Release Of Bromine Research Articles

ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Amination of C‐5 Bromoimidazo[2,1‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles.

AbstractA library of C‐5 brominated substrates is prepared and subjected to amination under conditions A).

Bromine-rich Zinc Bromides: Zn6Br12(18-crown-6)2×(Br2)5, Zn4Br8(18-crown-6)2×(Br2)3, and Zn6Br12(18-crown-6)2×(Br2)2.

The bromine-rich zinc bromides Zn6Br12(18-crown-6)2×(Br2)5 (1), Zn4Br8(18-crown-6)2×(Br2)3 (2), and Zn6Br12(18-crown-6)2×(Br2)2 (3) are prepared by reaction of ZnBr2, 18-crown-6, and elemental bromine in the ionic liquid [MeBu3N][N(Tf)2] (N(Tf)2 = bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide). Zn6Br12(18-crown-6)2×(Br2)5 (1) is formed instantaneously by the reaction. Even at room temperature, compound 1 releases bromine, which was confirmed by thermogravimetry (TG) and mass spectrometry (MS). The release of Br2 can also be directly followed by the color and density of the title compounds. With controlled conditions (2 weeks, 25 °C, absence of excess Br2) Zn6Br12(18-crown-6)2×(Br2)5 (1) slowly releases bromine with conconcurrent generation of Zn4Br8(18-crown-6)2×(Br2)3 (2) (in ionic liquid) and Zn6Br12(18-crown-6)2×(Br2)2 (3) (in inert oil). All bromine-rich zinc bromides contain voluminous uncharged (e.g., Zn3Br6(18-crown-6), Zn2Br4(18-crown-6)) or ionic (e.g., [Zn2Br3(18-crown-6)](+), [(Zn2Br6)×(Br2)2](2-)) building units with dibromine molecules between the Zn oligomers and partially interconnecting the Zn-containing building units. Due to the structural similarity, the bromine release is possible via crystal-to-crystal transformation with retention of the crystal shape.

Palladium‐Catalyzed Amination of C‐5 Bromoimidazo[2,1‐b]­[1,3,4]­thiadiazoles

AbstractA new and efficient palladium‐catalyzed amination of imidazo[2,1‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazole at the C‐5 position under microwave irradiation is reported. The reactivity toward bromine release at the C‐5 position was investigated, and palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling conditions were optimized. A wide range of amines was employed to examine the scope and limitations of the method. To complete this methodological study, the influence of the nature and the positions of additional imidazo[2,1‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazole substitutions was investigated.

An exemplary case of a bromine explosion event linked to cyclone development in the Arctic

Abstract. Intense, cyclone-like shaped plumes of tropospheric bromine monoxide (BrO) are regularly observed by GOME-2 on board the MetOp-A satellite over Arctic sea ice in polar spring. These plumes are often transported by high-latitude cyclones, sometimes over several days despite the short atmospheric lifetime of BrO. However, only few studies have focused on the role of polar weather systems in the development, duration and transport of tropospheric BrO plumes during bromine explosion events. The latter are caused by an autocatalytic chemical chain reaction associated with tropospheric ozone depletion and initiated by the release of bromine from cold brine-covered ice or snow to the atmosphere. In this manuscript, a case study investigating a comma-shaped BrO plume which developed over the Beaufort Sea and was observed by GOME-2 for several days is presented. By making combined use of satellite data and numerical models, it is shown that the occurrence of the plume was closely linked to frontal lifting in a polar cyclone and that it most likely resided in the lowest 3 km of the troposphere. In contrast to previous case studies, we demonstrate that the dry conveyor belt, a potentially bromine-rich stratospheric air stream which can complicate interpretation of satellite retrieved tropospheric BrO, is spatially separated from the observed BrO plume. It is concluded that weather conditions associated with the polar cyclone favoured the bromine activation cycle and blowing snow production, which may have acted as a bromine source during the bromine explosion event.

