Release Of Hazardous Chemicals Research Articles

Microplastic Contaminant in Indonesia: A review on Debris, Exposure, Health Risk and Future Perspective

Microplastics are growing environmental concern, posing risks to both ecosystem and human health, especially in marine environments. Purpose this review is studied debris, exposure, health risk and future perspective of microplastic contaminant in Indonesia. This review method is collects the studied from google scholar, with publisher: ScienceDirect, Elsevier, Springer, Frontiers, MDPI, IOP Conference, Nature, Taylor & Francis. Keyword was used microplastic, debris, environmental exposure, health risk, Indonesia. Result finds the kind of microplastic debris are Fragment, Fiber, Granule, Film, Foam and Filament. Microplastic exposure the water organism including fish, shellfish, seabirds, table salt, snail and crab. It has an impact on human health when people consume seafood that contains microplastics through the food chain. Human exposure to microplastics occurs through various routes, including ingestion of contaminated food and water, inhalation of airborne particles, and dermal contact. Health risk indicate that microplastics can accumulate in the gastrointestinal tract, potentially leading to inflammation, disruption of gut microbiota, and even the release of hazardous chemicals. The future perspective is needed continued research, monitoring, and policy measures are necessary to effectively mitigate microplastic pollution in Indonesia and safeguard its ecosystems and public health. Overalls, it needs solid waste management and use degradable plastics.

Unfiltered air inleakage analysis of the control room envelope of Kuosheng nuclear power plant

Abstract The control room envelope (CRE) of a nuclear power plant is quite important during all kinds of the accidents. Only with the guaranteed habitability of the CRE, the operators can shut down the reactor safely during an accident with the release of hazardous chemicals or radioactive gases. In this study, Kuosheng nuclear power plant (NPP) in Taiwan had performed the inleakage test by using tracer gas technique, and six cases with different heating, ventilation and air conditioning system (HVAC) lineups were tested in this study. The test results showed that the unfiltered inleakage rate for the pressurization modes ranged from 0.063 m3/s to 0.098 m3/s and were all within the acceptance criteria of 0.212 m3/s. For the isolation modes, the unfiltered inleakage rate ranged from 0.240 m3/s to 0.321 m3/s and were still within the acceptance criteria of 0.944 m3/s. The test result provided useful information to improve the vulnerability of the CRE. It also showed that a decrease in the positive differential pressure of the CRE relative to its surroundings did not inevitably increase the unfiltered inleakage rate of the CRE if the critical boundary, such as the negative differential portions of the ventilation system, were still well sealed.

Factors of Air Quality Reduction in Public and Residential Premises

T is article presents the characteristics of hazardous chemicals that can be found in public and residential premises, considers possible sources of release of hazardous chemicals into the indoor air environment, considers carbon dioxide as an additional factor in the deterioration of indoor air quality.

Extraction method for the multiresidue analysis of legacy and emerging pollutants in marine mussels from the Adriatic Sea

The release of hazardous chemicals into aquatic environments has long been a known problem, but its full impact has only recently been realized. This study presents a validated liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) method for detecting pharmaceutical and pesticide residues in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). An innovative MS-compatible extraction method was developed and validated, demonstrating successful recovery rates for analytes at three different concentration levels (25–95%). The method detected the target analytes at ng/g concentrations with high accuracy (−7% to 11%) and low relative standard deviation (<10%) for both intra-day and inter-day analyses. After validation, the method was applied to mussel samples collected from a commercial farm near Senigallia, Adriatic Sea, detecting different contaminants in the range of 2–40 ng/g (dry weight). The study provides a valuable tool for investigating the potential threats posed by diverse contaminant classes with high annual tonnage, including analytes with known persistence and/or illegal status.

Synthesis of microcapsules containing a formaldehyde scavenger for the sustainable control of hazardous chemical release from particleboard.

