Release Of His Research Articles

Inhibitory effect of daphnetin on the C48/80-induced pseudo-allergic reaction

Pseudo-allergic reaction is an allergic reaction mediated by nonimmunoglobulin E (IgE), which does not require prior contact with antigen sensitization and directly leads to mast cell degranulation. Daphnetin (DAP) is known for its anti-inflammatory effects, but there are few studies on the effect of DAP on pseudo-allergy and its mechanism. To investigate the effect of DAP on pseudo-allergy and its mechanism, we inflicted pseudo-allergy on RBL-2H3 cells using C48/80 in vitro. Moreover, to assess the antipseudo-allergy effect of C48/80 in vivo, mouse models of local anaphylaxis, systemic anaphylaxis, and itch were used. The in vitro results show that DAP inhibits degranulation and chemokine release; furthermore, DAP reduced the activation of the PLC-IP3R and MAPK signaling pathways induced by C48/80. Additionally, our in vivo results showed that DAP inhibited C48/80-induced local anaphylaxis and inhibited eosinophil aggregation, vasodilation and mast cell degranulation. In systemic anaphylaxis, DAP inhibits the decrease in body temperature and reduces the release of His, TNF-a and IL-8. In C48/80-induced itch, the number of scratches in mice was reduced. Our results demonstrate that DAP can play a suppressive role in the pseudo-allergy induced by C48/80, providing information for the cure of disorders linked to pseudo-allergic reactions.

His Landand the Origins of the Jewish-Evangelical Israel Lobby

The 1970 release ofHis Land, a religious documentary about Israel produced by Billy Graham's film studio, World Wide Pictures, took the evangelical world by storm. It was shown to hundreds of thousands, perhaps millions, of churchgoers and encapsulated the mix of prophecy beliefs and cultural arguments that cohered a decade later into the Christian Zionist movement—a major component of the religious right. Surprisingly, American evangelicals were not the only fans ofHis Land. American Jews, led by the American Jewish Committee(AJC), helped make the film an international success. AJC officials organized ecumenical screenings and kept detailed records of the film's reception, praising it as “an authentic interpretation” that “strengthen[s] the current interreligious discussion on the Middle East question.” By 1971, the AJC was showing this unabashedly evangelical film to Jewish audiences in synagogues and community centers. Through reconstructing His Land's production and reception, this article provides a new interpretation of the origins of bipartisan, Jewish and evangelical support for Israel in the late-twentieth century. It recasts the rise of a Jewish-evangelical pro-Israel lobby as an important religious episode to understanding the rise of the religious right and the continuing importance of confessional and theological identity even in the era of the “culture wars.”

Abomasal amino acid infusion in postpartum dairy cows: Effect on whole-body, splanchnic, and mammary amino acid metabolism

Nine Holstein cows with rumen cannulas and indwelling catheters in splanchnic blood vessels were used in a generalized randomized incomplete block design with repeated measures to study the effect of increased early postpartum AA supply on splanchnic and mammary AA metabolism. At calving, cows were blocked according to parity (second and third or greater) and allocated to 2 treatments: abomasal infusion of water (CTRL; n=4) or free AA with casein profile (AA-CN; n=5) in addition to a basal diet. The AA-CN infusion started with half of the maximal dose at the calving day (1 d in milk; DIM) and then steadily decreased from 791 to 226g/d until 29 DIM. On 5, 15, and 29 DIM, 6 sample sets of arterial, portal, hepatic, and mammary blood were taken at 45-min intervals. Over the whole period, increasing AA supply increased milk (+7.8±1.3kg/d) and milk protein yields (+220±65g/d) substantially. The increased milk yield was not supported by greater dry matter intake (DMI) as, overall, DMI decreased with AA-CN (–1.6±0.6kg/d). Arterial concentrations of essential AA were greater for AA-CN compared with CTRL. The net portal-drained viscera (PDV) release of His, Met, and Phe was greater for AA-CN compared with CTRL, and the net PDV recovery of these infused AA ranged from 72 to 102% once changes in DMI were accounted for. The hepatic removal of these AA was increased equivalently to the increased net PDV release, resulting in an unaltered net splanchnic release. The net PDV release of Ile, Leu, Val, and Lys tended to be greater for AA-CN, and the net PDV recovery of these infused AA ranged from 69 to 73%, indicating increased PDV metabolism with AA-CN. The fractional hepatic removal of these AA did not differ from zero and was unaffected by the increased supply. Consequently, the splanchnic release of these AA was approximately equivalent to their net PDV release for both CTRL and AA-CN. Overall, greater early postpartum AA supply increased milk and milk protein yields substantially based on increased mammary AA uptake. The PDV metabolism of branched-chain AA and Lys were increased, whereas it seemed to be unaffected for other essential AA when the intestinal AA supply was increased. On a net basis, the liver removed more group 1 AA (His, Met, Phe, and Trp) for anabolism and catabolism when the early postpartum AA supply was increased. Thus, increasing the postpartum AA supply increased splanchnic and mammary consumption of AA; hence, the protein deficiency persisted.

