Release Process Research Articles

Light-driven anion-pumping rhodopsin with unique cytoplasmic anion-release mechanism

Microbial rhodopsins are photoreceptive membrane proteins found in microorganisms with an all-trans-retinal chromophore. The function of many microbial rhodopsins is determined by three residues in the third transmembrane helix called motif residues. Here, we report a group of microbial rhodopsins with a novel Thr–Thr–Gly (TTG) motif. The ion-transport assay revealed that they function as light-driven inward anion pumps similar to halorhodopsins previously found in archaea and bacteria. Based on the characteristic glycine residue in their motif and light-driven anion-pumping function, these new rhodopsins are called glycylhalorhodopsins (GHRs). X-ray crystallographic analysis found large cavities on the cytoplasmic side, which are produced by the small side-chain volume of the glycine residue in the motif. The opened structure of GHR on the cytoplasmic side is related to the anion releasing process to the cytoplasm during the photoreaction compared to canonical halorhodopsin from Natronomonas pharaonis (NpHR). GHR also transports SO42– and the extracellular glutamate residue plays an essential role in extracellular SO42– uptake. In summary, we have identified TTG motif-containing microbial rhodopsins that display an anion-releasing mechanism.

Evolution of Characteristics of Vertical Electric Current and Magnetic Field in Active Regions of the Sun and their Relation to Powerful Flares

The study of evolution of magnetic field and electric currents in active regions of the Sun over a long-time interval is of interest for understanding the processes of accumulation and release of energy in them, leading to various phenomena that affect space weather. In this work, based on the photospheric vector magnetograms of the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager instrument aboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory, an analysis was made of the evolution of a number of characteristics of the magnetic field and vertical electric current in three active regions 11158, 11675, and 12673 that produced class M and X flares, during the time from their origin in the Eastern hemisphere, during the passage through the solar disk, and until the disappearance near the Western limb with a step of 2 hours. The characteristics under consideration included: the power-law exponent of the probability density function of the absolute value of the vertical electric current density, the maximum of the absolute value of the vertical current density, the signed and unsigned total vertical currents and the unsigned total vertical and horizontal magnetic fluxes, the energy of the nonlinear force-free and potential magnetic fields, the free magnetic energy, and the number of islands with strong vertical current. Some regularities in the behaviour of the characteristics under consideration are found, in particular regarding the occurrence of solar flares. The correlation coefficients between pairs of these characteristics are calculated. Additionally, M. Aschwanden’s approach is shown to be promising for predicting the maximum X-ray class of a flare based on the calculation of the energy of the potential magnetic field in active regions. The results obtained can be used to predict powerful solar flares.

Continuous oxidation of organic contaminates in soil by polylactic acid-coated KMnO4

Potassium permanganate (KMnO4), as a versatile and safe solid source of MnO4-, received substantial attention from researchers as a potential soil oxidant reagent. In this study, we prepared polylactic acid (PLA)-coated KMnO4 (KMnO4@PLA) to control MnO4- release. The experimental results indicated that the optimal preparation scheme for KMnO4@PLA was a particle size of 1–2 mm, a solid-liquid ratio of 1:3, and a core-shell ratio of 1:3. And the release lifetimes of MnO4- from KMnO4@PLA in aqueous and quartz sand media were 200 hours and 310 hours, respectively, which were 2400 and 33 times longer than the release lifetimes of raw KMnO4. The controlled release of MnO4- from KMnO4@PLA was achieved through the hydrolysis of PLA. And the release process adhered to first-order reaction kinetics and displayed Fickian diffusion characteristics. Moreover, the removal of phenol by KMnO4@PLA in aqueous, quartz sand, and soil media were investigated through batch and flow column experiments. Compared with the raw KMnO4, the KMnO4@PLA exhibited a stronger ability to degrade phenol, due to the mildly acidic nature of the PLA shell. These findings demonstrated that KMnO4@PLA has significant advantages for the remediation of organically contaminated soils.

