Release Rate Of Oil Research Articles

Investigation of Guar Gum and Xanthan Gum Influence on Essential Thyme Oil Emulsion Properties and Encapsulation Release Using Modeling Tools.

This study explores the influence of hydrocolloid interactions between Guar Gum (GG) and Xanthan Gum (XG) on the stability and release dynamics of essential thyme oil emulsions. We systematically characterized six emulsions with varying GG and XG ratios, employing spray-drying techniques for the encapsulation process. The stability of the emulsions was quantitatively analyzed, revealing a marked decrease in stability rates correlated with higher initial emulsion activity (zero-order kinetic constant r = -0.972). Furthermore, this study demonstrated that emulsions with carefully optimized hydrocolloid ratios could achieve high encapsulation efficiency (74%) and controlled release profiles. Kinetic modeling and diffusion analyses elucidated that increased XG concentrations tend to reduce diffusivity, thereby enhancing emulsion stability. The effective diffusivity of the thyme oil within the emulsion matrix was determined to be within a range of 0.7 to 2.4 × 10-10 m2/s, significantly influencing release kinetics. The Pearson correlation matrix underlined a substantial negative association between emulsion activity and effective diffusivity (r = -0.740), indicating that denser hydrocolloid networks impede oil mobility. The findings conclusively establish that the interplay of GG and XG concentrations is pivotal in dictating the emulsion's physicochemical properties, with denser networks formed by higher XG content leading to slower oil release rates and enhanced stability. This research provides critical insights for the design of encapsulated food and pharmaceutical products, highlighting the imperative of strategic hydrocolloid selection to realize specific functional attributes and performance criteria.

Dispersion modeling of underwater oil released from buried subsea pipeline considering current and wave

Marine oil release accident may pose a serve threat to marine environment. Modeling of underwater oil dispersion is helpful for risk assessment and emergency response of marine oil spill accident. This paper presents a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model to describe the dispersion behavior of oil released from buried subsea oil pipeline leak considering current and wave. The numerical model is validated by repeating the small-scale experiments. A comprehensive simulation of underwater oil dispersion from seafloor soil to sea surface under the combined action of wave and current is carried out. Effects of oil density, oil release rate, soil porosity, current speed on underwater oil dispersion are analyzed. Besides, this study considers underwater oil dispersion from multiple leak points on the pipeline, and a regression model for rapidly predicting oil dispersion is developed by numerical fitting. The uniqueness of this study is that it models underwater oil dispersion considering the seafloor soil and the combined action of current and wave. The presence of seafloor soil has a significant effect on oil migration shape and trajectory, and the variation of soil porosity has little effect on the dispersion distance of crude oil plume. Essentially, this study can be useful for the safety-related applications in marine oil spill accidents.

Effects of carboxymethyl cellulose on the emulsifying, gel and digestive properties of myofibrillar protein-soybean oil emulsion

Improving the qualities of vegetable oil replaced animal fat meat products is particularly fascinating for the development of healthy meat products. This work was designed to investigate the effects of different carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) concentrations (0.01 %, 0.05 %, 0.1 %, 0.2 %, and 0.5 %) on the emulsifying, gelation, and digestive properties of myofibrillar protein (MP)-soybean oil emulsions. The changes in MP emulsion characteristics, gelation properties, protein digestibility, and oil release rate were determined. Results demonstrated that CMC addition decreased the average droplet size and increased the apparent viscosity, storage modulus, and loss modulus of MP emulsions, and a 0.5 % CMC addition significantly increased the storage stability during 6 weeks. Lower CMC addition (0.01 % to 0.1 %) increased the hardness, chewiness, and gumminess of emulsion gel especially for the 0.1 % CMC addition, while higher CMC (0.5 %) content decreased the texture properties and water holding capacity of emulsion gels. The addition of CMC decreased protein digestibility during the gastric stage, and 0.01 % and 0.05 % CMC addition significantly decreased the free fatty acid release rate. In summary, the addition of CMC could improve the stability of MP emulsion and the texture properties of the emulsion gels, and decrease protein digestibility during the gastric stage.

