Relative Skeletal Muscle Mass Index Research Articles

Reference values of skeletal muscle mass for children in Nanjing area

Objective: To establish the reference values and growth curves of skeletal muscle mass among children in the Nanjing area. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with children who underwent physical examination at the Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from 2020 January to 2022 September. Their height, weight, body fat mass and skeletal muscle mass were measured. Body mass index, percentage of body fat mass, percentage of skeletal muscle mass, relative skeletal muscle mass index and the ratio of skeletal muscle to body fat were calculated. The associations between skeletal muscle mass indices and physical measurements index were analyzed through the Spearman correlation test. The Mann-Kendall test was used to assess the trend for skeletal muscle mass. Generalized additive models for location, scale and shape were used to construct percentile reference values and growth curves of male and female skeletal muscle mass indices at different ages. Results: A total of 32 690 children aged 4-14 years were enrolled in this study, including 19 912 boys (60.91%). Skeletal muscle mass, percentage of skeletal muscle mass, relative skeletal muscle mass index and the ratio of skeletal muscle to body fat of boys and girls was 11.10 (8.40, 14.90) and 10.30 (7.90, 13.20) kg, 40.36% (37.01%, 43.13%) and 39.38% (36.43%, 41.88%), 6.70 (6.07, 7.52) and 6.33 (5.79, 7.00), 2.39 (1.46, 3.47) and 2.14 (1.45, 3.00) kg/m2, respectively. Skeletal muscle mass of both boys and girls was all positively associated with weight (r=0.97, 0.96), body mass index (r=0.68, 0.63) and percentage of body fat mass (r=0.40, 0.43) (all P<0.01). The reference values and growth curves showed that the percentage of skeletal muscle mass P50 ranged from 37.75%-44.61% in boys and from 36.22%-40.55% in girls. The relative skeletal muscle mass index P50 ranged from 5.80-9.68 kg/m2 in boys and from 5.57-7.98 kg/m2 in girls. The ratio of skeletal muscle to body fat P50 ranged from 1.86-2.67 in boys and from 1.29-2.41 in girls. There was an increasing trend with age for both boys and girls in the growth of skeletal muscle mass (Z=4.20, 3.75, both Ptrend<0.01), and increased slightly before 9 years of age and then increased rapidly until 14 years of age in both boys and girls. Conclusions: The skeletal muscle mass indices change with age and gender during childhood. Percentile reference values for pediatric skeletal muscle mass indices can be used to evaluate the muscular growth and development in children in the Nanjing area.

Self-determined sequence exercise program for elderly with sarcopenia: A Randomized controlled trial with clinical assistance from explainable artificial intelligence

To improve and even reverse sarcopenia in elderly people, this study developed a self-determined sequence exercise program consisting of strength training exercise, Yijinjing exercise (a traditional Chinese exercise), and hybrid strength training with Yijinjing exercise. Ninety-four community-dwelling older adults screened for sarcopenia using the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia criteria were randomly assigned to 24 weeks of a control group (CG, n = 30), self-determined sequence exercise program group (SDSG, n = 34) or strength training group (STG, n = 30). The study examined the effects of three interventions on participantsL3 skeletal muscle fat density, L3 skeletal muscle fat area, L3 skeletal muscle density, L3 skeletal muscle area, muscle fat infiltration, relative skeletal muscle mass index, and grip strength using a repeated-measures ANOVA to evaluate the experimental data. To evaluate the real effect of this model in reversing sarcopenia after the intervention, nine classification models were trained. Significant interaction effects were observed with grip strength, RSMI, L3 SMD, and L3 SMA. At the 24th week, participants’ grip strength, L3 SMFA, L3 SMA, and RSMI were improved significantly in the SDSG and STG. The SDSG achieved significantly greater RSMI and grip strength than the STG and CG after the intervention. The self-determined sequence exercise program exhibited better performance than the single type of exercise modality in reversing sarcopenia and improving older adults’ skeletal muscle area. Consequently, the stacking model is feasible to make a prediction as to whether or not sarcopenia may be reversed in older adults.