Computational investigation of a methanol compression ignition engine assisted by a glow plug

This work explores the feasibility of pure methanol combustion in a light-duty diesel engine assisted by a glow plug (GP). The simulations represented a mild engine load with an indicated mean effective pressure of 7 bar. An extensive computational study was conducted, and the successful operation of the pure methanol compression ignition engine was demonstrated. The effects of the GP position, spray umbrella angle, the relative angle (RA) between the glow plug and jet trajectory, and the injection strategy on the engine performance were evaluated. The autoignition of methanol-air mixture was found to primarily occur at an equivalence ratio between 0.2 and 0.4. However, an even richer mixture accompanied the lower temperature due to intense heat absorption of evaporation, significantly prolonging the ignition delay. Therefore, to improve the ignition and combustion heat release processes, RA was optimized to adequately control the mixture distribution around the GP. At each position of the GP, the optimum RA differed due to the complex flow and air-fuel mixing within the combustion chamber, which became smaller (from 12.5° to 5°) when the GP was moved anticlockwise from the intake port to the exhaust port regions. Furthermore, a split injection strategy was proposed to ensure the successful ignition of the methanol jets. The engine performance exhibited a high sensitivity to the pilot and main injection timings. A small pilot mass fraction of no higher than 20% was recommended to mitigate fuel jet-GP interaction and fuel impingement in the squish region.

Water–triglyceride interfaces limit permeability and diffusion of aroma molecules in butter

AbstractInsight into the dynamics of aroma molecules in bulk phases and at water–triglyceride interfaces is crucial for elucidating the aroma release mechanisms in complex dairy products such as butter. This study employs classical, all‐atom molecular dynamics simulations with umbrella sampling to investigate the energetics and kinetics of key aroma‐active compounds, including diacetyl, ‐decalactone, and butyric acid, at interfaces of 1,3‐dipalmitoyl‐2‐oleoylglycerol (POP) in water. The chemical properties of aroma compounds, including polarity, hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals interactions, play a pivotal role in their interaction with interfacial molecules, resulting in unique profiles of the potential of mean force and diffusivity. In particular, ‐decalactone preferentially resides at the interface and accumulates in the triglyceride phase. Aroma permeability through the complexly organized water–triglyceride interface significantly decreases from ‐decalactone to butyric acid, with a less pronounced reduction for diacetyl. Surprisingly, this trend in aroma permeability at interfaces does not coincide with trends in aroma diffusion within both pure bulk phases. This discrepancy is attributed to local, heterogeneous molecular structuring at water–triglyceride interfaces, impeding the interfacial permeation processes and leading to local aroma confinement.Practical Application: Employing a water–POP interface as a case study, the methodology investigates aroma compound diffusion within bulk phases, delineating limitations in aroma permeability in dairy products with extended water–triglyceride interfaces. This is a substep in the aroma release process, contributing to the interpretation of perception studies by sensory panels in human sensory experiments and fostering a deeper understanding of the intricate dynamics inherent to individual compounds.

Implementing Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) Pipelines for Large-Scale iOS Applications

Continuous integration and continuous deployment pipelines have become essential components of modern software development, particularly in creating large-scale iOS apps. The automation of procedures for creating, testing, and deploying is facilitated by them, which results in an increase in both the speed and reliability of the release process. The complexity and scope of the codebase, the need for rigorous testing across a broad range of devices and operating system versions, and the regular necessity of updates to address bugs or bring new features all contribute to the conclusion that continuous integration and continuous delivery pipelines are an integral component of major iOS projects. The integration of continuous integration with continuous delivery provides developers with the assurance that code changes are automatically tested and delivered, hence lowering the need for human intervention, and reducing the chance of mistakes. In addition, this arrangement makes it possible to do parallel testing, which is useful when working with many test cases and device configurations. It is also possible to design continuous integration and continuous delivery pipelines to do tests for code quality, security scans, or other automated checks, which will ensure that the codebase is not compromised.By increasing communication among development teams, continuous integration and continuous delivery pipelines in big iOS projects provide yet another key advantage. It guarantees that every member of the team always has access to the most recent version of the code, which is essential in situations when many teams are working on various aspects or components of the application. In addition, continuous integration and continuous delivery pipelines enhance software quality by accelerating feedback loops, which enables engineers to resolve problems more expediently. Nevertheless, the establishment of continuous integration and continuous delivery pipelines for large-scale iOS apps involves several issues, such as the management of build times, the certification of compatibility with various devices, and the upkeep of the infrastructure. It is necessary to carefully design and optimize the CI/CD procedures to overcome these problems. This may be accomplished by choosing the appropriate tools and configurations adapted to the project's requirements.