Ultrasound-Assisted Encapsulation of Citronella Oil in Alginate/Carrageenan Beads: Characterization and Kinetic Models

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of ultrasonication on citronella oil encapsulation using alginate/carrageenan (Alg/Carr) in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The functional groups of microparticles were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the beads’ morphologies were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The FTIR results showed that the ultrasonication process caused the C-H bonds (1426 cm−1) to break down, resulting in polymer degradation. The SEM results showed that the ultrasonication caused the presence of cavities or pores in the cracked wall and a decrease in the beads’ size. In this study, the use of ultrasound during the encapsulation of citronella oil in Alg/Carr enhanced the encapsulation efficiency up to 95–97%. The kinetic evaluation of the oil release of the beads treated with ultrasound (UTS) showed a higher k1 value of the Ritger–Peppas model than that without ultrasonication (non-UTS), indicating that the oil release rate from the beads was faster. The R/F value from the Peppas–Sahlin model of the beads treated with UTS was smaller than that of the non-UTS model, revealing that the release of bioactive compounds from the UTS-treated beads was diffusion-controlled rather than due to a relaxation mechanism. This study suggests the potential utilization of UTS for controlling the bioactive compound release rate.

Soy lecithin increases the stability and lipolysis of encapsulated algal oil and probiotics complex coacervates.

Co-encapsulation of probiotics and omega-3 oil using complex coacervation is an effective method for enhancing the tolerance of probiotics under adverse conditions, whereas complex coacervation of omega-3 oil was found to have low lipid digestibility. In the present study, gelatin (GE, 30 g kg-1 ) and gum arabic (GA, 30 g kg-1 ) were used to encapsulate Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 and algal oil by complex coacervation to produce microcapsules containing probiotics (GE-P-GA) and co-microcapsules containing probiotics and algal oil (GE-P-O-GA), and soy lecithin (SL) was added to probiotics-algal oil complex coacervates [GE-P-O(SL)-GA] to enhance its stability and lipolysis. Then, we evaluated the viability of different microencapsulated probiotics exposed to freeze-drying and long-term storage, as well as the survival rate and release performance of encapsulated probiotics and algal oil during in vitro digestion. GE-P-O(SL)-GA had a smaller particle size (51.20 μm), as well as higher freeze-drying survival (90.06%) of probiotics and encapsulation efficiency of algal oil (75.74%). Moreover, GE-P-O(SL)-GA showed a higher algal oil release rate (79.54%), lipolysis degree (74.63%) and docosahexaenoic acid lipolysis efficiency (64.8%) in the in vitro digestion model. The viability of microencapsulated probiotics after simulated digestion and long-term storage at -18,4 and 25 °C was in the order: GE-P-O(SL)-GA > GE-P-O-GA > GE-P-GA. As a result of its amphiphilic properties, SL strongly affected the physicochemical properties of probiotics and algal oil complex coacervates, resulting in higher stability and more effective lipolysis. Thus, the GE-P-O(SL)-GA can more effectively deliver probiotics and docosahexaenoic acid to the intestine, which provides a reference for the preparation of high-viability and high-lipolysis probiotics-algal oil microcapsules. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Comprehensive Self-Healing Evaluation of Asphalt Concrete Containing Encapsulated Rejuvenator.

Ultraviolet radiation, oxidation, temperature, moisture, and traffic loads produce degradation and brittleness in the asphalt pavement. Microcracks develop into macrocracks, which eventually lead to pavement failure. Although asphalt has an inherent capacity for self-healing, it is constricted. As a result, damages build beyond the ability of asphalt to repair themselves. This research employs the in-situ crack healing method of encapsulated rejuvenator technology to enhance the insufficient self-healing capability of roads. This allows the extrinsically induced healing in asphalt to assist it in recovering from damage sustained during service life. Optical microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and the compressive load test of capsules were done to characterise their properties. We measured the self-healing behaviour of encapsulated rejuvenator-induced asphalt utilising the three-point bending beam tests on unaged, short-term aged and long-term aged asphalt beams. The rate of oil release before and after healing was quantified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results of these tests were utilised to explain the link between healing time, temperature, asphalt ageing, and healing level. Overall, it was determined that the encapsulated rejuvenator was acceptable for mending asphalt mixes because it increased healing temperature and duration, resulting in an up to 80% healing index.