Formaldehyde scavenger microcapsules were introduced into particleboard to prepare an ecofriendly particleboard with a low pollution release in response to the problem of long-term unstable free formaldehyde release from particleboards. By analyzing key parameters of formaldehyde emission from particleboard, the effects of microcapsules on the diffusion, migration and inhibition of free formaldehyde in particleboard pore structures was discussed. The results showed that microencapsulated formaldehyde scavenger prepared by an emulsification cross-linking method with chitosan as the wall material and urea as the core material resulted in a good long-term controlled release effect on formaldehyde emission. Compared with that of the control panel, the formaldehyde emission of the particleboard with microcapsules decreased by 51.4 % and 25.8 % at 28 d and 180 d, respectively. The addition of formaldehyde scavenger microcapsules increased the particleboard macroscopic pore volume, which facilitated the conversion of adsorbed formaldehyde into free formaldehyde in the pore structure, thereby promoting its migration and diffusion in the particleboard pores. Moreover, the synergistic effect of the addition-condensation and nucleophilic cross-linking of the core and wall materials quickly captured the free formaldehyde in the panels and reduced the releasable concentration of formaldehyde in the material, thus achieving the long-term effective control of formaldehyde emission.

Effect-directed analysis of estrogenic chemicals in sediments from an electronic-waste recycling area

Electronic waste (e-waste) pollution is of great concern due to the release of hazardous chemicals during the improper e-waste disposal. Many chemicals leached from e-waste were reported to pose estrogenic effects. To date, little is known regarding the occurrence and biological effects of estrogenic chemicals in sediments near an e-waste area. In this study, an effect-directed analysis (EDA) is applied to determine the estrogenic chemicals in sediments of four sites collected from a typical e-waste recycling city in China. Following screening with the ER-CALUX assay, the extract of sample with the most potent effect was subjected in fractionation using reverse phase liquid chromatography. Based on a target analysis for the active fractions, four compounds, including estrone, 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethinylestradiol and bisphenol A, were identified, and these contributed to 17% of the total toxic effects in the sample. A further nontarget analysis screened four candidates, namely diethylstilbestrol (DES), hexestrol (HES), nandrolone and durabolin, and the total contribution was found to be 48% from the active sample. Specifically, DES and HES were only detected in the active sample and were found to be the primary drivers of estrogenic effects. An examination of the identified chemicals in the four sites indicated that these estrogenic chemicals may originate from e-waste recycling, livestock excretion and domestic waste. These findings uncovered the estrogenic pollutants in sediments from an e-waste area. Considering single endpoint in biological assay is not abundant to screen chemicals with different toxic effects, further EDA studies with multiple endpoints are required to better understand the occurrence of representative or unknown chemicals in e-waste-polluted areas.

Natech risk and the impact of high-GWP content release on LCA of industrial components

Industrial facilities can be severely affected by natural hazards (NHs) often resulting in significant social, environmental, and economic consequences. One of the most serious consequences of Natech’s events is the accidental release of hazardous chemicals. While special attention has been paid to leakage prevention of toxic, flammable, or pollutant components to date, the possible effects in terms of green house gas (GHG) emissions have not been thoroughly investigated. NH can trigger, indeed, the release of high global warming potential (GWP) compounds such as fluorinated gases, nitrous oxides and others chemicals from collapsed components and/or structures. Nonetheless, conventional approaches to integrate NHs with LCA of buildings focus mostly on the embodied carbon metric, evaluated as in the Bill of Material procedure. As demonstrated by empirical evidence, these methods do not take into account the possible high-GWP compounds release in the case of extensive damage or collapse, which may lead to a general underestimation of the related carbon footprint. It is worth noticing that current international standards do not explicitly recommend the inclusion of these aspects in LCA procedures for structures. To cope with these issues, we introduce in this paper both the new concept of content release GHG emission potential (CGEP) and, a procedure, capable of integrating these effects with LCA. Finally, we provide some examples of industrial components characterized by a significant CGEP.

