For improving the cooling efficiency of electronic devices in aerospace projects, pool boiling heat transfer on untreated/super-hydrophilic metal foam under short-term microgravity is experimentally investigated. The metal foam has a thickness of 5 mm and a diameter of 20 mm. The pore density of the metal foam is 50 PPI (pores per inch). The super-hydrophilic metal foam surface is created by surface oxidation method. FC-72 is used as the working fluid and the subcooling is controlled at 10 °C. Bubble dynamic behavior during pool boiling under microgravity is studied using high-speed camera. Visualization results show that the bubble departure diameter increases and the bubble departure frequency decreases under microgravity condition. Compared with the smooth brass surface, the untreated metal foam surface owns a better vapor release performance under microgravity, while the super-hydrophilic metal foam surface shows a superior ability in vapor release. Meanwhile, the temperature measurement results indicate that the test block temperature increases evidently at q > 11 W/cm2 after entering the microgravity condition. The wall superheat and heat flux of the heated surface under microgravity are derived by interpolation method. By the end of microgravity condition, the heat transfer coefficient on untreated metal foam surface is 86.1% higher than that on the smooth brass surface at q ≈ 11 W/cm2. The super-hydrophilic metal foam surface could improve the heat transfer performance by 12.9% compared with the untreated metal foam surface at q ≈ 15 W/cm2, showing the prime heat transfer performance in the present study.