The diagnostic cut-off points for components of sarcopenia in Finnish Caucasian women: A retrospective cross-sectional study.

To determine the diagnostic cut-off values of components for sarcopenia in Caucasian women. The present retrospective cross-sectional study based on the REFERENCE sample included 400 healthy women aged 20 to 40 years, and the OSTPRE sample included 344 women aged 63 to 75. The subjects of the OSTPRE population were re-measured five and ten years later after the baseline. Both samples underwent grip strength (GS), quadriceps strength (QS), and total-body DXA (TB-DXA) measurements, from which Relative Skeletal Muscle Mass Index (RSMI) was calculated. In the REFERENCE population, the -1 SD / -2 SD cut-off points were for RSMI 5.8 kg/m2 / 5.1 kg/m2, for GS 32.0 kg / 26.4 kg, and for QS 39.8 kg / 29.8 kg. The prevalence of under -2 SD distributions in REFERENCE were: RSMI 1.8%, GS 1.3%, and QS 2.0%, and in OSTPRE (15/20/25 years measurements): RSMI 1.2 %/1.9 %/0.5 %, GS 52.2%/42.3%/48.8%, and QS 47.4%/55.2%/not available. The distributions of GS and QS were statistically significantly different between REFERENCE and all OSTPRE measurement points (p<0.001 in Chi-squared). The diagnostic cut-offs for components of sarcopenia are RSMI 5.1 kg/m2, grip strength 26.4 kg, and quadriceps strength 29.8 kg in Finnish Caucasian women.

Relationship between the preoperative grip strength and postoperative shoulder strength of patients treated via reverse shoulder arthroplasty.

Systemic disorders including diabetes mellitus, obesity, and depression affect the outcomes of reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). Sarcopenia (a general skeletal muscle disorder) is common in elderly people, but its effect on patients after RSA is not clear. We hypothesized that the preoperative sarcopenia indices of grip strength and general skeletal muscle mass would correlate with the clinical outcomes of RSA. Grip strength and general skeletal muscle mass were measured in patients scheduled (between 2016 and 2021) for primary RSA to treat cuff tear arthropathy, an unrepairable cuff tear, or osteoarthritis with a large cuff tear. Before surgery, grip strength was measured using a hydraulic dynamometer and general skeletal muscle mass was calculated from the appendicular relative skeletal muscle mass index (aRSMI) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. In all, 58 patients were included; the minimal follow-up duration was 12months. The postoperative clinical results (pain, active range of motion, shoulder strength, and functional scores) were evaluated during scheduled outpatient visits. We calculated correlations between the preoperative sarcopenia indices, and the clinical results at the final follow-up. The mean preoperative grip strength and aRSMI were 21.6±4.0kg and 5.98±0.84kg/m2 in females and 30.6±7.5kg and 7.21±0.94kg/m2 in males, respectively; the grip strength and aRSMI were not associated with each other (P=.083). Ten females (25%) and 10 males (56%) met the criteria for sarcopenia. The postoperative abduction shoulder strength and Constant-Murley shoulder score increased significantly with higher preoperative grip strength (R=0.420 and P=.001; and R=0.497 and P<.001, respectively) and the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score was related to the preoperative aRSMI (R=0.320, P=.039). The shoulder strength and functional score after RSA correlated positively with the preoperative grip strength. Measuring grip strength before RSA allows the surgeon to predict shoulder strength after RSA.

Changes and correlation analysis of intestinal microflora composition, inflammatory index, and skeletal muscle mass in elderly patients with sarcopenia.