Dopamine manipulation and its role in effective advertising

Dopamine — A neurotransmitter that plays a key role in the way the brain controls reward and pleasure centres as well as motivation. This relationship is significant because in the world of advertising where companies seek to link their products more favourably with emotional reactions it plays a lead role. This study investigates how dopamine interacts with various advertising genres, focusing on digital and traditional marketing strategies that affect consumer behaviour. The research examines how marketers can exploit dopamine-triggered reactions to lift revenues and boost customer engagement. The research aimed to find out what marketing strategies most successfully trigger the dopamine release processes and hence increase the likelihood of making a purchase.

Endocytosis of Synaptic Vesicle in Motor Nerve Endings of FUS Transgenic Mice with a Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

In experiments on the motor nerve endings of the diaphragm of transgenic FUS mice with a model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis at the pre-symptomatic stage of the disease, the processes of transmitter release and endocytosis of synaptic vesicles were studied. In FUS mice, the intensity of transmitter release during high-frequency stimulation of the motor nerve (50 imp/sec) was lowered. At the same duration of stimulation, the loading of fluorescent dye FM1-43 was lower in FUS mice. However, at the time of stimulation, during which an equal number of quanta are released in wild-type and FUS mice, no differences in the intensity of dye loading were found. Thus, endocytosis is not the key factor in the mechanism of synaptic dysfunction in FUS mice at the pre-symptomatic stage.

Implementing a streamlined data access governance process for the release of routinely collected electronic health record data for research

ObjectivesIn Australia, there are no standardised processes for the release of Electronic Health Record (EHR) data for research. We describe our streamlined ethics and data access governance framework for the release of EHR data for research. ApproachIn consultation with our academic and health service partner organisations and with reference to national and international standards, we developed a process to safely and efficiently release EHR data for research. The Five Safes Framework guided our processes ensuring: safe people; safe projects; safe settings; safe data; and safe outputs. Piloting of processes has commenced. ResultsStreamlined data access and release processes acceptable to all stakeholders were implemented using an online system. Independent researcher and consumer review of an Expression of Interest, followed by ethics review/approval from the health service research office ensures projects are methodologically and ethically sound. Completion of a detailed technical assessment form, implementation of a signed data use agreement and release of de-identified data to a secure e-research environment promotes safe data and settings. Constraints around publication are enforced via pre-publication review ensuring safe outputs. Nine projects are in process using our system with an average of 4 days for EOI review and 6 days for TAF review. ConclusionWe have established a streamlined data access pathway to minimise duplication of effort and allow timely and secure access to EHR research data. We have built in efficiencies and promoted a cultural shift for clinicians who have previously not had data access processes governed in this way.

Effects of hydrogen addition on ignition characteristics and engine performance of ammonia-hydrogen blended fuel: A kinetic analysis

To investigate the effects of hydrogen addition on the ignition characteristics and engine performance of ammonia-hydrogen fuel, a reaction kinetics mechanism suitable for high-pressure engine conditions was proposed. The study explores the influence of hydrogen blending ratios on the ignition delay time (IDT) of ammonia-hydrogen fuel, revealing the sensitive reactions and evolution characteristics of reaction pathways during the ignition process of ammonia-hydrogen fuel promoted by hydrogen. The study also investigates the impact of hydrogen blending ratios on the engine performance of ammonia-hydrogen fuel. The results show that the IDT of ammonia significantly decreases with increasing hydrogen blending ratios and temperature. The addition of hydrogen to ammonia significantly lowers the autoignition temperature boundary of the mixture. Under low-temperature and low-pressure conditions, ammonia, which would not ignite originally, ignites due to the addition of hydrogen. The addition of hydrogen shifts the sensitive reactions of the mixture from NH3 and NH2-related reactions to H2/O2-related reactions, without altering the reaction pathway of ammonia, only changing the pathway flux of components such as NH2, H2NN, H2NO, and HONO. In a spark-ignition (SI) engine, maintaining the total fuel heat value and ignition timing constant, an increase in hydrogen blending ratio significantly raises the peak cylinder pressure. However, due to the forward movement of the heat release process, the power performance of engine experiences varying degrees of reduction. Therefore, it is necessary to delay the ignition timing of engine with the increase in hydrogen blending ratio, moving the combustion center beyond the top dead center (TDC). Furthermore, increasing the hydrogen concentration in the blend significantly raises the temperature and pressure during the engine combustion process, leading to an increase in the concentration of thermal NOX in the emissions.