Identifikacija opasne lokacije u urbanom području

The paper presents the identification of hazardous locations in the event of a sudden release of hazardous chemicals. In accident situations, the risk is assessed on the basis of various methods and an action plan is determined which aims to minimize the risk. Accident situations in which PCB and Dioxin was spilled in large quantities were analyzed. The methodologies of the World Health Organization, the American EPA and the United Nations were used in the paper. The most important detected locations in the urban environment are presented on the map.

Synthesis of Microcapsules Containing a Formaldehyde Scavenger for the Sustainable Control of Hazardous Chemical Release from Particleboard

Synthesis of Microcapsules Containing a Formaldehyde Scavenger for the Sustainable Control of Hazardous Chemical Release from Particleboard

О целесообразности внедрения цикла специальной подготовки врачей-токсикологов по теме «Химикаты двойного назначения — потенциал для создания современного химического оружия»

Актуальность. Химикаты двойного назначения и их потенциальное воздействие являются постоянным объектом наблюдения со стороны многих международных организаций, однако данная информация до сих пор не нашла должного отражения в учебных программах подготовки военных токсикологов. Цель. Подтверждение актуальности расширения спектра знаний по токсикологии химикатов двойного назначения и разработки цикла тематического усовершенствования по этому вопросу. Материалы и методы. Проанализированы материалы Организации по запрещению химического оружия, Австралийской группы, Организации по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе по вопросам международного регулирования химического и токсичного оружия. Результаты. Автором обобщены ключевые компоненты системы международного наблюдения за химическими веществами — компонентами химического оружия, дана характеристика химикатов двойного назначения. Представленные списки химикатов подразделяются в зависимости от степени потенциального риска и масштаба коммерческого применения. Подчеркивается, что в учебных программах последипломной подготовки военных врачей преимущественно уделяется внимание изучению оружия массового поражения на основе методологии, разработанной еще во времена Второй мировой войны. Учитывая вышеизложенное, существует необходимость пересмотра учебных программ последипломной подготовки военных врачей с целью создания возможности приобретения слушателями знаний по токсикологии химикатов двойного назначения и современных международных норм их наблюдения и регулирования. Выводы. В современных условиях существует необходимость совершенствования учебных программ последипломной подготовки военных врачей в аспекте изучения токсикологии химикатов двойного назначения и международных норм их контроля.

Anthropogenic debris in an Antarctic Specially Protected Area in the maritime Antarctic

Antarctic Specially Protected Areas (ASPAs) provide the strongest environmental protection in Antarctica. However, they are not immune from anthropogenic pollution of marine or terrestrial origin. We document anthropogenic debris within ASPA No. 133 Harmony Point, Nelson Island, recovering 1544 items between November 2019 and January 2020. The majority (82.6 %) were found close to a national operator-constructed refuge and were smaller than 5 cm. Larger items (up to 300 cm) were present on beaches and plateaus. Charcoal and rubber were the most abundant items around the refuge and plastic and metal were the most abundant items on beaches and plateaus. Debris items likely arriving in the area by marine transportation (e.g. plastic) are of concern due to both risk of ingestion and their degradation leading to the release of hazardous chemicals. Such pollution contravenes the terms of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty and other regionally applicable regulations.

Mass Casualty Decontamination for Chemical Incidents: Research Outcomes and Future Priorities.

Planning for major incidents involving the release of hazardous chemicals has been informed by a multi-disciplinary research agenda which has sought to inform all aspects of emergency response, but with a focus in recent years on mass casualty decontamination. In vitro and human volunteer studies have established the relative effectiveness of different decontamination protocols for a range of chemical agents. In parallel, a programme of research has focused on communicating with and managing large numbers of contaminated casualties at the scene of an incident. We present an accessible overview of the evidence underpinning current casualty decontamination strategies. We highlight where research outcomes can directly inform response planning, including the critical importance of beginning the decontamination process as soon as possible, the benefits of early removal of contaminated clothing, the evidence under-pinning dry and wet decontamination and how effective communication is essential to any decontamination response. We identify a range of priority areas for future research including establishing the significance of the ‘wash-in’ effect and developing effective strategies for the decontamination of hair. We also highlight several areas of future methodological development, such as the need for novel chemical simulants. Whilst considerable progress has been made towards incorporating research outcomes into operational policy and practice, we outline how this developing evidence-base might be used to inform future iterations of mass casualty decontamination guidance.