This study aimed to explore the alterations in characteristics of intestinal flora, inflammatory factors and skeletal muscle mass in elderly patients affected by sarcopenia, as well as the correlation among the three, in order to provide a reference for the early identification, intervention, and treatment of sarcopenia in elderly patients. A total of 206 elderly patients (≥60 years old) admitted to the Geriatric Outpatient Department of China Resources Wugang General Hospital were included in this study as the research participants. The differences in the general data, laboratory examination and intestinal flora in patients between the two groups were statistically analyzed, and the correlation between intestinal flora composition and skeletal muscle mass index, grip and inflammatory factors was also determined. The normal group and sarcopenia group exhibited a significant difference in the composition of the intestinal flora (P < 0.05). The abundance of Escherichia-Shigella between the two groups was negatively correlated with the patient's relative skeletal muscle mass index and positively correlated with the interleukin-6 (IL-6) level; moreover, Lacchnospira abundance was positively correlated with relative skeletal muscle mass index; Lactobacillus and Roseburia abundance were negatively correlated with IL-6; and Lactobacillus, Lachnospira, and Eubacterium_rectale_group were positively correlated with grip, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Overall, it was found that elderly patients with sarcopenia have intestinal flora disorders, and the abundance of such flora was negatively correlated with the relative skeletal muscle mass index, which was positively correlated with the IL-6 level. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 140-146.

PS-C25-10: ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SKELETAL MUSCLE MASS AND BLOOD PRESSURE DECLINE OVER A FIVE-YEAR PERIOD FOR COMMUNITY-DWELLING OLDER ADULTS

Objective: To determine the association between skeletal muscle mass and systolic blood pressure decline over a 5-year period in older adults over 75 years old. Methods: Of those who got health checkups at private A clinic from May 2020 to March 2021, 118 subjects for whom data on systolic blood pressure (SBP) levels consequently collected for five years were included. Skeletal muscle mass was measured at the health checkup in this clinic, and the Skeletal Muscle Index (SMI) was calculated by dividing the sum of limb muscle mass by the square of height using the multi-frequency bioimpedance method. Lower SMI was classified as a relative skeletal muscle mass index less than 7.0 kg/m2 and 5.7 kg/m2 in men and women, respectively. SBP levels used the mean of office SBP at A clinic visits in 2020 and 2015. 5-year SBP changes were calculated and categorized into two groups: SBP decline group (decline of -3 or more) and SBP maintenance group. The main outcome was SBP decline, and the association with SMI was examined by chi-square test and logistic regression analysis adjusted for age and gender. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 81.1 ± 4.5 years, 76 (64.4%) were female, 76(64.4%) were taking anti-hypertensive medication, 40(33.9%) were lower SMI, and 39 (33.1%) for SBP decline group. The SBP decline group had a lower BMI and a higher percentage of lower SMI than the maintenance group (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, logistic regression analysis showed that lower SMI was independently associated with SBP decline (odds ratio: 2.44, 95% CI: 1.07–5.54). Conclusion: Our results suggest that there may be an association between lower SMI and SBP decline over a 5-year period in community-dwelling older adults over 75 years old. Long term changes of SBP might be the useful biomarker for muscle mass decline for older adults, although further mechanistic investigations are necessary.

Hybrid Exercise Program for Sarcopenia in Older Adults: The Effectiveness of Explainable Artificial Intelligence-Based Clinical Assistance in Assessing Skeletal Muscle Area.