Investigation on fatigue performance and residual stress release mechanism of split sleeve cold expansion holes of heterogeneous 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy

7050-T7451 aluminum alloy is widely applied in aircraft structural components due to good properties, these components majority connected with hole structures. However, stress concentration occurs around structural holes during application, which leads to fatigue cracking and ultimately resulting in low fatigue performance of these parts. The residual stress generated by cold expansion can provide sufficient strength to prevent fatigue crack initiation. However, this protective effect is lost when the residual stress is released during fatigue. Consequently, it is crucial to investigate the release of residual stress in hole structures during the fatigue process. In this work, the residual stress release process and microstructure evolution under to different cyclic loads were investigated. The back stress induced by the heterogeneous structure on residual stress release and the effect of heterogeneous structure on crack propagation were discussed. The findings indicate that the back stress generated by GNDs of heterogeneous structures can resist the applied load in early stages, delay residual stress release. As the cycle number increases, potential mechanisms for the release of residual stress include dislocation annihilation, dislocation rearrangement, and dislocation shearing. The heterogeneous grain structure with high tortuosity and the deflection and branching of cracks can reduce the driving force of crack growth.

Structure and Intercalation of Cysteine-Asparagine-Serine Peptide into Montmorillonite as an Anti-Inflammatory Agent Preparation-A DFT Study.

Peptides are receiving significant attention in pharmaceutical sciences due to their applications as anti-inflammatory drugs; however, many aspects of their interactions and mechanisms at the molecular level are not well-known. This work explores the molecular structure of two peptides-(i) cysteine (Cys)-asparagine (Asn)-serine (Ser) (CNS) as a molecule in the gas phase and solvated in water in zwitterion form, and (ii) the crystal structure of the dipeptide serine-asparagine (SN), a reliable peptide indication whose experimental cell parameters are well known. A search was performed by means of atomistic calculations based on density functional theory (DFT). These calculations matched the experimental crystal structure of SN, validating the CNS results and useful for assignments of our experimental spectroscopic IR bands. Our calculations also explore the intercalation of CNS into the interlayer space of montmorillonite (MNT). Our quantum mechanical calculations show that the conformations of these peptides change significantly during intercalation into the confined interlayer space of MNT. This intercalation is energetically favorable, indicating that this process can be a useful preparation for therapeutic anti-inflammatory applications and showing high stability and controlled release processes.

Quantitative piezoelectric measurements of partially released Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 structures

The effective large signal longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient (d33,f∗) of piezoelectric thin films on rigid substrates has been widely investigated. Unclamped piezoelectric thin films are predicted to have a higher d33,f∗ coefficient due to reduced constraints on piezoelectric strain, domain reorientation, and domain wall motion, but quantitative measurements of this coefficient have been limited. This study uses microfabrication techniques along with double-beam laser interferometry (DBLI) to accurately determine the longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 thin films in partially released piezomicroelectromechanical structures. A two-step backside release process was used: first, deep reactive ion etching to create backside vias and second, wet etching of the ZnO sacrificial layer to release the area beneath the Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 thin films. Post wet etching, optical profilometry showed concavely deformed diaphragms resulting from asymmetrical stress profiles through the diaphragm thickness. DBLI was then used to examine diaphragm deflection under an applied unipolar voltage ranging from 0 to 10 V. Devices with 50% and 75% of the area beneath the top electrode released exhibited large signal d33,f∗ values of 410 ± 6 and 420 ± 8 pm/V, respectively, more than three times higher than the d33,f∗ value of the clamped samples: 126 ± 13 pm/V. The reasons contributing to the large d33,f∗ include (i) the change in stress levels due to the release process, (ii) the elimination of mechanical constraints from substrate clamping, and (iii) enhanced domain reorientation. These findings confirm that substrate declamping significantly boosts the piezoelectric coefficient, bringing d33,f∗ closer to the bulk longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient (d33).

Cu Nanowires Trigger Efficient Cuproptosis via Special Intracellular Distribution and Excessive Cu Ion Release.

Cuproptosis, dependent on Cu overload, presents novel opportunities for cancer therapy. Cu-based nanomaterials have shown excellent advantages for the intracellular delivery of Cu. However, the biological process of Cu nanomaterials transporting Cu ions into cancer cells remains unclear. In this study, we tracked the Cu ion release process of copper nanowires (CuNWs) and copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) at the single-cell level. CuNWs with 5-μm length and CuNPs were found to be completely internalized by cancer cells. Interestingly, CuNWs escaped from the endolysosomal system, whereas CuNPs were mainly trapped in the lysosomes. This specific intracellular distribution of CuNWs led to cytoplasmic Cu ion overload, directly damaging mitochondria and inducing dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (DLAT) protein aggregation. Through these excessive Cu ions, CuNWs triggered more efficient cuproptosis than CuNPs to further increase cell death. Thus, CuNWs are more effective in delivering Cu ions than CuNPs, providing a novel perspective for designing cuproptosis-based functional nanomaterials for cancer therapy.

Melting properties of lunar regolith simulant for in-situ construction

Additive manufacturing using lunar regolith can significantly reduce reliance on Earth’s resources for future lunar surface construction. To enhance the quality of parts formed through additive manufacturing, a comprehensive understanding of the melting characteristics of lunar regolith is crucial. In this study, the melting temperature range, melt viscosity, workability range, and contact angels between melt and substrates of the CUG-1A lunar regolith simulant were determined. The complete melting temperature of CUG-1A is about 1320 °C, and the corresponding melt viscosity is 8.39 Pa⋅s. The five characteristic temperatures of CUG-1A under argon flow, including sintering point, softening point, half-sphere point, floating point, and fluid point, are 1081 °C, 1115 °C, 1149 °C, 1158 °C, and 1311 °C, respectively. These characteristic temperatures are about 35 °C–50 °C higher in vacuum. The melt demonstrates good wetting ability at the flow point temperature with contact angels of 29° and 21° on corundum and platinum. The bubble generation, growth and release processes were observed for the melts under vacuum conditions. These results would provide essential data for the development of in-situ construction technologies, such as energy beam focused melting lunar regolith.

Effect of Alloying on the Hydrogen Sorption in Ti–Zr–Mn-Based Alloys. Pt. 1: C14-Type Laves-Phase-Based Alloys

The alloys of the Ti–Zr–Mn system based on the C14-type Laves phase are considered as ones of the most promising materials for safe storage and transportation of hydrogen. These alloys have appropriate parameters for activating the processes of absorption and release of hydrogen, a low cost, and a fairly high cyclic stability. In this work, the microstructure and phase composition of the starting alloys and the crystal structure of the hydrides synthesized from them are studied. Possible ways to reduce the cost of the final products are shown. The fact that changing the method of the alloy fabrication does not significantly affect its hydrogen absorption properties is shown. On the example of the considered alloys, it is shown that, as expected, alloying with an element with a larger atomic radius that forms a stable chemical compound with hydrogen results in an increase in the hydrogen capacity. This is explained by both the increased radius of the tetrahedral interstitial sites, where hydrogen atoms are located after dissolution, and the higher total amount of the element interacting with hydrogen.

PH-Responsive supramolecular vesicles for imaging-guided drug delivery: Harnessing aggregation-induced emission.

The water-soluble tribenzotriquinacene-based hexacarboxylic acid ammonium salt, TBTQ-C 6 , acts as the host component (H) forming host-guest complexes with tetraphenylethylene (TPE)-functionalized monotopic and tetratopic quaternary ammonium derivatives, G1 and G2, to yield supra-amphiphiles. These supra-amphiphiles self-assemble to form pH-responsive fluorescent vesicles, which have allowed us to capitalize on the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect for imaging-guided drug delivery systems. These systems exhibit efficient drug loading and pH-responsive delivery capabilities. Upon encapsulation of the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX), both the TPE and DOX chromophores undergo dual-fluorescence deactivation due to the energy transfer relay (ETR) effect. Under acidic conditions, the release of DOX interrupts the ETR effect, resulting in the fluorescence recovery of TPE fluorogens and DOX, allowing for real-time visual monitoring of the drug release process. Cytotoxicity experiments confirmed the low toxicity of the unloaded vectors to normal cells, while the DOX-loaded vectors were found to significantly enhance the anticancer activity of DOX against cancer cells in vitro. The AIE-featured supramolecular vesicles presented in this research hold great potential for imaging-guided drug delivery systems.

Synthesis, characterization, and optimization of dual‐responsive PAMAM nanodendrimers for improved dispersive solid‐phase extraction of cancer agents from complex biological samples

AbstractLevels of anticancer agents in cancer patients' body fluids are typically measured to adjust drug dosages or improve treatment results. The goal of this research is to present a new method for extracting bicalutamide (BCT) from biological samples using a responsive polymeric nanoadsorbent that reacts to temperature and near‐infrared radiation (NIR). To achieve this, the surface layers of tungsten disulfide nanosheets are modified using poly (N‐vinylcaprolactam) and three generations of polymeric dendrimers. The adsorbent product is then characterized using thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction techniques. The drug loading operation on the proposed adsorbent is studied through central composite design and response surface strategy, with optimization for temperature (25–45°C), pH (5–9), and contact time (2–18 min). Nonlinear kinetic and adsorption isotherm analysis results show the best fit with Langmuir and pseudo‐second‐order models. The drug release process from the BCT‐loaded adsorbent is investigated via an HPLC‐UV system under both NIR‐irradiated and non‐irradiated conditions. The suggested method demonstrates remarkable recovery rates for BCT spikes from urine (95.23%) and plasma (93.33%), respectively. Overall, the recommended strategy can be regarded as a potent analytical tool for evaluating BCT in complex biosamples.

Heat-dependent properties of methane diffusion in coal: an experimental study and mechanistic analysis.

Coalbed methane thermodynamic extraction, as an emerging ECBM recovery method, can effectively improve gas recovery rates. And clarifying methane diffusion and migration law in coal under thermal stimulation is crucial for the selection of its process parameters. Based on laboratory methane adsorption-release experiments, the evolution law of methane diffusion characteristics with temperature and pressure was studied, and the control mechanism of heat-dependent methane diffusion behavior was explored. The results show that both thermal stimulation and high adsorption pressure accelerated the methane diffusion rate in coal. Adsorption pressure had little effect on methane diffusion percentage, but thermal stimulation promoted a significant increase in diffusion percentage and improved the net methane yield. The influence mechanisms of adsorption pressure and thermal stimulation on methane diffusion characteristics are elucidated in relation to the amount and proportion of methane-activated molecules in the diffusion process. The constant diffusion coefficient of methane is heat-dependent, based on which a diffusion model is derived to accurately predict the methane release process in coal. Additionally, temperature has a more important effect on transient diffusion coefficient than pressure. Thermal stimulation leads to a net increase rather than a decrease in diffusion coefficient in the early diffusion stages and can also accelerate the attenuation of diffusion coefficient, with this intensifying effect becoming more pronounced at higher temperatures. The research results can provide some reference for the determination of coal seam gas content and the selection of heat injection process parameters.

A Comprehensive Timing Analysis of Individual Pulses in X-Ray Bursts from SGR J0501+4516

The pulses in X-ray-burst (XRB) light curves from soft gamma-ray repeaters (SGRs) are generally thought to arise from magnetic crustal fractures or magnetic reconnection, reflecting the evolution of the energy release process in magnetars. In this study, we conduct a comprehensive timing analysis of 27 XRBs from SGR J0501+4156 detected by the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor on board Fermi. Utilizing a improved pulse-finding algorithm, we identify a total of 95 pulses and fit them using multiple FRED functions to obtain pulse-shape parameters based on the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. We calculate the minimum variability timescales (MVTs) of the XRBs based on the shortest pulse; the distribution of MVTs follows a log-Gaussian function with a mean of 7.22−2.11+2.93 ms (1σ). The distributions of rise time, decay time, waiting time, width, skewness, and peakedness all follow the log-Gaussian function, and multiple power-law dependencies are observed between them; for example, a power-law positive correlation between decay time and rise time with 4.7σ, and a power-law negative correlation between pulse width and peakedness with 6.8σ. Besides, there is a positive correlation with 3.7σ between the number of pulses and burst duration. Our findings favor a magnetospheric origin, and some similarities with gamma-ray bursts imply that they have similar radiation mechanisms, e.g., magnetic reconnection processes.