Related Cases Research Articles

Early and strong relativistic self-Focusing of cosh-Gaussian laser beam in cold quantum plasma

Relativistic self-focusing of cosh-Gaussian laser beam in the cold quantum plasma has been investigated theoretically. For a decentered parameter b=0.9, we present a comparative analysis for self-focusing of cosh-Gaussian laser beam in relativistic cold quantum (RCQ) and classical relativistic (CR) case. It is observed that as the beam penetrates deeper inside the RCQ plasma, the self-focusing ability of the laser beam enhances and shifted towards lower value of normalized propagation distance due to quantum contribution. The beam width parameter as a function of normalized propagation distance for various values of relative density parameter of the medium and intensity parameter has also been studied. The self-focusing is observed to be stronger with the increase in relative density parameter. Observation of early and strong self-focusing for higher values of relative density parameter and intensity parameter are reported. The present study might be very useful in the applications like the generation of inertial fusion energy driven by lasers, laser driven accelerators, scribing type of applications in electronics etc.

Orbital fingerprints of ultralight scalar fields around black holes

Ultralight scalars have been predicted in a variety of scenarios and advocated as a possible component of dark matter. These fields can form compact regular structures known as boson stars, or---in the presence of horizons---give rise to nontrivial time-dependent scalar hair and a stationary geometry. Because these fields can be coherent over large spatial extents, their interaction with ``regular'' matter can lead to very peculiar effects, most notably resonances. Here we study the motion of stars in a background describing black holes surrounded by nonaxially symmetric scalar field profiles. By analyzing the system in a weak-field approach, we find that the presence of a scalar field gives rise to secular effects akin to ones existing in planetary and accretion disks. Particularly, the existence of resonances between the orbiting stars and the scalar field may enable angular momentum exchange between them, providing mechanisms similar to planetary migration. Additionally, these mechanisms may allow floating orbits, which are stable radiating orbits. We also show, in the full relativistic case, that these effects also appear when there is a direct coupling between the scalar field and the stellar matter, which can arise due to the presence of a scalar core in the star or in alternative theories of gravity.

On the time-dependent Aharonov–Bohm effect

The Aharonov–Bohm effect in the background of a time-dependent vector potential is re-examined for both non-relativistic and relativistic cases. Based on the solutions to the Schrodinger and Dirac equations which contain the time-dependent magnetic vector potential, we find that contrary to the conclusions in a recent paper (Singleton and Vagenas 2013 [4]), the interference pattern will be altered with respect to time because of the time-dependent vector potential.

Genetic diversity of 71 Y-chromosomal biallelic markers in the Han population living in Southern China

Polymorphic markers located on Y chromosome represent an important complement for special kinship cases. We analyzed 71 Y-chromosomal biallelic markers including 65 SNPs and 6 insertion/deletion events in a sample of 201 unrelated Han males living in Southern China. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples. Typing of 71 biallelic markers was performed using the MassARRAY MALDI-TOF MS platform (Agena Inc.). Allelic frequencies, gene diversities (GD) and haplotype diversity (HD) was calculated. Comparisons were then carried on with our previous data from Northwestern Han populations. Out of the 71 markers, five loci were not polymorphic (GD=0), 29 loci were found to be low informative (0.01<GD<0.2), 18 loci were found to be medium informative (0.2≤GD<0.3), 19 loci were found to be high informative (GD≥0.3). A total of 67 haplotypes were identified, of which 37 haplotypes were unique, 30 haplotypes were found more than once. The haplotype diversity was estimated to be 0.9535. Significant differences were found between Southern and Northwestern Han population at 36 loci. The results showed that joint usage of multiplex amplification and MALDI-TOF-MS could have advantages in screening and genotyping biallelic markers. In addition, the panel could provide Supplementary information for forensic identification, but the significant differences observed within Han populations should be taken into account.

A nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation for relativistic superfluidity

Many neutron star features can be accurately modeled only if one assumes that a significant portion of the neutron star interior is in a superfluid state and if relativitic effects are considered, and possible solutions to the underlying mathematical models include vortex solutions. It was recently shown that vorticity in relativistic superfluids can be studied under the framework of a nonlinear Klein–Gordon (NLKG) model in general curvilinear coordinates where the phase dynamics of solutions to this equation give rise to superfluidity (Xiong et al 2014 Phys. Rev. D 90 125019), and some numerical solutions were obtained. The aim of this paper will be to extract asymptotic solutions to obtain a better qualitative understanding of the possible relativistic superfluid dynamics possible under the NLKG model. We obtain asymptotic results for both spherically symmetric and cylindrically symmetric solutions, demonstrating that the solutions actually appear more regular in the relativistic regime compared to the non-relativistic limit. In fact, the asymptotic and numerical solutions actually show the best agreement in the relativistic case. We demonstrate that the relativistic effects actually tend to regularize or stabilize the solutions, relative to the non-relativistic solutions, which is an interesting finding. We then obtain a Thomas–Fermi-like perturbation result in the very large-mass limit where the kinetics become negligible relative to the self-interaction term (at leading order). We finally extend the NLKG model by assuming a curved spacetime with a metric generally used to model the space surrounding a neutron star, which is a novel generalization of the NLKG model to curved spacetime. We again obtain solutions in the large-mass limit for this case, and find that for such a spacetime non-stationary states (rather than simply stationary states) are possible in the large-mass limit.

Statistics of Binary Exchange of Energy or Money

Why does the Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution for an ideal classical gas have an exponentially thin tail at high energies, while the Kaniadakis distribution for a relativistic gas has a power-law fat tail? We argue that a crucial role is played by the kinematics of the binary collisions. In the classical case the probability of an energy exchange far from the average (i.e., close to 0% or 100%) is quite large, while in the extreme relativistic case it is small. We compare these properties with the concept of “saving propensity”, employed in econophysics to define the fraction of their money that individuals put at stake in economic interactions.

P034 Polymorphism analysis of 24 short tandem repeats (STRs) in a large sample of Mexican mestizos from Mexico

Patterns of genetic variation within and between populations have provided novel insights into the origin and history of humans. STRs are versatile and informative markers that facilitated a great understanding of the diversity present in natural populations, being a common tool in forensics, paternity and anthropological studies. Data collection for such studies is conducted based on many groups. Mexican Mestizos are of mixed descent and are the result of admixture between the Indigenous people of Asian ancestry inhabiting the country, different Europeans, and to a lesser extent, Africans. We intended to describe the pattern of 24 STRs in Mexican Mestizos for the above purposes. STRs were typed in 817 Mestizo adults, born in Mexico, (55.9% males and 44.1% females), by using PowerPlex21, GenePrint 24 (Promega), Global filer and Identifiler (Thermofisher Scientific) systems. We investigated 24 autosomal STRs in genomic DNAs. The STRs were run in a 3500 Sequencer and the DNA fragment analysis was done with the Gene Mapper ID-X v1.4 software. Allele frequency(AF) was compared with other studies done for forensics. Linkage disequilibrium(Δ), hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), Power of Exclusion (PE), Power of Discrimination (PD) and R Pearson value were determined. A total of 347 alleles at the 24 STR loci were found with corresponding AF ranging between 0.045 and 52.66. These STRs are highly polymorphic being the most diverse FGA, D18551, PentaE, D21511, SE33 and D6S1043 (31–18 alleles). The most frequent alleles >25% were; 10 at D2S441; 11 at D5S818; 11 at D7S820; 14 at D6S1043; 14 at D19S433; 19 & 20 at D12S391; 10 at D7S820. These were compared with data of Central Mexico and from 13 CODIS from Latin American and Caribbeans. The 24 autosomal STR loci provide highly informative polymorphic data, since the R Pearson value = 0.985 (SD = 0.02). Some alleles were in Δ, meaning they are not in random association in 13/24 STRs (D16S539, D12S391, D19S433, PentaD, FGA, TH1, TPOX, D18S51, PentaE, D21S11, D18S51, D3S1358, CSF1PO). The PD = up to 0.974, showing high heterozygosity and low probability of finding two individuals with the same genotypes and PE = 0.947 shows the power of detecting variation. STRs may also be used together, since many are in Δ, to solve deficient kinship cases or cases with mutations.

Electromagnetic scaling functions within the Green's function Monte Carlo approach

We have studied the scaling properties of the electromagnetic response functions of $^4$He and $^{12}$C nuclei computed by the Green's Function Monte Carlo approach, retaining only the one-body current contribution. Longitudinal and transverse scaling functions have been obtained in the relativistic and non relativistic cases and compared to experiment for various kinematics. The characteristic asymmetric shape of the scaling function exhibited by data emerges in the calculations in spite of the non relativistic nature of the model. The results are consistent with scaling of zeroth, first and second kinds. Our analysis reveals a direct correspondence between the scaling and the nucleon-density response functions.

Heat kernel methods for Lifshitz theories

We study the one-loop covariant effective action of Lifshitz theories using the heat kernel technique. The characteristic feature of Lifshitz theories is an anisotropic scaling between space and time. This is enforced by the existence of a preferred foliation of space-time, which breaks Lorentz invariance. In contrast to the relativistic case, covariant Lifshitz theories are only invariant under diffeomorphisms preserving the foliation structure. We develop a systematic method to reduce the calculation of the effective action for a generic Lifshitz operator to an algorithm acting on known results for relativistic operators. In addition, we present techniques that drastically simplify the calculation for operators with special properties. We demonstrate the efficiency of these methods by explicit applications.

Distinguishing between Dirac and Majorana neutrinos in the presence of general interactions

We revisit the possibility of distinguishing between Dirac and Majorana neutrinos via neutrino-electron elastic scattering in the presence of all possible Lorentz-invariant interactions. Defining proper observables, certain regions of the parameter space can only be reached for Dirac neutrinos, but never for Majorana neutrinos, thus providing an al-ternative method to differentiate these two possibilities. We first derive analytically and numerically the most general conditions that would allow to distinguish Dirac from Ma-jorana neutrinos, both in the relativistic and non-relativistic cases. Then, we apply these conditions to data on νμ-e and {overline{nu}}_e-e scatterings, from the CHARM-II and TEXONO experi-ments, and find that they are consistent with both types of neutrinos. Finally, we comment on future prospects of this kind of tests.

General relativistic calculations for white dwarfs

The mass-radius relations for white dwarfs are investigated by solving the Newtonian as well as Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff (TOV) equations for hydrostatic equilibrium assuming the electron gas to be non-interacting. We find that the Newtonian limiting mass of is modified to in the general relativistic case for (and ) white dwarfs. Using the same general relativistic treatment, the critical mass for white dwarfs is obtained as . In addition, departure from the ideal degenerate equation of state (EoS) is accounted for by considering Salpeter’s EoS along with the TOV equation, yielding slightly lower values for the critical masses, namely for , for and for white dwarfs. We also compare the critical densities for gravitational instability with the neutronization threshold densities to find that and white dwarfs are stable against neutronization with the critical values of and , respectively. However, the critical masses for , , , , and white dwarfs are lower due to neutronization. Corresponding to their central densities for neutronization thresholds, we obtain their maximum stable masses due to neutronization by solving the TOV equation coupled with the Salpeter EoS.

Exact likelihood ratio calculations for pairwise cases

Some practical and theoretical aspects of evaluation of evidence based on the likelihood ratio (LR) in kinship cases are discussed. If relationships are complex or if complicating factors like mutation, correction for population structure or silent alleles need to be accounted for, available software may fail. We present an explicit general formula for non-inbred pairwise cases. Equipped with this formula it is possible to evaluate, say, how strongly a shared rare allele, points towards a specific relationship. Moreover, a general expression as the one presented, adds to the understanding of models and the underlying biological mechanisms. It is also useful for checking software and defining the limitations of programs. Some ideas for improving software may also be generated by the derivation of exact expressions.We argue that a proportional mutation model is well suited from a pragmatic point of view and derive some theoretical properties of this model. Several examples based on the general pairwise formula and its implementation in the freely available R package mut are presented.

Relativistic Electron Wave Packets Carrying Angular Momentum.

There are important differences between the nonrelativistic and relativistic description of electron beams. In the relativistic case the orbital angular momentum quantum number cannot be used to specify the wave functions and the structure of vortex lines in these two descriptions is completely different. We introduce analytic solutions of the Dirac equation in the form of exponential wave packets and we argue that they properly describe relativistic electron beams carrying angular momentum.

Variational Calculations for the Relativistic Interacting Fermion System at Finite Temperature: Application to Liquid 3He

In this paper, at first we have formulated the lowest order constrained variational method for the relativistic case of an interacting fermion system at finite temperature. Then we have used this formalism to calculate some thermodynamic properties of liquid in the relativistic regime. The results show that the difference between total energies of relativistic and non-relativistic cases of liquid decreases by increasing the density. On the other hand, at densities smaller than , which is close to the theoretical saturation point of the system, this difference increases as the temperature increases. We have found that the relativistic calculations lead to the thermodynamic characteristics for liquid which are in a better agreement with the experimental data with respect to those of non-relativistic calculations.

Hyperscaling-violating Lifshitz hydrodynamics from black-holes: part II

The derivation of Lifshitz-invariant hydrodynamics from holography, presented in [1] is generalized to arbitrary hyperscaling violating Lifshitz scaling theories with an unbroken U(1) symmetry. The hydrodynamics emerging is non-relativistic with scalar “forcing”. By a redefinition of the pressure it becomes standard non-relativistic hydrodynamics in the presence of specific chemical potential for the mass current. The hydrodynamics is compatible with the scaling theory of Lifshitz invariance with hyperscaling violation. The bulk viscosity vanishes while the shear viscosity to entropy ratio is the same as in the relativistic case. We also consider the dimensional reduction ansatz for the hydrodynamics and clarify the difference with previous results suggesting a non-vanishing bulk viscosity.