Root uptake and translocation of nickel in wheat as affected by histidine

The role of histidine (His) on root uptake, xylem loading and root to shoot transport of nickel (Ni) was investigated in a winter (Triticum aestivum cv. Back Cross) and a durum wheat (Triticum durum cv. Durum) cultivar. Seedlings were grown in a modified Johnson nutrient solution and exposed to 10μM of Ni and 100μM of histidine (His) as no His, Ni (10)+His (100) and Ni(His) in a 1:1 mole ratio (1:1) complex. In our study, the presence of vanadate (a metabolic inhibitor) resulted in a significant decrease of root Ni uptake, indicating that a part of Ni uptake by the plant root is energy-dependent. Addition of His significantly increased the Ni content in shoots and roots of both wheat cultivars. The data suggest that the Ni(His) is most likely to be taken up as a complex or receptors at the membrane are able to enhance Ni uptake from Ni(His) complex. This result was indirectly supported by using EDTA as a strong chelating reagent to reduce the uptake of Ni(His) complexes. By using this ligand, the xylem loading of Ni and His was disproportionately reduced. Cycloheximide (a translation inhibitor) strongly decreased the release of His and Ni from the root into the xylem of wheat, suggesting the significance of a symplastic pathway for Ni loading into the xylem.

Preparation and characterisation of histidine– and iron–histidine–α-zirconium phosphate intercalation compounds. Catalytic behaviour of the iron derivatives in oxidation reactions with H2O2

The amino acid histidine (His) easily diffuses into layered α-zirconium phosphate if the layers are first pre-swelled via preparation of a metastable ethanol intercalate α-Zr(HPO4)2·2EtOH. Different materials are obtained by varying the contact time and the His solution concentration. A new compound of composition α-Zr(HPO4)2His1.2·5H2O has been selected for its higher His content and remarkable interlayer spacing of 18.4 A. The FT-IR spectra of this compound show that His interacts with the P–OH groups of the host through the NH2 primary group of the amino acid. Zr(HPO4)2His1.2·5H2O takes up Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions from the respective iron sulfate solutions by ion-exchange. This process, accompanied by a partial release of His to the contact solutions, gives rise to intercalates in which the metal ion∶His molar ratios are close to 1∶1. The reflectance spectra account for the presence, in the interlayer region, of a Fen+∶His = 1∶1 coordinated species. The iron–histidine intercalation compounds have been tested as catalysts in the oxidation of an organic substrate, Indigo Carmine, by H2O2 and the results compared with those obtained with the H2O2 solution alone, with Fenton's and Ruff's reagents (a H2O2 aqueous solution containing respectively iron(II) or iron(III) ions as catalysts) or with H2O2 solutions containing the Fen+–His (1∶1) complex species. The solid catalysts, recovered after reaction, have been re-used for further runs.

The role of free histidine in xylem loading of nickel in Alyssum lesbiacum and Brassica juncea.

Exposure of the hyperaccumulator Alyssum lesbiacum to nickel (Ni) is known to result in a dose-dependent increase in xylem sap concentrations of Ni and the chelator free histidine (His). Addition of equimolar concentrations of exogenous L-His to an Ni-amended hydroponic rooting medium enhances Ni flux into the xylem in the nonaccumulator Alyssum montanum, and, as reported here, in Brassica juncea L. cv Vitasso. In B. juncea, reducing the entry of L-His into the root by supplying D-His instead of L-His, or L-His in the presence of a 10-fold excess of L-alanine, did not affect root Ni uptake, but reduced Ni release into the xylem. Compared with B. juncea, root His concentrations were constitutively about 4.4-fold higher in A. lesbiacum, and did not increase within 9 h of exposure to Ni. Cycloheximide did not affect root His or Ni concentrations, but strongly decreased the release of His and Ni from the root into the xylem of A. lesbiacum, whereas xylem sap concentrations of Ca and Mg remained unaffected. Near-quantitative chelation of Ni with nitrilotriacetate in the rooting medium did not enhance Ni flux into the xylem of A. lesbiacum and B. juncea, suggesting the absence of a significant apoplastic pathway for Ni entry into the xylem. The data suggest that in B. juncea roots, Ni(2+) uptake is independent of simultaneous uptake of His. In both species, enhanced release of Ni into the xylem is associated with concurrent release of His from an increased root free His pool.

Effect of anti-allergic drugs on the release of chemical mediators from passively sensitized guinea-pig lung

During anaphylaxis, histamine (His) and SRA-A are the most important chemical mediators. In this paper, a tissue bioassay system was contrived for simultaneous determination of His and SRS-A released from guinea-pig lung during anaphylaxis. The system was composed of two guinea-pig ileums superfused with Krebs Henseleit solution (K.H.sol.) kept at 37°C and gassed with the carbogen. The upper ileum was treated with atropine, 1 μg/ml, alone and the lower one was treated with atropine,1 μg/ml,and chlorpheniramine,1 μg/ml. The guinea-pig lung was incubated for 4 hr in K.H.s0i. containing 4% serum prepared from rabbit sensitized with ovalbumin. The releasing amount of chemical mediators from 1-week-old guinea-pig was much more than that from 6-week or 12-week-old one. The contraction of lower ileum which was markedly inhibited by FPL-55712 was potentiated by pretreatment with indomethacin, 1 μg/ml. As a result, the chemical mediators from guinea-pig lung might be mainly His and SRS-A. Isoproterenol (Iso), salbutamol Sal) andNAB-365 (β2-adrenoceptor stimulant) inhibited the release of His and SRS-A nearly 1000 times as much as theophylline or disodium cromoglycate. As the inhibitory effects of Iso, Sal and NAB-365 were antagonized by propranolol, 3 μg/ml, mediator-release during anaphylaxis can be considered to be inhibited via β- adrenoceptors.

