Characteristic Relaxation Research Articles

Toward Quantifying the Chemical Sensitivity of Nuclear Spin Surface Relaxivity in Mesoporous Media.

Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation is a promising non-invasive technique for characterizing solid-liquid interactions within functional porous materials. However, the ability of the solid-liquid interface to enhance adsorbate relaxation rates, known as the surface relaxivity, in the case of different solvents and reagents involved in various chemical processes has yet to be evaluated in a quantitative manner. In this study, we systematically explore the surface relaxation characteristics of 10 liquid adsorbates (cyclohexane, acetone, water, and 7 alcohols, including ethylene glycol) confined within mesoporous silicas with pore sizes between 6 and 50 nm using low-field (12.7 MHz) two-dimensional 1H T1-T2 relaxation measurements. Functional-group-specific relaxation phenomena associated with the alkyl and hydroxyl groups of the confined alcohols are clearly distinguished; we report the dependence of both longitudinal (T1) and transverse (T2) relaxation rates of these 1H-bearing moieties on pore surface-to-volume ratio, facilitating the quantification and assignment of surface relaxivity values to specific functional groups within the same adsorbate molecule for the first time. We further demonstrate that alkyl group transverse surface relaxivities correlate strongly with the alkyl/hydroxyl ratio of the adsorbates assessed, providing evidence for a simple, quantitative relationship between surface relaxivity and interfacial chemistry. Overall, our observations highlight potential pitfalls in the application of NMR relaxation for the evaluation of pore size distributions using hydroxylated probe molecules, and provide motivation for the exploration of nuclear spin relaxation measurements as a route to adsorbate identity within functional porous materials.

Harmonic voltage measurement based on capacitive equipment dielectric equivalent model and responding current

Abstract With the increasing proportion of new energy and the power electronic equipment in the power grid, accurate measurement of harmonic voltage has become increasingly important for power quality monitoring. In order to solve the problem of high-precision measurement of harmonic voltage in the power grid, this manuscript proposes a high-precision harmonic voltage measurement method based on the dielectric equivalent model (DEM) of capacitive equipment and its responding current. Based on DEM, a voltage-current transfer function of the capacitive device is established, and harmonic voltage is reconstructed with the responding current. Considering the dielectric relaxation characteristics of capacitive device other than a pure capacitor model, this manuscript analyzes the fitting performance of different equivalent capacitance models and improves the traditional pure capacitance model to a more suitable DEM for harmonic voltage reconstruction. The DEM parameters of capacitive devices are obtained through the frequency domain spectroscopy (FDS) and intelligent parameter identification algorithms, which improved the measurement accuracy of harmonic voltage and reduced computational complexity. The harmonic voltage testing platform is established to test the simulated high-voltage harmonics and the harmonic voltage of the actual grid voltage. The results show that the proposed harmonic voltage measurement method can meet the high-precision reconstruction of harmonic voltage in the frequency range of 50~2500Hz, and the system testing error with sensors is less than 2%. The testing accuracy is higher than traditional voltage transformers and testing systems based on pure capacitance models.

Dual crosslinked interpenetrating polymer network-based porous hydrogel membrane for solid-state supercapacitor applications

Hydrogel membranes have emerged as promising candidates for solid-state supercapacitors (SSCs), overcoming limitations associated with traditional liquid electrolytes like leakage, thermal hazards, and flammability. However, single-network hydrogels often suffer from poor mechanical properties, making them inadequate for wearable applications. Herein, solution casting technique is used to develop a novel dual-crosslinked semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) hydrogel membrane through in-situ polymerisation of acrylic acid (AA) in a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix, followed by doping with KOH solution. By adjusting the composition between PVA and AA, the phase separation pathway is controlled, resulting in a homogeneously distributed porous architecture that enhances ion-conductive pathways. The hydrogel exhibited excellent properties, including high ionic conductivity (174 mS cm−1), considerable tensile strength (5 MPa), and significant elongation at break (460 %). Dielectric studies confirmed its significantly improved capacitive behaviour and low conductivity relaxation characteristics. Additionally, the resulting pseudocapacitor assembled with graphite-silvernanowire-polyaniline based composite electrode demonstrated a high specific capacitance (302 F g−1 at 0.2 A g−1) with outstanding capacity retention (75 % up to 500 cycles). Overall, the incorporation of this novel material provides great potential for high-performance SSC applications.

Impact of microwave power on equivalent dose (De) evaluation in ESR dating

ESR (electron spin resonance) spectra of quartz samples irradiated with varying gamma (γ) dose were measured at different microwave power levels (0–200 mW). The microwave power saturation characteristics of Al and E′ centers were systematically investigated, and the mechanisms by which the power saturation characteristics affected equivalent dose (De) fitting results in ESR dating were revealed. The experimental results demonstrated that irradiation reduces the spin-lattice relaxation time, resulting in the inability to intrinsically characterize the number of spins in a series of aliquots when the ESR intensity exhibits significant saturation. The simulation results indicated that changes in spin-lattice relaxation characteristics can cause distortion in the dose response curve (DRC) at high power levels, leading to deviations in De values. A method that uses the slope of the approximate linear regime of the power saturation curve (PSC) as an intrinsic metric of ESR intensity is proposed; this method has been preliminarily validated in both experiments and simulations.

Dynamic Compressive Stress Relaxation Model of Tomato Fruit Based on Long Short-Term Memory Model.

Tomatoes are prone to mechanical damage due to improper gripping forces during automated harvest and postharvest processes. To reduce this damage, a dynamic viscoelastic model based on long short-term memory (LSTM) is proposed to fit the dynamic compression stress relaxation characteristics of the individual fruit. Furthermore, the classical stress relaxation models involved, the triple-element Maxwell and Caputo fractional derivative models, are compared with the LSTM model to validate its performance. Meanwhile, the LSTM and classical stress relaxation models are used to predict the stress relaxation characteristics of tomato fruit with different fruit sizes and compression positions. The results for the whole test dataset show that the LSTM model achieves a RMSE of 2.829×10-5 Mpa and a MAPE of 0.228%. It significantly outperforms the Caputo fractional derivative model by demonstrating a substantial enhancement with a 37% decrease in RMSE and a 36% reduction in MAPE. Further analysis of individual tomato fruit reveals the LSTM model's performance, with the minimum RMSE recorded at the septum position being 3.438×10-5 Mpa, 31% higher than the maximum RMSE at the locule position. Similarly, the lowest MAPE at the septum stands at 0.375%, outperforming the highest MAPE at the locule position by a significant margin of 90%. Moreover, the LSTM model consistently reports the smallest discrepancies between the predicted and observed values compared to classical stress relaxation models. This accuracy suggests that the LSTM model could effectively supplant classical stress relaxation models for predicting stress relaxation changes in individual tomato fruit.

Lithium titanate synaptic device imitating lithium-ion battery structure

With the growing prevalence of neuromorphic computing algorithms, there is a growing need for electronic synaptic devices. In this study, using Li4+x Ti5O12 (LTO) as the resistive switching layer, C as the lithium ions storage layer, and Li1+x Al x Ti2−x (PO4)3 (LATP) as ions transmission layer, a synaptic device is designed with the structure of Pt/C/LATP/LTO/PtSi to imitate the lithium-ion battery. Variation of the thickness of the LATP layer in the LTO device is explored to show the impact on the device’s synaptic performance. With a LATP thickness of 100 nm, the LTO synaptic device exhibits a high potentiation/depression cyclic stability of over 50 cycles, improved potentiation/depression linearity and smoothness. The synaptic potentiation/depression is ascribed to migration of lithium ions from the LTO layer. A conductance relaxation characteristic of the device is explained by battery self-discharge phenomenon. The battery effect in the LTO device also led to generation of electromotive force. The study of battery-imitating LTO synaptic device offers new perspectives on the connection between battery and analog synaptic device.

Reprocessable and repairable carbon fiber reinforced vitrimer composites based on thermoreversible dynamic covalent bonding

The emergence of vitrimers breaks through the limitation of traditional carbon fiber reinforced thermoset composites (CFRP) caused by their permanent crosslinking molecular networks. Herein, the dynamic cross-linked network of vitrimer was synthesized from Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA) and glutaric anhydride (GA) under the catalysis of zinc acetylacetonate (Zn(acac)2), and the corresponding carbon fiber reinforced vitrimer composites (CF/Vx) were prepared via an impregnation and hot pressing process. The dynamic covalent adaptable networks (CANs) of vitrimer endow CF/Vx with stress relaxation and creep characteristics. By adjusting the catalyst content, the dynamic performance of CF/V0.05 can be optimized to achieve the highest viscous flow activation energy (60 kJ/mol) and the lowest characteristic relaxation time (1.0 × 10−3 s). The unique dynamic properties enable CF/Vx with reprocessability at high temperature. Typically, the flexural modulus of CF/V0.05 decreased from 87 ± 1.81 GPa at room temperature to 4.62 ± 0.28 GPa at 220 °C, which confirms the feasibility of thermoplastic forming of CF/V0.05 at high temperatures. Based on this, a CF/V0.05-based cap-shaped component was successfully manufactured through a thermoforming process. Additionally, the CF/V0.05 composites also exhibit repairability for interlaminar fractures. The optimal CF/V0.05 can achieve a repair efficiency of 128 % under the hot press conditions of 180 °C, 10 MPa and 1 h. Hence, the reprocessable and repairable CF/Vx composites hold enormous potential in the engineering field.

Research on Uses and Gratifications of TikTok Users

The rapid development of the mobile Internet era has given rise to various new forms of digital entertainment. Among them, the short video platform is deeply loved by users for its relaxed, vivid, and intuitive characteristics. Among the many short video platforms, TikTok has become a leader in the trend with its innovative content presentation method, extensive user group, and good user experience. TikTok platform provides a vast platform for users to choose their favorite video types and speak freely.This study aims to deeply explore the usage characteristics and psychological motivations of TikTok users by applying the "Uses and Gratifications Theory" framework, to provide a deeper understanding of the development and user experience of the short video platform. Among them, TikTok is represented. This study analyzes the audience's usage preferences based on the "Uses and Gratifications Theory" and further studies the psychological motivations of TikTok users of different age groups through interview methods.

Water-bearing properties of high rank coal reservoir and the effect on multiphase methane

Coal reservoirs commonly exhibit the coexistence of gas and water, wherein the distribution of water plays a crucial role in influencing methane storage and transportation. The presence of water affects methane adsorption, and models predicting adsorbed methane that do not account for water conditions can introduce errors, posing challenges in meeting practical production needs. In this study, through a series of centrifugation experiments and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) adsorption experiments, the distribution characteristics of bound water and movable water in reservoirs and their influence on multiphase methane were assessed. The results indicate that under water-bearing conditions, there exists specific methane in the adsorption space, exhibiting properties similar to free methane. In terms of the relaxation characteristics, the presence of water affects both the peak area and morphology of the T2 spectra of multiphase methane. Based on the NMR response characteristics of adsorbed methane at different water saturations, we proposed and established a theoretical model for predicting the content and density of adsorbed methane under varying water saturations. Additionally, utilizing two-dimensional NMR technology, a simple identification spectrum for multiphase methane was established. The study suggests that the presence of water delays the time of adsorption equilibrium for methane. At low water saturations, water primarily inhibits the adsorption rate of methane. However, with increasing pressure and water saturation, water predominantly suppresses the adsorption capacity of methane. At low water saturations, the bound water has a significant effect on adsorbed methane. Conversely, as water saturations increase, movable water gradually occupies adsorption sites with weaker adsorption potential. It is worth noting that with an increase in water saturation, the content of adsorbed methane decreases, but the adsorption phase density may not necessarily decrease. These research findings provide new insights into the interaction mechanisms between water and methane in water-bearing coal reservoirs.

Time-varying compressive properties and constitutive model of EPDM rubber materials for tunnel gasketed joint

The stress relaxation of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber material in a compressed state significantly increases the risk of water leakage at tunnel precast segmental joints. Additionally, EPDM rubber gaskets typically experience a complex precompression strain state, further complicating the prediction of long-term stress relaxation. Therefore, it is imperative to propose a novel constitutive model that realistically reflects the stress relaxation of rubber with arbitrary precompression strain, providing a reference for the long-term waterproof design of shield tunnels. In this study, the time-varying properties of EPDM rubber at material level were studied in detail. At first, a comprehensive set of accelerated aging tests were conducted on EPDM rubber samples with varying precompression strains. The hardening effect of rubber without precompression and the stress relaxation effect of rubber with precompression were explored. The time-varying law and mechanism governing rubber properties under these two effects were analyzed. Subsequently, a conversion relationship between the EPDM rubber test conditions and the actual service time was established. The predicted hardening coefficient for uncompressed EPDM after 100 years is 1.468, whereas the relaxation coefficient for compressed EPDM is 0.359. Comparative analysis revealed that the compression set index do not consider the beneficial effects of hardening, resulting in a 54.1% overestimation of the design water pressure. Finally, the analytical study on the constitutive model of EPDM rubber material was carried out. The error in compression curve for unaged sample obtained from empirical formulas exceeded three times that of the analytical model, underscoring the need to study time-varying constitutive models. An interpolation method was employed to extend the test curve, leading to the development of a new constitutive model that represents the stress relaxation characteristics of EPDM materials under arbitrary precompression strain states. By combining the proposed constitutive model with the timetemperature conversion relationship, the time-varying expressions of the constitutive parameters for relaxation and hardening effects during the service life were derived. In comparison with existing models, the proposed model demonstrates wider applicability, effectively captures the time-varying characteristics of EPDM materials under arbitrary precompression strains, offering an efficient approach for studying the long-term stress relaxation prediction of rubber gaskets in shield tunnels under complex precompression strain states.

Cattaneo–Christov heat and mass flux model and thermal enhancement in three‐dimensional MHD Jeffrey hybrid nanofluid flow over a bi‐directional stretching sheet with convective boundary conditions

AbstractInspired by the progressive relaxation characteristics of the Jeffrey model and its applied advantages in the rheological modeling of various dynamic fluids, the current study is focused to investigate the heat and mass transfer of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Jeffrey hybrid nanofluid flow over bi‐directional stretching sheet with convective boundary conditions. Additionally, the Cattaneo–Christov model of heat and mass flux is employed to take into consideration the time relaxation effects. The energy and concentration equation are taken into account to explore the effects of thermophoresis and Brownian motion. Homotopy analysis method (HAM) is employed for the solution of the current problem. Solution methodology is verified by comparing present results with those already published in open literature. The physical aspects of obtained graphical and numerical results are explained in detail to justify acquired trends. From the investigation, it is inferred that the magnetic and viscoelastic factors have a reducing influence on the flow profile along primary and secondary directions, while the stretching parameter has an increasing behavior on the flow profile in the secondary direction. Furthermore, the Brownian motion, magnetic parameter, and thermophoretic parameter have an escalating behavior on thermal distribution; however, the Brownian motion has a declining consequence on the concentration profile. The larger Biot number heightens the thermal and concentration distributions.

Universal 1H Spin-Lattice NMR Relaxation Features of Sugar-A Step towards Quality Markers.

1H fast field-cycling and time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry studies have been performed for 15 samples of sugar of different kinds and origins (brown, white, cane, beet sugar). The extensive data set, including results for crystal sugar and sugar/water mixtures, has been thoroughly analyzed, with a focus on identifying relaxation contributions associated with the solid and liquid fractions of the systems and non-exponentiality of the relaxation processes. It has been observed that 1H spin-lattice relaxation rates for crystal sugar (solid) vary between 0.45 s-1 and 0.59 s-1, and the relaxation process shows only small deviations from exponentiality (a quantitative measure of the exponentiality has been provided). The 1H spin-lattice relaxation process for sugar/water mixtures has turned out to be bi-exponential, with the relaxation rates varying between about 13 s-1-17 s-1 (for the faster component) and about 2.1 s-1-3.5 s-1 (for the slower component), with the ratio between the amplitudes of the relaxation contributions ranging between 2.8 and 4.2. The narrow ranges in which the parameters vary make them a promising marker of the quality and authenticity of sugar.

Ultra‐Low Power and Reliable Dynamic Memtransistor Based on Charge Storage Junction FET with Step‐Wise Potential Barrier for Energy‐Efficient Edge Computing Framework

AbstractThe emergence of technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) has ushered in the era of big data. The demand for low‐power hardware systems and efficient algorithms has become more imperative. In this study, an ultra‐low‐power dynamic memtransistor based on the charge storage junction Field‐Effect Transistor (FET) with a step‐wise potential barrier is developed. A simple yet efficient device structure allows for analog programming and spontaneous relaxation. The device demonstrated fast speed (tens of nanoseconds (ns)) and low current (in picoamperes (pA)), resulting in ultra‐low programming power (in attojoules (aJ)). Furthermore, the device exhibited high reliability, with a 0.4% cycle‐to‐cycle variation and endurance over 107 pulses, owing to its non‐structural destructive operation process. An operation scheme is developed that enables read on/off and program/inhibition mode for 2T (1 memtransistor‐1 selecting transistor) array. The capability to distinguish temporal data using the device's spontaneous relaxation characteristics is demonstrated. A reservoir computing (RC) system framework is constructed using simulation and verified that the dynamic memtransistor can extract features efficiently from a hand‐written digit dataset. It is anticipated that the developed dynamic memtransistor, with its distinctive temporal characteristics, will play a pivotal role in developing a novel low‐power computing framework.