N‐bromo‐hydantoin grafted polystyrene beads: Synthesis and nano‐micro beads characteristics for achieving controlled release of active oxidative bromine and extended microbial inactivation efficiency

ABSTRACTN‐bromo‐hydantoin and N‐bromo‐5,5′‐dimethylhydantoin conjugated polystyrene beads were synthesized from chloromethyl polystyrene beads which differ in their particles size, crosslinking, nano‐micro porosity, and tunnels size on the surface, in order to study the effect of these parameters on oxidative halogen release and resultant activity, for water purification applications. The synthesized beads were characterized using elemental analysis, FT‐IR, solid state 13C‐NMR, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The conjugation yield and kinetics in different solvents and bromine loading capacity were studied. The N‐bromoamine polystyrene beads were tested for water decontamination according to NSF 231 protocol. The release of active bromine was analyzed by spectrophotometer using a DPD‐1 kit and also studied the antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and MS2 phages. Bead's nano‐micro characteristics were found critical for oxidative halogen release control: rate stabilization and modulation, extension and also influences antimicrobial activity. The synthesized beads exhibited extended and stable release of bromine, 6 and 4 log reduction for E. coli and MS2, respectively for 250 L of passing contaminated water. Thus, N‐halamine hydantoins conjugated polystyrenes, chemically or kinetically release modified should have applications as disinfectants in water purification systems as well as medical field. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 596–610

A mechanism for biologically induced iodine emissions from sea ice

Abstract. Ground- and satellite-based measurements have reported high concentrations of iodine monoxide (IO) in coastal Antarctica. The sources of such a large iodine burden in the coastal Antarctic atmosphere remain unknown. We propose a mechanism for iodine release from sea ice based on the premise that micro-algae are the primary source of iodine emissions in this environment. The emissions are triggered by the biological production of iodide (I−) and hypoiodous acid (HOI) from micro-algae (contained within and underneath sea ice) and their diffusion through sea-ice brine channels, ultimately accumulating in a thin brine layer (BL) on the surface of sea ice. Prior to reaching the BL, the diffusion timescale of iodine within sea ice is depth-dependent. The BL is also a vital component of the proposed mechanism as it enhances the chemical kinetics of iodine-related reactions, which allows for the efficient release of iodine to the polar boundary layer. We suggest that iodine is released to the atmosphere via three possible pathways: (1) emitted from the BL and then transported throughout snow atop sea ice, from where it is released to the atmosphere; (2) released directly from the BL to the atmosphere in regions of sea ice that are not covered with snowpack; or (3) emitted to the atmosphere directly through fractures in the sea-ice pack. To investigate the proposed biology–ice–atmosphere coupling at coastal Antarctica we use a multiphase model that incorporates the transport of iodine species, via diffusion, at variable depths, within brine channels of sea ice. Model simulations were conducted to interpret observations of elevated springtime IO in the coastal Antarctic, around the Weddell Sea. While a lack of experimental and observational data adds uncertainty to the model predictions, the results nevertheless show that the levels of inorganic iodine (i.e. I2, IBr, ICl) released from sea ice through this mechanism could account for the observed IO concentrations during this timeframe. The model results also indicate that iodine may trigger the catalytic release of bromine from sea ice through phase equilibration of IBr. Considering the extent of sea ice around the Antarctic continent, we suggest that the resulting high levels of iodine may have widespread impacts on catalytic ozone destruction and aerosol formation in the Antarctic lower troposphere.

Study on bromine release from bituminous coal during combustion

Abstract Modes of occurrence of Br in bituminous coal from China were extracted using sequential chemical extraction; coal combustion was simulated with a tube furnace, and the effects and mechanisms of combustion temperature, combustion time, O 2 flow rate and water vapor access on the Br release from bituminous coal were investigated. The results showed that the Br release rate increased with the increase of temperature, and 500–900 °C was the main stage of Br release. The Br occurred as water-soluble, ion exchangeable and organic fraction may be completely emitted before 700 °C, bound to carbonate and Fe–Mn oxide may be mainly emitted in 700–900 °C, and occurred in residual fraction which cannot be extracted using sequential chemical extraction can be largely emitted during combustion. Moreover, the Br release rate in bituminous coal increased with the increase of combustion time and O 2 flow rate, and more than 97% Br may be emitted at the given experimental condition of combustion temperature of 1000 °C, water vapor access, O 2 flow rate of 90 mL min −1 and combustion time of 20 min. During combustion, the Br in bituminous coal was transformed into HBr and easily taken out of the furnace with the help of water vapor, which indicated water vapor can obviously promote the Br release. The additive of SiO 2 can capture the Br effectively in the process of the coal combustion.