Effect of organic compounds on the retention of radionuclides in clay rocks: Mechanisms and specificities of Eu(III), Th(IV), and U(VI)

The use of geological barriers is widely studied in the context of hazardous waste management and pollution events. In the near field of pollution sources, geological barriers endure disturbances with the concomitant release of hazardous chemicals and organic or saline plumes. In this study, we investigate the effect of organic compounds on the retention of radionuclides in contact with a sedimentary rock, namely Callovo-Oxfordian clay rock (East of Paris Basin). The retention of Eu(III), Th(IV), U(VI), was quantified at near-neutral pH, in presence of model organic compounds released from wastes and engineered barriers, e.g. ortho-phthalate, α-isosaccharinate (α-ISA), succinate, as well as high complexing compounds (oxalate, citrate, EDTA). The studied concentrations of organic compounds, eventually higher than disposal conditions, aimed at quantifying concentration ranges above which the retention of radionuclides decreases, and the underlying mechanisms occurring.A simplified surface complexation model, assuming illite as the main sorbing phase, was used for predictive modelling. The comparison with experimental results allowed the evaluation of the robustness of the surface complexation constants and of the thermodynamic database “ThermoChimie” of the Andra-RWM-Ondraf/Niras consortium, to account for speciation in solution (ThermoChimie V10a, https://www.thermochimie-tdb.com). Specific mechanisms are discussed, such as complexation of Eu(III) by α-ISA, or retention of Th(IV)/citrate complexes. U(VI) displayed a unique behaviour because of uranyl complexation by natural species under geological conditions. The low solid to liquid distribution ratio, Rd(U(VI)/COx) ~ 7.5 ± 1.6 L kg−1 decreases in presence of organic compounds, but without direct complexation by organic molecules. Indeed, the organic plume induces a disturbance of chemical equilibria in pore water of the clay rock, leading to additional complexation of uranyl by calcium and carbonates. Such effect highlights the crucial role of clay surfaces and carbonate minerals. More generally, these results provide insights on the geochemical buffers and key parameters involved during near-field disturbance of environmental media.

Photoprotection and antioxidative metabolism in Ulva lactuca exposed to coastal oceanic acidification scenarios in the presence of Irgarol

Anthropogenic changes such as ocean acidification, eutrophication, and the release of hazardous chemicals affect coastal environments and aquatic organisms. We investigated the effects of seawater pH (7.4 and 8.2) isolated and in combination with Irgarol on Ulva lactuca. Stress indicators such as membrane damage, lipid peroxidation, and hydrogen peroxide content were assessed. In addition, chlorophyll fluorescence and antioxidant enzyme activities were measured. The photosynthetic yield was affected by low pH in assays with and without Irgarol. However, the combination of low pH and Irgarol promoted photoinhibition, besides the induction of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and changes in photosynthetic pigment contents. The induction of NPQ was directly influenced by low pH. The membrane damage was increased in low pH with and without Irgarol exposure. Total soluble protein and carbohydrate contents decreased in low pH, and in presence of Irgarol. The H2O2 content and lipid peroxidation were not affected by low pH. In contrast, Irgarol exposure strongly increased lipid peroxidation in both pHs, suggesting a possible synergistic effect. To avoid the harmful effects of high H2O2, U. lactuca increased antioxidant enzyme activities in treatments under low pH and in presence of Irgarol. Our results indicate that U. lactuca is tolerant to low pH by inducing NPQ, changing pigment contents, and increasing antioxidant defenses. In contrast, these protective mechanisms could not avoid the harmful effects of the combination with Irgarol.