Characterization and controlled release of pequi oil microcapsules for yogurt application

Pequi oil is a valuable product for food industries due to its high levels of unsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids. This work used the complex coacervation technique with cashew gum/chitosan and cashew gum/gelatin matrices to encapsulate pequi oil in the production of enriched yogurt. Both wall materials achieved good results in encapsulation efficiency (>80%), yield (>50%), and loading capacity (<50%). The FTIR data demonstrated the presence of electrostatic interactions, thereby confirming encapsulation, and TGA, DSC and Rancimat data verified the microcapsule's stability. The acid release and temperature resistance results showed greater stability at pH's close to the optimum condition of the coacervation process and at temperatures below 80 °C. Finally, the potential for its application in yogurts was realized, showing that the preparation procedure of yogurt influenced the oil release rate and fatty acid profile, and that the addition of microcapsules should be optimally done during the cooling step.

Formulation of a responsive in vitro digestion wall material, sensory and market analyses for chia seed oil capsules

Spray drying encapsulation of chia seed oil and its subsequent incorporation into powdered chocolate milk was carried out. It was sought to formulate a responsive wall material using three different formulations consisting of maltodextrin:sodium caseinate ratios of 100:0, 95:5 and 90:10. Zeta potential of the emulsion, capsule size, loading capacity, morphology, and oil release into in vitro digestive fluids were evaluated. The formulation which contained more sodium caseinate as wall material, demonstrated the highest oil release rates at simulated intestinal fluid, resistance to simulated salivary fluid, less capsules agglomeration and the highest loading capacity (41.8%). Consequently, product formulation was assured to be harmless, it was incorporated into chocolate milk powder. Product acceptance and consumer tendency was evaluated through a bilateral sensory and market analyses. 46% consumer positive response of this product was obtained, and cereal or vanilla drinks are proposed as future products to incorporate the capsules.

Plant-Based (Hemp, Pea and Rice) Protein-Maltodextrin Combinations as Wall Material for Spray-Drying Microencapsulation of Hempseed (Cannabis sativa) Oil.

Conscious consumers have created a need for constant development of technologies and food ingredients. This study aimed to examine the properties of emulsions and spray-dried microcapsules prepared from hempseed oil by employing a combination of maltodextrin with hemp, pea, and rice protein as carrier materials. Oil content in the microcapsules was varied at two levels: 10 and 20%. Increasing oil load caused a decrease in viscosity of all samples. Consistency index of prepared emulsions was calculated according to Power Law model, with the lowest (9.2 ± 1.3 mPa·s) and highest values (68.3 ± 1.1 mPa·s) for hemp and rice protein, respectively, both at 10% oil loading. The emulsion stability ranged from 68.2 ± 0.7% to 88.1 ± 0.9%. Color characteristics of the microcapsules were defined by high L* values (from 74.65 ± 0.03 to 83.06 ± 0.03) and low a* values (−1.02 ± 0.015 to 0.12 ± 0.005), suggesting that the materials were able to coat the greenish color of the hemp seed oil acceptably. The highest encapsulation efficiency was observed in samples with rice protein, while the lowest was with hemp protein. Combination of maltodextrin and proteins had a preventive effect on the oxidative stability of hempseed oil. Oil release profile fitted well with the Higuchi model, with hempseed oil microencapsulated with pea protein–maltodextrin combination at 10% oil loading depicting lowest oil release rates and best oxidative stability.

Plume dynamics and dispersion characteristics in oil horizontal release from damaged submarine pipeline

The dynamics model of plume for underwater oil spill is improved by considering the drag force of the plume. The comparisons between prediction and experiment show that the improved model is viable. The improved model combining the Lagrangian random walk method is used to simulate the entire oil transport process from release exit to water surface in underwater oil horizontal release and some new results are obtained. Firstly, the release rate, the current velocity and its direction have evident influence on plume dynamics. The plume length increases as release flow rate increases. For small oil release rate, the plume length is very short so that the plume stage can be ignored due to the small initial momentum. When the oil release in direction is the same as the current, the current will play a positive role in the plume motion and the plume will therefore extend a longer distance. In this case, the greater the current velocity is, the longer the plume extension length will be. And when the oil release in direction is opposite to the current, the plume first moves forward and then is reversed to move along the opposite direction. The position of the reversal point depends on the current velocity and the release rate. Secondly, the release rate and the current velocity also have a significant effect on oil droplet diffusion. For small oil release rate, the oil distribution area is narrow and the concentration near upper side of droplets moving path is relatively higher. As the release rate or current velocity increases, the oil droplet diffusion area expands away from the release point. Finally, the movement characteristics of oil droplets in the plume and diffusion stages will affect the time and location for oil droplets reaching the surface. In a small release rate as well as a small current velocity, the time for oil droplet reaching surface is very short and the horizontal position reaching surface is closer to release point. In this case, the time spent in the plume stage is extremely short compared to the time spent in the entire oil motion process. Therefore, the plume dynamics stage can be ignored in this case. With the increase of release rate or current velocity, the plume will be extended and the time spent in plume dynamics stage will also be longer, so the plume dynamics stage can no longer be ignored for larger release rate or current velocity. In the case of reverse current, as the plume momentum be partially consumed by the reverse current, the plume is reversed and decays quickly, the time taken in the plume dynamics stage is relatively shorter than that for positive current. Correspondingly, the total time is also somewhat shortened. The shape of the plume depends on the oil release rate, current velocity and direction.

Encapsulation of cinnamon leaf oil within chitosan: formulation and characterization

Chitosan microcapsules containing cinnamon leaf oil were formed by ionotropic gelation of chitosan by crosslinking with sodium tripolyphosphate. The microencapsulation method for oil loading was optimized by varying the amounts of polymer, oil and cross linker. The effect of varying process parameters on the encapsulation efficience (EE), oil loading capacity (LC) and release rate was monitored. The formulated microcapsules were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). SEM imaged clear spherical shaped oil loaded microcapsules with a crimpy surface while empty capsules had a smooth texture.FTIR spectra evidence for the successful encapsulation of oil within wall material. EE increased with increasing oil load while it decreased with increasing polymer and cross linker concentration. LC increased with increasing amounts of oil and crosslinker and showed a decrease with increasing polymer amounts. Release rate of oil increased with increasing oil loading whereas it decreased with increasing polymer and crosslinker amounts. Varying the process parameters has a direct impact on the EE, LC and release rate. The optimum formulation for cinnamon oil microcapsules is polymer, 1 g : oil, 3g: cross linker, 0.5 g with an EE of 91%, and a LC of 38%.

Preparation of Core-shell Magnetic Nanoparticles Carrier for Treatment of Emulsified Oil

The Fe3O4 nanoparticles was prepared by chemical co-precipitation method, and modified with polyethylene glycol and lauryl sodium sulfate to obtain amphiphilic magnetic core. Core-shell magnetic particles (CMP) were prepared by modified dispersion polymerization method. After characterization, the contact angle θ of material was 133.4°, and the specific surface area of CMP reached to 1032.43 m2/g. The absorption rate up to 27.1007 g/g, and the oil release rate was up to 96.19%, ensure it fully adsorptive to the emulsified oily wastewater. The saturated magnetization of MPP was 3.95 emu/g, showed strong magnetic response. It is beneficial for recovery and reuse the material. After 12 hour degradation of crude oil, CMP immobilized with petroleum oil degrading strains to treat emulsified oil was 13.86% higher than that of free bacterial cells. The results of this research provide a reference for the rapid adsorption and degradation of emulsified oil wastewater by immobilized microorganisms with novel magnetic materials.

Effect of Nano-montmorillonite on Properties of Spray-dried Cinnamon Oil Microcapsules

Proper dispersion of layered nano-clay within the wall of oil microcapsule is a strategy for improving encapsulation properties. In the present study, cinnamon oil microcapsules with addition of nano montmorillonite (MMT) in wall materials were prepared by spray drying, encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading capacity (LC) were measured. The release properties of microcapsules at different humidity and high temperature were investigated. The results show that the emulsion with 12% MMT content has the highest stability and shows the lowest droplet mean diameter. The EE and LC increase with the increase of MMT content and reach the maximum at 12% MMT content as a function of compact wall membrane structure formed from MMT dispersed in polymer. The addition of MMT decreases cinnamon oil release rate and improves the barrier property of wall membranes due to the less water absorption. Thermal stability of microcapsules is also enhanced.

Modelling and assessment of accidental oil release from damaged subsea pipelines

This paper develops a 3D, transient, mathematical model to estimate the oil release rate and simulate the oil dispersion behavior. The Euler-Euler method is used to estimate the subsea oil release rate, while the Eulerian-Lagrangian method is employed to track the migration trajectory of oil droplets. This model accounts for the quantitative effect of backpressure and hole size on oil release rate, and the influence of oil release rate, oil density, current speed, water depth and leakage position on oil migration is also investigated in this paper. Eventually, the results, e.g. transient release rate of oil, the rise time of oil and dispersion distance are determined by above-mentioned model, and the oil release and dispersion behavior under different scenarios is revealed. Essentially, the assessment results could provide a useful guidance for detection of leakage positon and placement of oil containment boom.