Consumption of reactive halogen species from sea-salt aerosol by secondary organic aerosol: slowing down the bromine explosion

Environmental context Secondary organic aerosols together with sea-salt aerosols are a major contribution to global aerosols and influence the release of reactive halogens, which affect air quality and human health. In this study, the loss of reactive halogen species from simulated salt aerosols due to three different types of secondary organic aerosols was quantified in chamber experiments and investigated with the help of a numerical model. The loss rate can be included into chemistry models of the atmosphere and help to quantify the halogen budget in nature. Abstract The interaction between secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) and reactive bromine species (e.g. BrO, Br2, HOBr) coexisting in the environment is not well understood and not included in current chemistry models. The present study quantifies the quenching of bromine release from an artificial salt aerosol caused by SOAs from ozonolysis of three precursors (α-pinene, catechol or guaiacol) in a Teflon smog chamber and incorporates it into a chemical box model. The model simulations perform very well for a blank experiment without SOA precursor, capturing BrO formation, as detected by differential optical absorption spectrometry. A first-order BrO loss rate of 0.001s–1 on the surface of SOA represents the overall effective Brx (total inorganic bromine) loss included in the model. Generally, the model agrees with the maximum BrO mixing ratio in time and magnitude, with some disagreements in the exact shape. Formation of reactive OClO was observed in the presence of organics but could not be reproduced by the model. According to current knowledge, most inorganic chlorine would be in the form of HCl in the presence of organics, as predicted by the model. In order to reproduce the net effects of the presence of SOA, the effective uptake coefficients of reactive bromine on the SOA surface are estimated to be 0.01, 0.01 and 0.004 for α-pinene, catechol and guaiacol respectively. The uptake coefficient can now be incorporated into box models and even global models, where sinks for bromine species are thought to be inadequately represented.

Suppression of CCN formation by bromine chemistry in the remote marine atmosphere

AbstractUsing a global model, we investigate how bromine chemistry affects cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) formation in the remote marine atmosphere. Bromine increases dimethylsulphide (DMS) oxidation but lowers SO2 yield, leading to less sulphate aerosol. The effect is largest (3–7% decrease in total CCN and 15–30% decrease in CCN from DMS) over the summertime southern ocean, a region of strong bromine release from sea‐salt. DMS and bromine emissions have a coupled feedback effect on CCN. Increased DMS enhances the release of sea‐salt bromine through increased aerosol acidity. This enhanced bromine suppresses the CCN response to increased DMS by up to 30%.

Air-water exchange of brominated anisoles in the northern Baltic Sea.

Bromophenols produced by marine algae undergo O-methylation to form bromoanisoles (BAs), which are exchanged between water and air. BAs were determined in surface water of the northern Baltic Sea (Gulf of Bothnia, consisting of Bothnian Bay and Bothnian Sea) during 2011-2013 and on a transect of the entire Baltic in September 2013. The abundance decreased in the following order: 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (2,4,6-TBA)>2,4-dibromoanisole (2,4-DBA)≫2,6-dibromoanisole (2,6-DBA). Concentrations of 2,4-DBA and 2,4,6-TBA in September were higher in the southern than in the northern Baltic and correlated well with the higher salinity in the south. This suggests south-to-north advection and dilution with fresh riverine water enroute, and/or lower production in the north. The abundance in air over the northern Baltic also decreased in the following order: 2,4,6-TBA>2,4-DBA. However, 2,6-DBA was estimated as a lower limit due to breakthrough from polyurethane foam traps used for sampling. Water/air fugacity ratios ranged from 3.4 to 7.6 for 2,4-DBA and from 18 to 94 for 2,4,6-TBA, indicating net volatilization. Flux estimates using the two-film model suggested that volatilization removes 980-1360 kg of total BAs from Bothnian Bay (38000 km2) between May and September. The release of bromine from outgassing of BAs could be up to 4-6% of bromine fluxes from previously reported volatilization of bromomethanes and bromochloromethanes.

Air–snowpack exchange of bromine, ozone and mercury in the springtime Arctic simulated by the 1-D model PHANTAS – Part 1: In-snow bromine activation and its impact on ozone

Abstract. To provide a theoretical framework towards a better understanding of ozone depletion events (ODEs) and atmospheric mercury depletion events (AMDEs) in the polar boundary layer, we have developed a one-dimensional model that simulates multiphase chemistry and transport of trace constituents from porous snowpack and through the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) as a unified system. This paper constitutes Part 1 of the study, describing a general configuration of the model and the results of simulations related to reactive bromine release from the snowpack and ODEs during the Arctic spring. A common set of aqueous-phase reactions describes chemistry both within the liquid-like layer (LLL) on the grain surface of the snowpack and within deliquesced "haze" aerosols mainly composed of sulfate in the atmosphere. Gas-phase reactions are also represented by the same mechanism in the atmosphere and in the snowpack interstitial air (SIA). Consequently, the model attains the capacity of simulating interactions between chemistry and mass transfer that become particularly intricate near the interface between the atmosphere and the snowpack. In the SIA, reactive uptake on LLL-coated snow grains and vertical mass transfer act simultaneously on gaseous HOBr, a fraction of which enters from the atmosphere while another fraction is formed via gas-phase chemistry in the SIA itself. A "bromine explosion", by which HOBr formed in the ambient air is deposited and then converted heterogeneously to Br2, is found to be a dominant process of reactive bromine formation in the top 1 mm layer of the snowpack. Deeper in the snowpack, HOBr formed within the SIA leads to an in-snow bromine explosion, but a significant fraction of Br2 is also produced via aqueous radical chemistry in the LLL on the surface of the snow grains. These top- and deeper-layer productions of Br2 both contribute to the release of Br2 to the atmosphere, but the deeper-layer production is found to be more important for the net outflux of reactive bromine. Although ozone is removed via bromine chemistry, it is also among the key species that control both the conventional and in-snow bromine explosions. On the other hand, aqueous-phase radical chemistry initiated by photolytic OH formation in the LLL is also a significant contributor to the in-snow source of Br2 and can operate without ozone, whereas the delivery of Br2 to the atmosphere becomes much smaller after ozone is depleted. Catalytic ozone loss via bromine radical chemistry occurs more rapidly in the SIA than in the ambient air, giving rise to apparent dry deposition velocities for ozone from the air to the snow on the order of 10−3 cm s−1 during daytime. Overall, however, the depletion of ozone in the system is caused predominantly by ozone loss in the ambient air. Increasing depth of the turbulent ABL under windy conditions will delay the buildup of reactive bromine and the resultant loss of ozone, while leading to the higher column amount of BrO in the atmosphere. During the Arctic spring, if moderately saline and acidic snowpack is as prevalent as assumed in our model runs on sea ice, the shallow, stable ABL under calm weather conditions may undergo persistent ODEs without substantial contributions from blowing/drifting snow and wind-pumping mechanisms, whereas the column densities of BrO in the ABL will likely remain too low in the course of such events to be detected unambiguously by satellite nadir measurements.

N-Hexane Bromination Using Barium Fluorobromate Ba(BrF4)2

It was observed that Ba(BrF4)2 demonstrates a high reactivity towards n-hexane. It was found that the heating the reaction mass proceed with intensive self-heating up to 40°C and release of elemental bromine. The GC-MS analysis showed that the main product of Ba(BrF4)2 interaction with n-hexane is 3-bromohexane. The optimal interaction parameters were found. The heat effect of the reaction was determined by isothermal calorimetric method, it was –1451kJ/mole. The qualitative composition of solid precipitate was determined by EDXRF and XRD analyses. BaF2 is formed as only solid product of the reaction between Ba(BrF4)2 and n-hexane. It was found that conditions of researched reaction are quite unusual for known free-radical hydrogen substitution processes in case of alkanes. Also we can conclude that Ba(BrF4)2 is much more soft reagent is case of interaction with alkanes in comparison with BrF3 and it can provide more or less selective bromination of alkane unlikely to BrF3.

Low Temperature n-alkanes Bromination without Catalysts

It has been observed that Ba (BrF4)2 demonstrated a high reactivity towards normal alkanes from C6H14 to C16H34. It has been found that the reactions ran with intensive self-heating and release of elemental bromine. The GC-MS analysis showed that the main product of Ba (BrF4)2 interaction with each alkane was its 3-bromoderivative. The optimal interaction parameters have been found. The heat effects of the reaction have been determined by the isothermal calorimetric method, it has been found that the heat effect of the bromination increased with the increase of the length of carbon chain of alkane.

Arctic snowpack bromine release

Snow and ice influence the climate and chemistry of the polar atmosphere. Field experiments in Alaska point to the significance of surface snow for polar ozone depletion events.

