biofilms and planktonic cells

The increasing use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in consumer products, and their resulting influx into wastewater, may pose a threat to biological nutrient removal in wastewater treatment plants. Planktonic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), which convert ammonia to nitrite in the first step of nitrification, are highly sensitive to AgNPs and their released silver ions (Ag+), but the sensitivity of AOB biofilms to AgNPs and Ag+ is less clear. This study demonstrated that biofilms of Nitrosomonas europaea, a model AOB, were more resistant to both short-term and long-term exposure to AgNP and Ag+ than planktonic cells. The increased resistance of N. europaea biofilms was attributed primarily to the increased biomass and slower growth rates present in the biofilm. Similar inhibition mechanisms were observed for AgNPs and Ag+ in both planktonic cells and biofilms with enzymatic inhibition observed at lower concentrations and cell lysis observed at higher concentrations. Long-term continuous exposure to AgNPs lowered the inhibitory concentration by 1–2 orders of magnitude below that required by short-term exposures. Although the total AgNP load was similar between the short and long-term exposure scenarios, the long-term exposure resulted in an order of magnitude more silver being associated in the biofilms and is the primary reason for the increased sensitivity observed. This suggests that short-term batch toxicity assays may greatly underestimate the sensitivity of biofilm treatment systems to long-term exposures of low concentrations of AgNPs and Ag+.

Comparing ex vivo and in vitro translocation of silver nanoparticles and ions through human nasal epithelium

Silver nanomaterials are widely used in clinically approved devices, consumer goods, and over-the-counter nutraceutical products. Despite the increase in silver nanomaterial research, few investigations have specifically distinguished the biological effects resulting from silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) versus silver ions released from AgNPs. This is in part, due to the complex analytical methods required to characterize silver ion release from AgNPs in biological media. This study sought to analyze silver ion release from AgNPs in biological media, compare silver transport from soluble AgNO3 and AgNPs through ex vivo full thickness sinus human tissue explants and human nasal epithelium and determine fractional AgNP internalization by human nasal epithelial cells. Rapid silver ion release is observed from AgNPs in human nasal epithelial cell medium over 3 h (9.6% of total silver mass). Significantly lower translocation of AgNPs is observed through human nasal epithelial cell monolayers and ex vivo human sinus tissue explants compared to silver ion (AgNO3). AgNP internalization is directly observed in AgNP-exposed human nasal epithelial cell monolayers by live cell scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), providing one potential mechanism for AgNP transcytosis. However, in vitro AgNP dissolution experiments suggest that silver in human nasal epithelium is primarily silver ion. Ionic AgNO3 produces significantly higher silver translocation, supporting previous results claiming silver ion as primarily responsible for biological effects of AgNPs.

526 Non-Cytotoxic Ultrathin Antimicrobial Hydrogel Dressings Containing Ionic and Metallic Silver

Preventing wound infections is a major unresolved healthcare challenge. More than 2.1 million U.S. patients seek treatment for burns annually. These wounds, when infected, do not progress through the normal healing process. To address this problem, we have developed an ultrathin microfilm dressing that delivers a non-cytotoxic, yet effective dose of antimicrobial silver ions to the wound bed. Microfilms were fabricated as polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel sheets coated with a polymeric nanofilm containing 0.1 mg/in2 of ionic and metallic silver. In contrast, commercial antimicrobial dressings Aquacel® Ag, Acticoat® and Silverlon® contain 1.2, 16.1 and 54.6 mg/in2 of silver, respectively. Cytotoxicity of microfilms was compared to that of Aquacel Ag and Silverlon using MTT cytotoxicity assay. Release of silver from these dressings over 3 days in a simulated wound fluid was also characterized. An ISO 22196-compliant study was used to measure in-vitro antimicrobial activity. A porcine wound healing study evaluated local tissue response and wound healing characteristics following repeated application of microfilm to partial-thickness wounds over 14 days. Furthermore, porcine wound colonization studies were conducted to evaluate antimicrobial activity of microfilm in wounds contaminated with 103 CFU P. aeruginosa over 5 days post-surgery. Microfilms were non-cytotoxic whereas Aquacel Ag and Silverlon were cytotoxic. This was consistent with up to 10x lower release of silver ions from microfilms. In vitro, microfilms reduced 5 Log10 units of bacterial loads, including MRSA and VRE, on their surface for >3 days. The porcine wound healing study concluded that materials of microfilms had no significant effect on epithelial growth, granulation tissue formation, critical cellular responses, or acute inflammation following multiple applications until complete wound closure. Contaminated porcine wounds treated with Telfa pads (control) had robust P. aeruginosa colonization of >105 CFU/wound, while those treated with microfilm or Acticoat had significantly less (>2 Log10 lower) bacterial burden. The difference between the CFU in microfilm and Acticoat groups was insignificant. Our antimicrobial microfilm dressing is a pioneering advance because it is effective in clearing microbial burden in wounds without causing cytotoxicity, which is in stark contrast to conventional antimicrobial dressings. Microfilms are applied to wound with each bandage change followed by longer intervals as the wounds heal. Microfilm conform intimately to the wound bed where it reduces bacterial load thus allowing normal wound healing. Microfilms slough off as wounds heal or rinsed off with saline at bandage changes.

A novel method for the detection of silver ions with carbon dots: Excellent selectivity, fast response, low detection limit and good applicability

With the extensive application of silver containing materials in industry, the issue of release of silver ions has attracted increasing attention due to toxic effect of silver ions on the human health and environment. Traditionally, silver ions can be detected by atomic absorption spectroscopy, atomic emission spectrometry etc., which needed expensive and elaborate instruments and were high energy consumption. Therefore, economic and convenient methods are required for the effective determination of silver ions. Herein, two types of carbon dots (CDs-1 and CDs-2) have been prepared through a solvothermal synthesis method by using sucrose or citric acid and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane as precursor, respectively. Then, CDs-1 were developed for the detection of silver ions through a colorimetric method. The detection mechanism was based on the reduction of silver ions and the formation of silver nanoparticles, which possess unique surface plasma resonance properties. CDs-1 could both act as reductants and stabilizers during the reaction for determination of silver ions. This CDs-1 based detection system could quantitatively determine silver ions in 3 min with a limit of detection (LOD) of 26 nmol/L (2.81 ppb). Interestingly, this strategy could also realize the detection of silver ions by CDs-2. Furthermore, the sensing assay is applicable to detecting silver ions in lake water and silver sulfadiazine cream samples.

Comparative activity of silver-based antimicrobial composites for urinary catheters

Biomedical polymers are an integral component in a wide range of medical devices because of their many desirable properties. However, extensive use of polymer materials in medical devices has been associated with an increasing incidence of patient infections. Efforts to address this issue have included incorporating antimicrobial additives to develop novel antimicrobial polymeric materials. Silver, with its high toxicity towards bacteria, oligodynamic effect and good thermal stability, has been employed as an additive for polymeric medical devices. In the present study, commercially available elemental (Biogate) and ionic (Ultrafresh 16) silver additives were incorporated into a Polyamide 11 (PA 11) matrix using a compression press. These polymer composites were evaluated for their antimicrobial and ion-release properties. Elemental silver composites were shown to retain their antimicrobial properties for extended periods and actively released silver ions for 84 days; whereas ionic silver composites lost their ion-release activity and, therefore, their antibacterial activity after 56 days. Bacterial log reduction units of 3.87 for ionic silver and 2.41 for elemental silver were identified within 24 h, when tested in accordance with the ISO 22196 test standard; this indicates that ionic silver is more efficient for short-term applications than elemental silver.

Advances in the research of antibacterial properties of silver ion and its application in wound treatment

Nowadays, antibacterial products containing silver ion are widely used in clinical wound treatment. The concentration of silver ion in products, pH value, and other factors may affect the release of silver ion and its antibacterial effects. In the treatment of clinical wound, silver ion product plays a good role in anti-infection, promoting healing and reducing medical expenses. In this paper, the related applications of silver ion products in wound surface are analyzed, and the antibacterial properties of silver ion and its therapeutic effects in wound treatment are summarized.