The current state of national system of normative regulation in the field of chemical safety

Problem statement. Chemicals and industrial waste adversely affect human health and the environment. At present, the main problem at chemically hazardous facilities is to timely provide relevant authorities with information on environmental pollution with hazardous chemicals for decision-making on emergency response. Purpose of the article. Studying the current state of chemically hazardous facilities in Ukraine, modern EU projects regulatory documents, draft laws of Ukraine with the aim of improving state regulation of the circulation of chemical products and ensuring their safe use or use with minimal risks to human health and the environment. Conclusions. Chemical industry enterprises pose a potential danger to life, human health and the ecosystem, especially in emergencies caused by the release of chemically hazardous substances with a possible complex of damaging effects (explosions, fires, toxic injuries of people and animals). For chemically hazardous enterprise it is advisable to implement: 1. “The Rules of technogenic safety” on the territory of hazardous facilities in the urban zone, which allow containing hazardous chemicals in volumes provided for by the design storage standards and technological regulations. 2. “A methodology for observing the assessment of radiation and chemical conditions”, which will help to timely provide the governing bodies of the unified state system of civil protection with information on environmental pollution with hazardous chemicals for decision-making on emergency response related to the release of hazardous chemicals. 3. Enterprise dispatch service, radiation and chemical observation post, settlement and analytical group. 4. The law “About chemical safety” will determine the legal framework in the field of chemical safety aimed at limiting the negative impact of technological activities on the state of the environment and the livelihoods of the population, and establish relations in the field of circulation of chemical products, to determine the powers of executive authorities, the rights and obligations of enterprises, institutions, organizations and citizens, taking into account the international obligations of Ukraine in this area.

Characterization and recycling of the fine fraction of automotive shredder residue (ASR) for concrete paving blocks production

Shredder is the equipment used for ferrous scrap grinding that enables the recycling of steel in steel mills. The scrap is mostly originated from end-of-life vehicles (ELV).Therefore, this residue is known as automotive shredder residue (ASR). Throughout the world, is estimated that more than 25 million vehicles turn into an ELV every year, and most of their resources end up in landfill. Occasionally, hazardous substances may appear on the Shredder waste, which are very heterogeneous as a result of the variety of material fed into the equipment. Thus, Shredder waste has become a worldwide problem due to its environmental impact, heterogeneous composition and its recycling has been a challenge. Therefore, this manuscript addresses the characterization of the fine fraction of ASR generated in a plant located in Brazil. It is also proposed its recycling in concrete paving blocks to replace the natural fine aggregate through the Portland cement solidification/stabilization (S/S) technique. S/S prevents the release of hazardous chemicals from waste. As a result, with a 20% substitution content of the fine sand for the waste, 6 out 8 toxic elements presented in the residue were encapsulated by cement (total phenol, total iron, fluorettes, manganese, selenium, surfactants) and reached the required by the Brazilian standard. The two non-encapsulated elements were aluminum, whose concentration showed a 62.5% decrease, and cadmium, which is also found in conventional blocks. The concrete paving blocks showed good mechanical and physical performance. Therefore, the concrete paving block produced could be used as a potential solution for the mitigation of the environmental impact caused by the fine fraction of ASR waste.

Determination of radioactivities in gamma vulcanized natural rubber latex (GVNRL) for the assessment of radiological safety