Background: Sarcopenia is a geriatric syndrome characterized by decreased skeletal muscle mass and function with age. It is well-established that resistance exercise and Yi Jin Jing improve the skeletal muscle mass of older adults with sarcopenia. Accordingly, we designed an exercise program incorporating resistance exercise and Yi Jin Jing to increase skeletal muscle mass and reverse sarcopenia in older adults. Additionally, machine learning simulations were used to predict the sarcopenia status after the intervention. Method: This randomized controlled trial assessed the effects of sarcopenia in older adults. For 24 weeks, 90 older adults with sarcopenia were divided into intervention groups, including the Yi Jin Jing and resistance training group (YR, n = 30), the resistance training group (RT, n = 30), and the control group (CG, n = 30). Computed tomography (CT) scans of the abdomen were used to quantify the skeletal muscle cross-sectional area at the third lumbar vertebra (L3 SMA). Participants’ age, body mass, stature, and BMI characteristics were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and the chi-squared test for categorical data. This study explored the improvement effect of three interventions on participants’ L3 SMA, skeletal muscle density at the third lumbar vertebra (L3 SMD), skeletal muscle interstitial fat area at the third lumbar vertebra region of interest (L3 SMFA), skeletal muscle interstitial fat density at the third lumbar vertebra (L3 SMFD), relative skeletal muscle mass index (RSMI), muscle fat infiltration (MFI), and handgrip strength. Experimental data were analyzed using two-way repeated-measures ANOVA. Eleven machine learning models were trained and tested 100 times to assess the model’s performance in predicting whether sarcopenia could be reversed following the intervention. Results: There was a significant interaction in L3 SMA (p < 0.05), RSMI (p < 0.05), MFI (p < 0.05), and handgrip strength (p < 0.05). After the intervention, participants in the YR and RT groups showed significant improvements in L3 SMA, RSMI, and handgrip strength. Post hoc tests showed that the YR group (p < 0.05) yielded significantly better L3 SMA and RSMI than the RT group (p < 0.05) and CG group (p < 0.05) after the intervention. Compared with other models, the stacking model exhibits the best performance in terms of accuracy (85.7%) and F1 (75.3%). Conclusion: One hybrid exercise program with Yi Jin Jing and resistance exercise training can improve skeletal muscle area among older adults with sarcopenia. Accordingly, it is possible to predict whether sarcopenia can be reversed in older adults based on our stacking model.

Sex-Specific Associations Between Bone-Loading Score and Adiposity Markers in Middle-Aged and Older Adults.

The authors examined sex-specific relationships between fat mass index (FMI), android/gynoid (A/G) fat ratio, relative skeletal muscle mass index, and Bone-Specific Physical Activity Questionnaire derived bone-loading scores (BLSs) in middle-aged and older adults (men, n = 27; women, n = 33; age = 55-75years). The FMI, A/G fat ratio, and relative skeletal muscle mass index were estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The Bone-Specific Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to assess: (a)BLSpast (age 1 until 12months before the study visit), (b)BLScurrent (last 12months), and (c)BLStotal (average of [a] and [b]) scores. Separate multiple linear regression analysis of (a)age, FMI, and relative skeletal muscle mass index and (b)age, height, and A/G fat ratio versus BLS revealed that FMI and A/G fat ratio were negatively associated with BLSpast and BLStotal (p < .05) in women only. Adiposity and, specifically, central adiposity is negatively related to bone-loading physical activity in middle-aged and older women.

Pilot study on a new intervention programme for geriatric hip fracture patient with sarcopenia

Introduction: Sarcopenia and osteoporosis increase the risk of fall, resulting in fragility fracture. Intervention programme on sarcopenic hip fracture was set up in our centre. Method: All patients aged ≥65 admitted to Caritas Medical Centre with operatively treated hip fracture and diagnosed with sarcopenia were included. Interventions include inpatient nursing education, dietary advice, therapist assessment and structured 12-week Geriatric Day Hospital (GDH) exercise programme. Those who are not eligible for GDH training were classified as control group. Changes in relative skeletal muscle mass index (RASM), muscle strength and functional scores were measured. Results: There were 11 intervention and 13 control patients. Both groups of patients were noted to have improvement in RASM, knee extension power of lower limbs and functional scores. Between-group analysis showed there was more improvement in injured limb extension power in the intervention group, although it is statistically insignificant (control group: 3.585 kg, intervention group: 5.827 kg, p = 0.147). There was no statistically significant difference in the 3-month change in RASM (control group: 0.581 kg/m2, intervention group: 0.347 kg/m2, p = 0.369) and functional scores. Conclusion: These sarcopenic hip fracture patients may be too frail to benefit from traditional exercise treatment for sarcopenia. However, more improvement in muscle strength was observed in the intervention group although not statistically significant. Intervention programme with exercise prescription in sarcopenic hip fracture patients may have the potential to improve the lower limb muscle strength. A more intensive and longer exercise training programme with incorporation into day rehabilitation model may be needed for these frail hip fracture patients.