Changes in rheology and components during the processing of Chinese traditional handmade hollow dried noodle

The study of the changes in rheological properties and components during the processing of Chinese traditional handmade hollow dried noodle (HHDN) is essential to explaining the excellent quality of HHDN. The dynamic oscillation frequency sweep, stress relaxation, and uniaxial extension characteristics of the dough after kneading, stretching, and resting were investigated at six sampling points during the processing of HHDN. The result showed that stretching led to an increase in G' and G0, and a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in extensibility from 131.02 mm to 57.99 mm. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to observe the microstructure of the gluten network, which was destroyed during stretching and restored during resting. Studies of changes in components showed that the stretching process resulted in a decrease in GMP content from 3.24 (g/100 g) to 3.18 (g/100 g), and the resting process resulted in β-sheets decreasing significantly (P < 0.05). The degree of starch pasting increased significantly (P < 0.05) after stretching. The results of the correlation analysis showed that components changes were highly correlated with the rheological properties during the processing of HHDN.

Research on Material Viscoelasticity and Its Influence on Indentation Rolling Resistance

Viscoelastic materials are applied in several fields, and their relaxation characteristics are intricately related to the failure mechanism of sealing components and the generation of indentation rolling resistance in belt conveyors. Therefore, it is imperative to explore the relaxation characteristics of viscoelastic materials using characterization models. This article focuses on exploring these characterization models and the indentation rolling resistance of viscoelastic materials. The research comprises the following aspects: (1) A 2N + 2 element generalized Maxwell constitutive model is proposed for the relaxation behavior of viscoelastic materials to address the limitations of conventional relaxation models. (2) We conducted numerical calculations based on the relaxation modulus to solve the relaxation spectrum using several relaxation spectrum models. The findings showed that the model parameters were dependent on the testing time range. (3) The relationship between the indentation rolling resistance and relaxation model parameters was evaluated based on the theoretical foundation of the indentation rolling resistance calculation.

Multiple relaxation behavior of Cf/mullite composites and their electromagnetic wave performance at high temperatures

Reliability and stability of electromagnetic wave absorption (EMA) materials used in high-temperature fields such as aircraft and aero-engines are of great interest. In this regard, the Cf/mullite composites with an opportune heterogeneous interface were fabricated using gel-casting and pressureless sintering techniques. The as-prepared composites exhibited excellent EMA performance with multiple relaxation behavior upon increasing testing temperature ranging from 25 °C to 800 °C (the minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −62.67 dB with a thin thickness of 2 mm at 600 °C). The results demonstrated that the temperature-dependence complex permittivity with multiple relaxation characteristics plays a key role for the EMA performance evolution. The newly generated Cole-Cole semicircle and κ curves with an increasing number of intersections at zero values suggest that the polarization relaxation is enhanced with rising temperatures, thus improving the EMA capacity. It is believed that the Cf/mullite composite could be a new promising EMA material at high temperatures.

Optimizing superconducting magnetic bearings of HTS flywheel systems based on 3D H-[formula omitted] formulation

The superconducting flywheel system exploiting the magnetic coupling between the bulk high temperature superconductors (HTSs) and permanent magnets (PMs) exhibits excellent performance of self-stable levitation, and is promising for power applications. In this paper, we use the H-ϕ formulation combined with moving mesh to establish a full 3D model for the thrust type and journal type bearings in the HTS flywheel system. We then proposed different Halbach schemes to enhance the magnetic flux density of the rotor and thus the coupling, and investigated the levitation force, relaxation characteristics, electromagnetic transient distribution, and temperature characteristics of the bearings. Results show that, under axial zero field-cooled (ZFC) condition, the optimized PM rotor scheme can significantly improve the maximum levitation force and stiffness by 4.0 and 2.3 times respectively for the thrust type bearing, and the maximum levitation force of journal type bearing can be improved by a factor of 5.5. Under the radial ZFC condition, the maximum levitation force and stiffness of the journal type bearing have been increased by 4.9 times and 2.9 times. For the relaxation of both bearings during operation, the optimized PM rotors lead to relatively greater attenuation of levitation force. The proximity of the optimized PM rotors intensifies the magnetic flux movement of the HTS bulks but only brings about a limited temperature rise, and the superconductors still maintain a good low-temperature working environment. This study provides an effective methodology for analyzing the HTS bearing systems and good references for the optimal design of compact HTS flywheel energy storage systems (FESSs).