Due to great potentials of utilizing products made from gamma vulcanized natural rubber latex (GVNRL) in applications that require less use or less release of hazardous chemicals during rubber vulcanization, the radiological health risks in rubber producers/users caused by radioactivities from natural radioisotopes containing in GVNRL must be thoroughly determined and evaluated. As a result, this work determined the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in GVNRL samples that were pre-vulcanized with 12-kGy and 24-kGy gamma irradiation using gamma spectroscopy. The results showed that the average radioactivity concentrations (± standard deviation) of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in 12-kGy (24-kGy) GVNRL were 30.8±1.5 (31.2±2.7) Bq kg-1, 89.1±0.6 (89.7±0.4) Bq kg-1, and 95.4±1.6 (93.2±2.2) Bq kg-1, respectively. These results implied that GVNRL vulcanized with 12-kGy and 24-kGy gamma irradiation had statistically similar radioactivity concentrations and higher gamma doses did not result in increasing radioactivies. Furthermore, when compared these results with the values from nonvulcanized natural rubber latex (NRL), of which the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K were 29.9±1.2 Bq kg-1, 95.2±1.1 Bq kg-1, and 96.2±1.0 Bq kg-1, respectively, it could be concluded that the use of gamma irradiation for rubber vulcanization did not statistically increase or change activity concentrations of the mentioned radioisotopes, thus, it is radiologically safe for related personnel to work or use GVNRL products.

Population density, human development index, priority watersheds and voluntary disclosure of pollutant release data by textile companies in Indonesia

There are currently twenty textile companies in Indonesia that have voluntarily disclosed information about their release of hazardous chemicals from their production facilities on an internet page. The information disclosure is carried out using the PRTR system approach, and individually by the twenty companies. In the period of 2013 to 2019, together, 43 information disclosures were recorded. All companies that disclose their pollutant release data are located in locations with very high population densities. Meanwhile 75% of them operate in locations with high HDI levels. In addition, only one company that voluntarily disclosed their pollutant release data is not located in priority watersheds. This study might provide the first step for further research on the driving or pulling factors of the voluntary information disclosure. Information that should be the rights of the public.

Information Disclosure from textile companies for the prevention of Pollutant Release

Although it may not be widely known, there are currently twenty textile companies in Indonesia that have voluntarily disclosed information about the release of hazardous chemicals from their production facilities on an internet page. The disclosure is carried out using the PRTR system approach, and individually by the twenty companies. In the period of 2013 to 2018, together, 42 information disclosures were recorded. The disclosure includes at least eleven groups of hazardous chemicals that must be disclosed in the scheme, and conventional parameters according to the Indonesian government’s effluent standards. Disclosures are done voluntarily, hence without a legal umbrella in Indonesia. Study is conducted to analyze how it is differed with Indonesia’s policy. Comparison is done on Indonesia’s relevant public information disclosure policy, which is PROPER, using OECD’s guidance on PRTR as a base. From this study, it was found out that the voluntary disclosure exceeds what Indonesian regulations require.

Bioenergy production using Trichormus variabilis – a review

AbstractFossil‐fuel processing and consumption contaminates air, soil, and water resources through the release of hazardous chemicals. The harnessing of renewable energy resources and development of sustainable technologies have become prime targets of research and increased investment to protect the environment. The use of bio‐based feedstocks in energy production provides a valuable pollution‐curbing pathway with sustainability credentials, especially when wastewater is used to provide the nutrient requirements. The filamentous cyanobacterium Trichormus variabilis has attracted substantial attention from researchers due to its potential for dual industrial functions in bioenergy production and bioremediation. This species can use the power of sunlight energy efficiently to fix atmospheric CO2 and to generate valuable chemical compounds, such as carbohydrates and fatty acids, which can be converted to biofuels. As it grows in nutrient‐rich wastewater (industrial effluent) it can serve as a bio‐absorbant and replace costly chemical catalysts and nano‐materials traditionally used for the removal of nutrients and metals. However, no recent review has presented the potential for state‐of‐the‐art T. variabilis‐driven phycoremediation‐bioenergy production systems. This review suggests possible routes from phycoremediation to energy production as a strategy for developing the industrial application of T. variabilis. It brings important research results on this species together and highlights major related challenges and opportunities. It explores the current status of the use of algae in bioremediation and the production of liquid and gaseous fuels utilizing wild‐type and mutants of T. variabilis. Finally, key points underlying the potential for future research on optimization of robust technologies for supplying sustainable bioenergy using this organism are presented. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd