Relative Weight Of Pancreas Research Articles

Pathological evaluation, clinical chemistry and plasma cholecystokinin in neonatal and young miniature swine fed soy trypsin inhibitor from 1 to 39 weeks of age

The potential toxicity of dietary soy trypsin inhibitor (TI) was evaluated in neonatal miniature swine. From 1 to 6 weeks of age, two groups of male piglets were artificially reared in an Autosow and automatically fed either TI or control liquid diet. From 6 to 39 weeks of age, these two groups were fed either TI or control chow diet. A third group, sow control (SC), suckled from birth to 6 weeks of age, were also weaned to control chow from 6 to 39 weeks of age. Clinical chemistry and plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) determined at 6, 18, 30 and 39 weeks of age, and serum amylase activity with gross and histopathological analyses of major organs at 6 and 39 weeks of age are reported. TI had no effect on plasma CCK, serum amylase activity, or numerous clinical chemistry values. TI-fed piglets had a larger relative liver weight at 6 weeks of age. Relative pancreas weight decreased with age but was not affected by TI. Gross and histopathological analyses of major organs, except the spleen, were within normal limits. Increased incidence of extramedullary hematopoiesis was noted in the spleen of the TI group at 6 but not at 39 weeks of age. There was no consistent pattern in immunohistochemical foci for secretin, gastrin releasing polypeptide or CCK, and no change in DNA, RNA, mitotic index or nuclear density of pancreatic cells. At 6 weeks of age, TI increased pancreatic protein and amylase activity but not trypsin or chymotrypsin activity. None of the effects suggested that this dose of TI was toxic to either the neonatal or sexually mature miniature male swine.

Dietas para leitões em aleitamento e pós-desmame

Duzentos leitões mestiços (Landrace × Large White) foram distribuídos em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de diferentes dietas sobre o desempenho e os pesos relativos e absolutos de fígado e pâncreas de leitões durante os períodos de aleitamento e pós-desmame, arraçoados dos 14 a 56 dias de idade. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro dietas, as quais foram fornecidas aos animais dos 14 aos 42 dias de idade, quando então foram substituídas por uma dieta simples (ração de creche). Com base nos resultados, pode-se concluir que dietas contendo fontes de proteína de alta qualidade, como leite em pó integral e farinha de peixe, sem fonte suplementar de alimentos energéticos, como soro de leite, quando fornecidas a leitões dos 14 aos 42 dias de idade, proporcionaram os mesmos resultados de desempenho de leitões desmamados aos 28 dias de idade e recebendo rações simples à base de milho e farelo de soja.

Nutritional value of raw and autoclaved kabuli and desi chickpeas ( Cicer arietinum L.) for growing chickens

1. Two experiments were carried out to determine the effect of inclusion of raw ( kabuli and desi ) and autoclaved ( desi ) chickpea seeds in wheat-based starter diets in chickens grown to 28 d of age on the performance, digestive organ sizes, nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AME n ), ileal apparent protein and starch digestibilities (APD and ASD) and intestinal α -amylase and trypsin activities. 2. In the first experiment, diets were formulated to contain 0, 150, 300 and 450 g/kg of raw kabuli chickpea seeds. Increasing the proportion of seed in the diet negatively influenced body weight gain, food intake and food efficiency. The relative weights of the pancreas, liver and gizzard and the relative lengths of duodenum, jejunum, ileum and caeca were increased significantly when the chickpea seeds were included in the diets. Correspondingly, APD, ASD, α -amylase and trypsin activities and AME n were reduced significantly when the chickpea seed was incorporated in the diets. 3. In the 2nd experiment, diets were formulated to contain 75 and 150 g/kg of raw and autoclaved desi chickpea seeds. Weight gain and food intake of the chicks given desi chickpea diets were significantly reduced compared with those fed on the control diet. Increasing the proportion of seed in the diet negatively influenced body weight gain, food intake and food efficiency. Moreover, a significant increment in the relative weights of liver and pancreas, and in the relative lengths of duodenum, ileum and caeca was observed when the concentration of chickpea seeds in the diets was increased. Feeding autoclaved seeds significantly increased the weight gains and the food intakes. However, food efficiency was not modified by the autoclaving. Relative weights of gizzard and liver and relative lengths of ileum were decreased significantly by the inclusion of autoclaved desi chickpea in the diet. 4. We concluded that the inclusion of kabuli (up to 450 g/kg) and desi (up to 150 g/kg) chickpea seeds produced a negative effect on the performance of the birds, and an increment in the relative weights and lengths of the digestive organs. In addition, the incorporation of kabuli chickpea produced a reduction of protein and starch digestibilities, α -amylase and trypsin activities, and AME n of food compared with the birds given the control diet. Autoclaved treatment of desi chickpea improved the performance of the birds.

Effects of inclusion of full-fat sunflower kernels and hulls in diets for growing broiler chickens

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of feeding full-fat sunflower kernels (FFSK; 0, 50, 100 and 150 g kg −1) and sunflower hulls (SH; 0, 17, 33 and 50 g kg −1) in diets for broiler chickens. In both experiments, 224 one-day old birds were distributed randomly to 28 lots of eight animals each. In the first experiment, the addition of up to 150 g kg −1 FFSK yielded a significant reduction (12 and 10% respectively; P < 0.05) in weight gain and feed consumption. No significant differences were detected in relation with feed to gain ratio and relative weight of gizzard, pancreas and abdominal fat. There was, however, a significant increase (15, 13, 15 and 16% respectively; P < 0.05) in relative liver weight and relative length of duodenum, jejunum, ileum and caeca in chicks fed with increased concentrations of FFSK in the diets, compared with those fed the wheat-soybean diet. Ileal digestibility of protein, trypsin and amylase digesta activities were not affected. Digestibility of fat and digesta lipase activity were reduced and increased respectively (8 and 60%; P < 0.05) in those birds fed the highest level of addition of FFSK. In the second experiment, different concentrations of SH (0, 17, 33 and 50 g kg −1) were used. The performance, relative weight of gizzard, liver, pancreas and abdominal fat, relative length of duodenum, jejunum and caeca were not significantly affected by the addition of SH. The results indicated that the growth data and fat digestibility of the birds were adversely affected by the addition of full-fat sunflower kernels of up to 50 g kg −1. However, the SH at levels of up to 50 g kg −1 had no adverse effect on the general performance of broiler chickens.

Effects of salseed (Shorea robusta) tannins, restricted feed intake and age on relative pancreas weight and activity of digestive enzymes in male broilers

Three groups of 15 male broilers (2 weeks old) were employed as experimental animals. Two isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets, one containing salseed meal (SSM) and the other containing barley (control) as a major energy source were fed to the birds for 4 weeks. These diets were fed ad libitum to the SSM and control groups. In addition, a pair-fed group was fed the control diet at the same intake level as SSM birds. Blood, digesta, mucosa and pancreas samples were collected by killing the birds on days 8, 18 and 28 (five birds per group per slaughter date). Birds fed the ad libitum control diet utilised their feed more efficiently than the SSM and pair-fed birds. Pancreas weight of SSM and pair-fed birds were 3.9 and 2.9 g kg−1 liveweight, respectively, compared with 2.4 g kg−1 liveweight of those fed ad libitum, indicating that the presence of tannin in the diet and limited feeding induced an enlargement of the pancreas. However, age had a negative linear effect on the relative weight of the pancreas. Unlike trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4), the activity of α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) of the birds fed the SSM diet was much lower (81 units g−1 pancreatic tissue) than that of birds fed the tannin-free diet ad libitum (178 units g−1 pancreatic tissue). Activities of trypsin and α-amylase were markedly lower, 3837 and 186 units g−1 dry chyme, respectively, in the jejunal digesta of the birds fed the SSM diet but the linear relationship between the activities of these enzymes and pancreatic tryptic activity was significant. Lower feed intake also caused a reduction in α-amylase activity compared with ad libitum feeding, the activities being 873 and 1365 units g−1 dry chyme, respectively. Dipeptidase (EC 3.4.13.11) and disaccharidase activities were significantly depressed in duodenal and jejunal mucosa of the tannin fed birds, the only exception being maltase (EC 3.2.1.20) activity in the jejunal mucosa, which remained unaffected. The linear effect resulted in a gradual increase in the activities of these enzymes with age. The only effect for enterokinase (EC 3.4.21.9) was the higher activity (532 units g−1 mucosa) in the duodenal mucosa of the SSM birds than in birds fed the control diet ad libitum (416 units g−1). Concentrations of thyroxine were not affected by treatment or age. The interactions between treatment and time in all instances were non-significant.

Organ-selective growth in the offspring of protein-restricted mothers

Recent epidemiological studies in people whose birth weights were recorded many years ago suggest links between impaired growth during early life and the development of diseases, including diabetes, much later in life. The long-term effects of retarded early growth are proposed to result from malnutrition at critical periods of fetal or infant development leading to reduction in the growth of organs and permanent changes in their metabolism or structure, or both. In order to investigate this, a rat model was established which involved feeding either a diet containing 200 g protein/kg or an isoenergetic diet containing 80 g protein/kg to pregnant and lactating rats. In addition, cross-fostering techniques were employed which allowed a separate evaluation of the prenatal or the postnatal periods. The offspring were studied at 21 d of age or were weaned onto a normal laboratory chow and studied at 11 months of age. The 80 g protein/kg diet during pregnancy did not affect the overall reproductive although more subtle differences were evident. Permanent growth retardation was evident in offspring subjected to maternal protein restriction during the postnatal period. At 21 d of age the offspring of protein-restricted mothers exhibited selective changes in organ growth: compared with the body weight, the lung and brain experienced a smaller decrease in weight: the heart, kidney and thymus decreased proportionately: whereas, the pancreas, spleen, muscle and liver showed a greater reduction in weight. In older animals the muscle weight was lower in the male rats and the relative weight of pancreas was increased in the female rats.

Xylanase in broiler diets with differences in characteristics and content of wheat

1. Experiments were conducted to measure the effect of xylanase supplementation on the performance of broilers fed on wheat-based diets containing high and low extract viscosity wheat (experiment 1), baking and feeding quality wheat (experiment 2) and with variation in wheat content (experiment 3). 2. Xylanase supplementation improved food conversion ratios by 2.2-2.9% and body weight gain by 0.2-2.5%. This was independent of wheat characteristics but slightly dependent on the wheat content of the diet. These effects were related to a lowering of digesta viscosity. 3. Differences in extract viscosity of wheat were not reflected in broiler digesta viscosity. 4. Reduction of digesta viscosity resulted in only a slight improvement of litter score. Reduced intestinal viscosity decreased relative pancreas weight and to a lesser extent relative small intestinal weight. 5. Baking quality wheat Baldus gave better performance than the feed quality wheats Apollo and Slejpner. 6. It was concluded that xylanase supplementation of wheat-based diets invariably had a positive effect on broiler performance.

Effect of Glucocorticoids and Limiting Nursing on the Carbohydrate Digestive Capacity and Growth Rate of Piglets

The influence of glucocorticoid administration and limited nursing on piglet carbohydrase enzyme development and subsequent growth was examined in three experiments using 371 piglets. Treatments in the first two experiments were formed by the factorial arrangement of hydrocortisone (-HYD or +HYD) and limited nursing (-LN or +LN) imposed form d 14 to weaning (d 28). Hydrocortisone was replaced by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the third experiment. Growth rates were severely depressed by HYD (P less than .01), LN (P less than .001) and to a lesser extent (P less than .06) by ACTH during the last 2 wk of lactation. During the first 14 d postweaning, piglets continued to grow more slowly following HYD treatment (P less than .01), whereas LN piglets grew more rapidly than those allowed to suckle normally. Although piglets were smaller at weaning after HYD injection (P less than .01), relative weights of liver, pancreas and small intestine were increased (P less than .05). Only adrenal weights were increased by ACTH (P less than .09). Pancreatic and intestinal amylase activities were increased two- to three-fold by HYD injection (P less than .05) but were unaffected by ACTH or LN (P greater than .10). Sucrase and maltase activity increased linearly with age (P less than .001). This rate of increase was numerically enhanced by glucocorticoid treatment and LN. The normal decrease in lactase activity was accelerated by LN and HYD injection, with the greatest depression caused by the combination of LN and either HYD or ACTH administration (P less than .05). Glucocorticoid administration to nursing piglets can evoke premature elevation of the carbohydrase enzymes necessary for initiating the hydrolysis of starch.

Comparison of the Nutritive Value of Different Heat-Treated Commercial Soybean Meals: Utilization by Chicks in Practical Type Rations

Four commercially heat-treated soybean meals (Subnormal, Normal, Over, or Rumen Escape) were evaluated on the basis of their nutritive quality using proximate analysis, amino acid composition, in vitro tests (trypsin inhibitor activity, urease activity, protein dispersibility index, nitrogen solubility index), Hunterlab color values, and a chick bioassay. Each soybean meal (SBM) was incorporated into a practical-type broiler diet, formulated to contain 100% (Experiment 1) or 85% (Experiment 2) of the protein requirement.Compared to the Normal meal, excessively heat-treated SBM (Over or Rumen Escape) had lower crude protein (essential and nonessential amino acids); less trypsin inhibitor and urease activities; reduced protein dispersibility and nitrogen solubility indices; and was darker in color (redness). The nutritive profile of the Subnormal SBM was nearly identical to that of the Normal meal except that trypsin inhibitor activity, urease activity, nitrogen solubility index, and color scores (lightness and yellowness values) were reduced in the Normal meal due to processing. The protein dispersibility index was highest in the Normal meal, followed by the Subnormal, Over, and Rumen Escape.Performance data (body weight gain, feed conversion, relative pancreas weight) among broiler chicks fed either Subnormal, Over, or Rumen Escape SBM did not differ significantly compared to birds fed Normal SBM in Experiment 1 or Experiment 2. Moreover, supplementing diets containing Over or Rumen Escape heat-treated SBM with lysine (Experiment 2) did not significantly improve performance.These results indicate that the nutritive quality of commercially processed SBM should be assessed not only on the basis of in vitro tests but also on the basis of a chick bioassay.

Inhibition of trypsins and chymotrypsins from different animal species: A comparative study

1. 1. The effect of 3 purified trypsin inhibitors and 4 legume seed extracts on the trypsins and chymotrypsins of the activated pancreata of 11 animal species, including man, was measured. 2. 2. The activation was performed by either homologous enterokinase or by bovine trypsin. Several trypsinogens were not activated by the latter. 3. 3. Rabbit trypsin was the most sensitive to all inhibitor preparations, while the human trypsin was the most resistant, except to the black bean extract. 4. 4. The response of the chymotrypsins was more variable and those of capybara and rabbit showed extreme sensitivity. 5. 5. Considerable differences between the extracts of black and white garden beans, both Phaseolus vulgaris, with respect to their reactivity toward different animal enzymes were detected. 6. 6. No relation between relative pancreas weight and susceptibility toward soybean trypsin inhibitor could be observed.

Influence of Several Plant and Animal Proteins on Rat Pancreas

Twelve different plant and animal proteins were fed to rats for 4 weeks. Trypsin inhibitor (TI) content of the diet was significantly correlated with (although not directly related in all cases to) pancreas weights and with the pancreatic biochemical parameters that indicate hypertrophy. In vitro, but not in vivo, digestibility was correlated with the TI content of the diet. Quantity of DNA per gram pancreas was not found to be related to TI content. A second experiment compared graded levels of TI from raw or heated soy flour and soy protein isolate (SPI). The SPI diet produced higher relative pancreas weights per TIU than did the flour diets. Two commercial SPI's were fed as is or autoclaved in a third experiment. Autoclaving to very low TI values made no improvement in weight gain or pancreatic parameters measured, indicating that there may be a threshold level of TI below which rat pancreata do not respond, and that other factors in SPI are responsible for the slight pancreatic enlargement seen with SPI compared to casein.

Dose-response relationships during aflatoxicosis in young chickens

Aflatoxin at 18 dosages ranging from 0 to 2.38 μg/g of feed was fed to eight groups of 10 White Leghorn chickens per treatment for 3 weeks. The body weights and the weights of the bursa of Fabricius, liver, and pancreas relative to the body weights were determined. Mathematical models were fitted to the data and from the appropriate equations the dose-response curves were predicted as continuous functions of aflatoxin concentration. Quadratic polynomial models were fitted to the body weight and relative bursal weight whereas linear-plateau models were fitted to the relative weights of liver and pancreas. The minimal effective doses of dietary aflatoxin in this experimental system were calculated from the modelling approach ( p < 0.05) to be 1.19, 1.26, 1.66, and 0.43 μg/g of feed for the body weight, bursa of Fabricius, liver, and pancreas, respectively.