Overview of the 2007 and 2008 campaigns conducted as part of the Greenland Summit Halogen-HO<sub>x</sub> Experiment (GSHOX)

Abstract. From 10 May through 17 June 2007 and 6 June through 9 July 2008 intensive sampling campaigns at Summit, Greenland confirmed that active bromine chemistry is occurring in and above the snow pack at the highest part of the Greenland ice sheet (72°36´ N, 38°25´ W and 3.2 km above sea level). Direct measurements found BrO and soluble gas phase Br− mixing ratios in the low pptv range on many days (maxima < 10 pptv). Conversion of up to 200 pg m−3 of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) to reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) and enhanced OH relative to HO2 plus RO2 confirm that active bromine chemistry is impacting chemical cycles even at such low abundances of reactive bromine species. However, it does not appear that Bry chemistry can fully account for observed perturbations to HOx partitioning, suggesting unknown additional chemical processes may be important in this unique environment, or that our understanding of coupled NOx-HOx-Bry chemistry above sunlit polar snow is incomplete. Rapid transport from the north Atlantic marine boundary layer occasionally caused enhanced BrO at Summit (just two such events observed during the 12 weeks of sampling over the two seasons). In general observed reactive bromine was linked to activation of bromide (Br−) in, and release of reactive bromine from, the snowpack. A coupled snow-atmosphere model simulated observed NO and BrO at Summit during a three day interval when winds were weak. The source of Br− in surface and near surface snow at Summit is not entirely clear, but concentrations were observed to increase when stronger vertical mixing brought free tropospheric air to the surface. Reactive Bry mixing ratios above the snow often increased in the day or two following increases in snow concentration, but this response was not consistent. On seasonal time scales concentrations of Br− in snow and reactive bromine in the air were directly related.

Rapid chemical evolution of tropospheric volcanic emissions from Redoubt Volcano, Alaska, based on observations of ozone and halogen-containing gases

We report results from an observational and modeling study of reactive chemistry in the tropospheric plume emitted by Redoubt Volcano, Alaska. Our measurements include the first observations of Br and I degassing from an Alaskan volcano, the first study of O3 evolution in a volcanic plume, as well as the first detection of BrO in the plume of a passively degassing Alaskan volcano. This study also represents the first detailed spatially-resolved comparison of measured and modeled O3 depletion in a volcanic plume. The composition of the plume was measured on June 20, 2010 using base-treated filter packs (for F, Cl, Br, I, and S) at the crater rim and by an instrumented fixed-wing aircraft on June 21 and August 19, 2010. The aircraft was used to track the chemical evolution of the plume up to ~30km downwind (2h plume travel time) from the volcano and was equipped to make in situ observations of O3, water vapor, CO2, SO2, and H2S during both flights plus remote spectroscopic observations of SO2 and BrO on the August 19th flight. The airborne data from June 21 reveal rapid chemical O3 destruction in the plume as well as the strong influence chemical heterogeneity in background air had on plume composition. Spectroscopic retrievals from airborne traverses made under the plume on August 19 show that BrO was present ~6km downwind (20min plume travel time) and in situ measurements revealed several ppbv of O3 loss near the center of the plume at a similar location downwind. Simulations with the PlumeChem model reproduce the timing and magnitude of the observed O3 deficits and suggest that autocatalytic release of reactive bromine and in-plume formation of BrO were primarily responsible for the observed O3 destruction in the plume. The measurements are therefore in general agreement with recent model studies of reactive halogen formation in volcanic plumes, but also show that field studies must pay close attention to variations in the composition of ambient air entrained into volcanic plumes in order to unambiguously attribute observed O3 anomalies to specific chemical or dynamic processes. Our results suggest that volcanic eruptions in Alaska are sources of reactive halogen species to the subarctic troposphere.