A Method to Identify Pore Fluids in Heterogeneous Conglomerate Reservoirs Using a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Log with Oil-Based Mud Invasion

Summary Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logging has been extensively utilized for identifying pore fluids in recent years. However, after oil-based mud (OBM) invasion, OBM filtrate partially takes the place of the original fluid in the reservoir and the morphology of the NMR T2 (transverse relaxation time) spectrum changes. OBM invasion makes it difficult to identify the formation fluid using routine NMR fluid identification methods. In this study, we took heterogeneous conglomerate formation in the northwestern Junggar Basin as a case study and carried out core experiments under four conditions (viz., water-saturated, OBM displacing water, oil-saturated, and OBM displacing oil) and simulated the states of OBM invasion into water and hydrocarbon-bearing formation. Comparative analysis finds that when the OBM invades the water layer, the movable peak of the T2 spectrum primarily reflects the bulk relaxation characteristics of OBM filtrate, whereas when the OBM invades into the oil layer, the T2 spectrum may exhibit a three-peak distribution, where the first peak mainly indicates irreducible water, the second peak reflects OBM filtrate, and the third peak primarily reflects nondisplaced oil. To facilitate fluid identification, two T2 cutoffs are adopted to divide the T2 spectrum into three segments, and combined with the T2 geometric average, a fluid identification factor (ifluid) is proposed. Finally, identification criteria for reservoir type are established on the NMR logging and drillstem test data. The field application verifies the reliability of the proposed methods. These methods realize the identification of oil layers under OBM drilling and guide the subsequent production and development of oil reservoirs.

Direct Observation on H-Elimination Enhancement from C2H4 through Non-Adiabatic Process by Femtosecond Laser Induced Coulomb Explosion

Ethylene, the simplest model of a carbon-carbon double bond system, is pivotal in numerous chemical and biological processes. By employing intense infrared laser pump-probe techniques alongside coincidence measurements, we investigate the ultrafast non-adiabatic dynamics involved in the breakage of carbon-carbon double bonds and hydrogen elimination in dissociation of ethylene. Our study entails analyzing the dynamic kinetic energy release spectra to assess three bond-breaking scenarios, movements of nuclei, and structural changes around the carbon atoms. This allows us to evaluate the relaxation dynamics and characteristics of various dissociative states. Notably, we observe a significant rise in the yield of fragments resulting from C–H bond breakage with the delay time extended, suggesting non-adiabatic coupling through conical intersections from C–C bond breakage as a probable cause.

Continuous heating aging characteristics of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy based on stress relaxation method

Clarifying the aging characteristics of aluminum alloys during continuous heating is crucial for formulating isothermal and non-isothermal aging (continuous heating aging) processes. This paper investigates the stress relaxation characteristics of an Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy under three-point bending during continuous heating. Taking into account the mechanical properties and precipitate analysis, it demonstrates the feasibility of using the stress relaxation method to determine the peak aging temperature during continuous heating. This approach is efficient, requires minimal sample, and yields continuous data. The peak aging temperature of the sample increases from 260 °C to 305 °C when the heating rate increases from 1 to 3 °C/min with the same initial load (3 N). The peak aging temperature is around 280 ℃, when the initial load increases from 1 N to 9 N with the same heating rate (2 °C/min). Under low temperatures (25 ℃∼ 200 ℃), the sample displays the presence of GP zones, and a few Ω precipitates during the continuous heating process of 2 ℃/min. As the temperature increases, the GP zones dissolve and transform into the Ω precipitates. A large number of Ω precipitates appear in the matrix in a continuous precipitation manner when the temperature reaches 235 °C. The precipitation strengthening effect is strongest at 280 °C, and the Ω precipitates begin to coarsen as the temperature exceeds 280 °C.