Oil plume simulations: Tracking oil droplet size distribution and fluorescence within high-pressure release jets

ABSTRACT Optical measurements have been used during oil spill response for more than three decades to determine oil presence in slicks and plumes. Oil surveillance approaches range from simple (human eyeball) to the sophisticated (sensors on AUVs, aircraft, satellites). In situ fluorometers and particle size analyzers were deployed during the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) Gulf of Mexico oil spill to track shallow and deep subsea plumes. Uncertainties regarding instrument specifications and capabilities during DWH necessitated performance testing of sensors exposed to simulated, dispersed oil plumes. Seventy-two wave tank experiments were conducted at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography. Simulated were oil releases with varying parameters such as oil release rate, oil temperature (reservoir temp ~ 80 °C), water temperature (&amp;lt;8 °C and &amp;gt;15 °C), oil type, dispersant type (Corexit 9500 and Finasol OSR52) and dispersant to oil ratio (DOR). Plumes of Alaskan North Slope Crude (ANS), South Louisiana Crude (SLC) and IFO-120 oils were tracked using in situ fluorescence, droplet size distribution (DSD), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and benzene-toluene-ethylbenzene-xylene (BTEX). For the lighter SLC, bimodal droplet size with mean diameter &amp;lt; 70 μm was achieved for 1:20 and 1:100 DOR, regardless of water temperature. Similarly, the medium ANS crude exhibited mean droplet diameter &amp;lt;70 μm, but was bimodal only for the 1:20 treatment. Bimodal distribution was not achieved with the heavy IFO, but droplet &amp;lt; 70 μm were observed for 1:20 warm waters, indicating poor dispersibility of the high viscosity oil even for jet releases. Results offer valuable information on the behavior and dispersibility of oils over a range of viscosity, DOR and environmental conditions. Findings have implications for fate and transport models, where DSD, chemistry and fluorescence are all impacted by release variables. This research was supported by the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement.

Monitoring of natural oil seepage in the Lower Congo Basin using SAR observations

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is a spaceborne tool allowing near real-time imagery over large ground footprints of areas hundreds of kilometres wide. SAR also allows persistent observations of the process of oil discharges, benefiting from (1) day and night observations, (2) independence of cloud cover and (3) high revisiting frequencies. The interpretation of 82 SAR scenes over the Lower Congo Basin for the 1994–2012 period allowed the recognition of 1400 natural seepage slicks associated with 102 individual seep sites. We acquired an additional SAR data set with a short revisit time over a selected prolific area. The data set consisted of 22 SAR scenes acquired over a 10-day period, meaning a maximum revisiting period of 12h between subsequent SAR acquisitions. The short-term approach shows that seepage slicks were detected with wind speeds between 1.5 and 6.5m/s (2.91 to 12.63knots). Both long-term and short-term monitoring evidences that seepage events are intermittent, with the occurrence rate of oil release ranging from 5 to 80%. Short-term monitoring shows that the seepage pace is independent between seep sites, suggesting contrasted controlling factors. It also shows that the residence time of seepage slicks is systematically shorter than 12h, which is far below reported values. Understanding the seepage slick residence time is essential to provide an accurate estimation of the fluid flow and to compute the volumetric outflow. The integration of in-situ mooring points measuring the current velocity 10m below the sea surface, in addition to local wind field and slick length, allowed us to more accurately estimate the residence time of oil slicks at the sea surface before vanishing. The results show that the sea surface residence time of oil slicks is limited to a few hours, with a median value of 3h15min. These new residence time estimations allowed us to propose a quantification of the regional oil output in the Lower Congo Basin, estimated at 4380m3/year. This area may therefore be considered as the world's third biggest oil-supplying province from natural leakages.