Apparent autolysis of the N-terminal tetrapeptide of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP).

The hydrolysis of a tetrapeptide, H-His-Ser-Asp-Ala-OH, corresponding to the N-terminal portion of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was examined. At pH 5.0, Ala was released at a much faster rate than His, while the release of His was predominant at pH 7.78. When examined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the pD dependence of chemical shift was especially pronounced at the His residue, but in a different manner from that observed in a His monomer. On the basis of calculation of rotamer population ratios, a relationship between the predominant G' conformation of the His residue and faster hydrolysis of the tetrapeptide at lower pH is postulated.

Storage properties of rat mast cell granules in vitro.

AbstractBasophil granules were isolated from rat peritoneal and thoracic mast cells. The granules were depleted of their endogenous Hi and 5‐HT. The uptake of Hi, 5‐HT, TrpA, PhEA, TA, DA, NA, ACh, Na and Ca (for abbreviations see page 215) by the depleted granules, the release of Hi from Hi‐recharged granules by Ca, Na and K and the competition between NA and Hi, ACh and NA, ACh and Hi for the granule storage sites were studied. The results support the hypothesis that these granule stores have the properties of a weak cation exchange resin. Furthermore it was found that amphetamine and ephedrine competed with NA for the storage sites The results indicate an unspecific granule storage of cations—organic and inorganic—differing only in their affinities for the binding sites.

Drug-induced changes in the release and uptake of biogenic amines. A study on mast cells.

Summary The mechanism of action and the structure-activity relationships (SAR) for d-tubocurarine's and chlorpromazine's Hi releasing effects and influences on the uptake of biogenic amines (5-HT, DA, NA, Hi) were studied in vitro on rat mast cells and in situ on perfused cat paws. The following results were obtained: 1 d-Tubocurarine (>10-4 M) releases Hi by an energy-dependent Ca++ stimulated process during which granules leave the cell. SAR studies indicate that the presence of hydroxyl groups and the structure between the nitrogen groups in the molecule are of importance for the Hi releasing activity. No connection between the Hi releasing activity of these drugs and their neuromuscular blocking effects could be demonstrated. 2 Chlorpromazine (>10-5 M) releases Hi by a process which induces changes in the permeability of the mast cell membrane which result in an increase in the cellular Na+ content and a reduction in the K+ content. Tetrodotoxin reduces both the Hi release and the increase in Na+ content. The release of Hi takes place probably in exchange for Na+ at the binding sites with the granules still in situ. Ca++ (2–4 mM) counteract the release induced by low concentrations of chlorpromazine. SAR studies suggest that the presence of halogen groups in the tricyclic ring system and piperidine or piperazine rings in the side chain increase the activity. Compounds with dimethylated side chains are more active than their monomethylated homologues. There is a significant correlation between the Hi releasing potency and the lipophilic nature of the drugs. 3 No qualitative differences in the release response could be demonstrated in the species studied. 4 5-HT, DA and NA are taken up into mast cells by energy- dependent carrier-mediated transport mechanisms and Hi is taken up by diffusion. The apparent affinity for uptake is highest for 5-HT, namely 3 . 10--6 M: for DA the affinity is only a twentieth, and for NA a sixtieth of that for 5-HT. 5 d-Tubocurarine (2 . 10--5--5 . 10--4 M) does not affect amine uptake. 6 Chlorpromazine (10--7--10--5 M) inhibits both active and passive transport. Ca++ (2–4 mM) counteract chlorpromazine's uptake inhibiting effect as regards 5-HT, DA, NA and Hi and also the uptake of 35S-chlorpromazine. These results suggest that Ca++ are important for chlorpromazine's mechanism of action. 7 Tricyclic neuroleptics and antidepressants inhibit active and passive transport. The uptake of 5-HT and NA is inhibited primarily by antipressants. Tertiary amines are more active than secondary amines with regard to 5-HT uptake, whilst the reverse is true for the uptake of NA. Neuroleptics have relatively little effect on 5-HT uptake and rather powerful effects on NA uptake. In each case the inhibition is competitive. DA uptake is inhibited to a greater extent by the neuroleptics, especially the thioxanthene derivatives, than by the antidepressants. The results demonstrate that these drugs also block amine uptake selectively even in tissues other than nerve tissues. 8 The investigations show that the effects of tricyclic neuroleptics and antidepressants on mast cells are the consequences of changes in permeability. These can reflect the general pharmacodynamic action of the drugs. This relationship does not appear to be applicable to the neuro-muscular blocking drugs.