Observations of bromine explosions in smog chamber experiments above a model salt pan

AbstractReactive halogen species (RHS), such as Cl, Br, or BrO, can have significant influence on chemical processes in the troposphere, including the destruction of ozone, change in the chemical balance of OH and HO2, and increased deposition of toxic compounds (like mercury), with potential consequences for the global climate. Previous studies have shown that salt lakes can provide a significant source for gaseous RHS. Environmental conditions, such as salt composition, relative humidity (RH), pH, and temperature (T), might have a strong influence on reactive bromine levels. In our laboratory experiments, NaCl salt containing 0.33% NaBr by weight was exposed to simulated sunlight in a Teflon smog chamber under various conditions of RH and ozone concentrations. BrO levels were observed by a differential optical absorption spectrometer in combination with a multireflection cell (White cell). The concentrations of OH and Cl radicals were quantified by the radical clock method. We present the first direct observation of BrO from the “bromine explosion” (autocatalytic release of reactive bromine from salt surfaces—key to ozone destruction) in the laboratory above a simulated salt pan. The maximum BrO mixing ratio of 6419 ± 71 ppt at 60% RH was observed to be one order of magnitude higher than at 37% RH and 2% RH. The release of RHS from the salt pan is possibly controlled by the thickness of the quasi‐liquid layer, covering the reactive surface of the halide crystals, as the layer thickness strongly depends on RH. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 312–326, 2012

Электростатический механизм эмиссии бром-содержащих соединений, участвующих в цикле разрушения поверхностного озона

Электростатический механизм эмиссии бром-содержащих соединений, участвующих в цикле разрушения поверхностного озона

Energy and ozone fluxes over sea ice

We present surface layer measurements made over Hudson Bay sea ice during February/March 2008 from the COBRA (Impact of combined iodine and bromine release on the Arctic atmosphere) experiment which formed part of the International OASIS (Ocean-Atmosphere-Sea Ice-Snowpack) IPY programme. All components of the local surface energy balance were measured and it was defined by net radiative cooling throughout most of the day, mainly balanced by the conductive heat flux from the warmer sea water to the cooler sea ice at the surface, and a small net radiative warming for a few hours after midday. Unique ground-level ozone fluxes were measured by eddy covariance and deposition velocities ranged from +0.5 mm s −1 (deposition) to −1.5 mm s −1 (emission). Ozone profile measurements suggested ozone flux divergence within the surface layer. The observed bi-directional fluxes and flux divergence with height reveal the complexity of surface ozone fluxes in the Arctic spring time surface layer, and show that ozone exchange with the sea ice surface is best probed using the eddy covariance method alongside frequent or continuous profile measurements. In this study, the local in-situ ozone-halogen photochemistry was identified as weakly controlling the measured ozone flux, whereas horizontal advection and vertical mixing were considered more important in influencing fluxes. Under these conditions, several measurement sites would be desirable in order to quantify the contribution of advection to the local surface exchange. ► Radiative, turbulent and conductive energy fluxes were measured over sea ice. ► Net radiative cooling, balanced by conductive heat, defined surface energy balance. ► Surface ozone fluxes by eddy covariance were bi-directional over sea ice. ► Ozone flux divergence in surface layer revealed chemical and dynamical complexity. ► Horizontal advection & vertical mixing important in influencing surface fluxes.

The vertical distribution of BrO and aerosols in the Arctic: Measurements by active and passive differential optical absorption spectroscopy

[1] We present results from multiaxis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) and long-path DOAS (LP-DOAS) measurements performed at the North Slope of Alaska from February to April 2009 as part of the Ocean-Atmosphere-Sea Ice-Snowpack Barrow 2009 campaign. For the first time, vertical profiles of aerosol extinction and BrO in the boundary layer were retrieved simultaneously from MAX-DOAS measurements using the method of optimal estimation. Even at very low visibility, retrieved extinction profiles and aerosol optical thickness are in good agreement with colocated ceilometer and Sun photometer measurements, respectively. BrO surface concentrations measured by MAX-DOAS and LP-DOAS are in very good agreement, and it has been found that useful information on the BrO vertical distribution can be retrieved from MAX-DOAS even in cases when blowing snow strongly reduces visibility. The retrieved BrO and extinction vertical profiles allow for a thorough characterization of the vertical structure of the boundary layer during numerous ozone depletion events observed during Barrow 2009. High BrO concentrations are usually present during the onset of ozone depletion events, and BrO disappears as ozone concentrations approach zero. The finding that elevated BrO concentrations occur mainly in the presence of high extinction near the surface strongly suggests that release of reactive bromine from airborne aerosols and/or ice particles at high wind speed plays an important role. Back trajectory calculations indicate that the particles were transported from the frozen ocean to the measurement site and that the release of reactive bromine from sea ice and/or frost flowers occurs when low temperatures (<250 K) prevail in the regions where reactive bromine is emitted.