MRS2016: Rigid Moon Rotation Series in the Relativistic Approximation

Abstract The rigid Moon rotation problem is studied for the relativistic (kinematical) case, in which the geodetic perturbations in the Moon rotation are taken into account. As the result of this research the high-precision Moon Rotation Series MRS2016 in the relativistic approximation was constructed for the first time and the discrepancies between the high-precision numerical and the semi-analytical solutions of the rigid Moon rotation were investigated with respect to the fixed ecliptic of epoch J2000, by the numerical and analytical methods. The residuals between the numerical solution and MRS2016 in the perturbing terms of the physical librations do not exceed 80 mas and 10 arc seconds over 2000 and 6000 years, respectively.

Analysis of four novel X-chromosomal short tandem repeats within 71kb of the Xp22.3 region.

DNA testing using X-chromosomal short tandem repeat (X-STR) polymorphisms has been used in maternity/paternity and complex kinship cases. Analyses of repeat sequences, surveys on racial statistics, and development of practical applications for DNA testing continue to be reported. In this study, we identified four novel tetranucleotide STR loci located in the X chromosome, which is the basis of X-STR research. These four tetranucleotide STRs were located within 71kb of the chromosome Xp22.3 region. Using sequence analysis of the structure of repeat sequences, we identified simple repeat sequences of TAAA, CTTT, TATC, and GATA with rare insertions. We then calculated forensic statistical parameters using base length analysis. In the Japanese population, the polymorphism information content was 0.597-0.687, power of discrimination in females was 0.829-0.884, and power of discrimination in males was 0.635-0.729. As these tetranucleotide STRs are closely linked, we conducted haplotype analysis and detected that three loci (LC149476, LC149479, and LC149480) were in linkage disequilibrium. We demonstrated that the simultaneous analysis of these loci may be useful in complex kinship cases. Because these four loci can be detected by multiplex PCR, the detection of alleles at these loci can be rapidly and easily achieved. We conclude that the X-STR loci detected in this study may be useful tools in complex kinship cases and may increase the reliability of genetic testing.

On the linear stability of magnetized jets without current sheets – relativistic case

In our prior papers, we considered the non-relativistic linear stability analysis of magnetized jets that do not have current sheet at the boundary. In this paper, we extend our analysis to relativistic jets. In order to find the unstable modes of current sheet-free, magnetized relativistic jets, we linearize full relativistic magnetohydrodynamics equations and solve them numerically. We find the dispersion relation of the pinch and kink mode instabilities. By comparing the dispersion relations of mildly relativistic jet (Lorentz factor 2) with moderately relativistic jet (Lorentz factor 10), we find that the jet with higher Lorentz factor is significantly more stable in both pinch and kink modes. We show that inclusion of the current sheet-free magnetic field in the jet further enhances the stability. Both pinch and kink mode instabilities become progressively more stable with increasing magnetization. We also show a scaling relation between the maximum temporal growth rate of the unstable mode and the Lorentz factor of the jet. The maximum temporal growth rates of the unstable modes are inversely proportion to the Lorentz factors for most of the modes that we study. However, for the fundamental pinch mode it is inversely proportional to the square of the Lorentz factor. This very beneficial scaling relation holds regardless of the presence of a magnetic field.

Diagnostics of a gradient catastrophe for a class of quasilinear hyperbolic systems

Abstract A two-stage analysis do detect the appearance of a gradient catastrophe of the solution is proposed for quasilinear systems of hyperbolic equations of special form. Applications of the first stage are considered for the following simple cases: scalar Burgers’ equation and a quasi-orthogonal system generalizing it. The entire two-stage analysis is applied to systems of equations describing one-dimensional electron oscillations in plasma, namely, plane oscillations in the relativistic and non-relativistic cases and also axially symmetric non-relativistic cylindrical oscillations.

Breaking of dynamical adiabaticity in direct laser acceleration of electrons

The interaction of an electron oscillating in an ion channel and irradiated by a plane electromagnetic wave is considered. It is shown that the interaction qualitatively changes with the increase of electron energy, as the oscillations across the channel become relativistic. The “square-wave-like” profile of the transverse velocity in the relativistic case enables breaking of the adiabaticity that precludes electron energy retention in the non-relativistic case. For an electron with a relativistic factor γ0, the adiabaticity breaks if ωL/ωp0≪γ0. Under these conditions, the kinetic energy acquired by the electron is retained once the interaction with the laser field ceases. This mechanism notably enables electron heating in regimes that do not require a resonant interaction between the initially oscillating electron and the laser electric field.