Acoustic measurement of the Deepwater Horizon Macondo well flow rate

On May 31, 2010, a direct acoustic measurement method was used to quantify fluid leakage rate from the Deepwater Horizon Macondo well prior to removal of its broken riser. This method utilized an acoustic imaging sonar and acoustic Doppler sonar operating onboard a remotely operated vehicle for noncontact measurement of flow cross-section and velocity from the well's two leak sites. Over 2,500 sonar cross-sections and over 85,000 Doppler velocity measurements were recorded during the acquisition process. These data were then applied to turbulent jet and plume flow models to account for entrained water and calculate a combined hydrocarbon flow rate from the two leak sites at seafloor conditions. Based on the chemical composition of end-member samples collected from within the well, this bulk volumetric rate was then normalized to account for contributions from gases and condensates at initial leak source conditions. Results from this investigation indicate that on May 31, 2010, the well's oil flow rate was approximately 0.10 ± 0.017 m(3) s(-1) at seafloor conditions, or approximately 85 ± 15 kg s(-1) (7.4 ± 1.3 Gg d(-1)), equivalent to approximately 57,000 ± 9,800 barrels of oil per day at surface conditions. End-member chemical composition indicates that this oil release rate was accompanied by approximately an additional 24 ± 4.2 kg s(-1) (2.1 ± 0.37 Gg d(-1)) of natural gas (methane through pentanes), yielding a total hydrocarbon release rate of 110 ± 19 kg s(-1) (9.5 ± 1.6 Gg d(-1)).

Synthesis and release studies of microalgal oil-containing microcapsules prepared by complex coacervation

Microalgal oil was encapsulated in gelatin-gum Arabic complex coacervated matrices using transglutaminase (TG) as cross-linking agent. The effects of various cross-linking parameters including hardening time, temperature, pH and TG concentration on the oil release rate of the complex coacervation microcapsules (CCMs) were investigated, with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as release medium. The optimum parameters were as follows: hardening for 6h at 15°C and pH 6.0 with TG concentration of 15U/g gelatin. The microcapsules obtained under optimum conditions had the lowest oil release rate. By analyzing the oil release curves, it was found that the oil release rate did not exactly fit the modified first-order kinetic model but exhibited early time and late time approximations for unsteady state diffusion. A greater initial release of oil was clearly observed whatever cross-linking parameters were, while the release profile became constant indicating some sustained release after the first hour.

Microencapsulation of Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil by Using Simple Coacervation Method

Glutaraldehyde (GA) crosslinked gelatin (G) microcapsules containing tea tree oil (TTO) were prepared by the simple coacervation technique. The effects of variations in concentrations of the G, TTO and GA used during the microencapsulation process, on the oil load of the microcapsules, the oil content, the encapsulation efficiency and the release rate of oil were determined. The size distribution and the morphology of the microcapsules were characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy. It was determined by FTIR studies that there was no evidence for any significant interaction between G and TTO

Physical characteristics of fish oil encapsulated by β-cyclodextrin using an aggregation method or polycaprolactone using an emulsion–diffusion method

Fish oils have many dietary benefits, but have strong odours and are easily oxidised. For these reasons, β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) a water-soluble polymer and polycaprolactone (PCL) a water-insoluble polymer were used to encapsulate fish oil in this study. In addition, the stabilities of freeze-dried fish oil (FO) in encapsulated complexes were investigated to determine fish oil release rates at different relative humidities and storage temperatures. In order to facilitate the practical applications of the water-soluble and insoluble fish oil complexes produced, release studies of fish oil were performed in de-ionised water, NaCl solution and fish sauce. Based on our studies, fish oil loaded β-CD at a mixing ratio of 10:20 (β-CD:FO (w:w)) was the best composition in terms of encapsulation efficiency (84.1%), fish oil loading (62.7%), fish oil leakage after freeze-drying (11.0%), and eicopentaenoic acid (EPA) encapsulation efficiency (6.5%). In addition, fish oil release rates from β-CD particles were slower in de-ionised water and in 15% and 25% NaCl than in fish sauce at all mixing ratios between β-CD and FO. The storage stabilities of freeze-dried β-CD–FO complexes at 10:20 (w:w) mixing ratio at various relative humidities retained 97% of fish oil within the particles during 3 days. However, the release rate of fish oil from β-CD–FO complexes of 10:20 mixing ratio was accelerated in fish sauce. In terms of the emulsion–diffusion method, PCL more efficiently retarded the release of FO in liquid or powder form, although particles were broken by freeze-drying. It is supposed that PCL better protected FO because of its water insolubility.