Sarcopenia-associated factors in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A cross-sectional study.

To evaluate the prevalence rate and factors associated with sarcopenia in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis. We enrolled 240 consecutive patients with rheumatoid arthritis aged ≥65 years in this study. We examined clinical data: age, sex, body mass index, disease duration, rheumatoid factor positivity, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody positivity, biological or target synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug use, methotrexate use, glucocorticoid use, C-reactive protein level, disease activity score in 28 joints-erythrocyte sedimentation rate, Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index, bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and total hip, grip strength, gait speed, and relative skeletal muscle mass index by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Sarcopenia was defined according to a consensus report by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. The prevalence rate of sarcopenia was found to be 29.6%. Multivariate analysis identified the following factors to be associated with sarcopenia: age (P = 0.008; odds ratio 1.08), body mass index (P < 0.001; odds ratio 0.73), C-reactive protein (P = 0.017; odds ratio 1.76) and hip bone mineral density (P = 0.037; odds ratio 0.61). The sarcopenia-associated factors were age, body mass index, C-reactive protein and hip bone mineral density in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Because the Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index, a standard measurement of function, cannot predict sarcopenia, the muscle mass needs to be measured while assessing changes in grip strength, body mass index, C-reactive protein and hip bone mineral density. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 907-912.

Cutoff values for the determination of sarcopenia and the prevalence of the condition in middle-aged women: A study from Sri Lanka

There is a scarcity of studies related to sarcopenia in Sri Lanka. This partly is due to lack of cutoff values to define muscle mass, strength and physical functions. This cross-sectional study determined the cutoff values of sarcopenia measures and evaluated the prevalence of sarcopenia among middle-aged Sri Lankan women. A reference group of 117 young women (20-40 years) was used for cutoff value determination. The prevalence of sarcopenia was estimated among a group of 270 women (41-60 years). Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass (ASMM, kg) was measured by DXA and was adjusted for height (ASMM/height2) to determine Relative Skeletal Muscle mass Index (RSMI, kg/m2). Hand Grip Strength (HGS, kg) and Gait Speed (GS, m/s) were also measured. Cutoff values for measures of sarcopenia were taken as 2SD below the mean value of the young reference group. Mean(SD) ages of the participants; young reference group and middle-aged group were 35.5(3.8) and 52.2(5.8) years respectively. Cutoff values for the main three measures of sarcopenia; RSMI, HGS and GS were 5.03kg/m2, 9.66kg and 0.96m/s respectively. Prevalence of pre-sarcopenia, sarcopenia and severe-sarcopenia among middle-aged women were 3.0%, 2.2%, 0.7% respectively. The corresponding values among postmenopausal women were 4.2%, 3.0%, 1.2% and among premenopausal women were 1.0%, 1.0%, 0.0%. Prevalence of sarcopenia was higher among women aged between 51-60 years and severe sarcopenia was observed only in this age group. This study provides cutoff values for the measures of sarcopenia for Sri Lankan women. Prevalence was higher among postmenopausal women compared to premenopausal women.

Higher Serum Uric Acid is a Risk Factor of Reduced Muscle Mass in Men with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Sarcopenia has been recognized as a diabetic complication, and hyperuricemia is often accompanied by type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, it is unknown whether serum uric acid (UA) levels are associated with reduced muscle mass in T2DM. We conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate the association of serum UA with muscle mass in 401 subjects with T2DM (209 men and 192 postmenopausal women). The relative skeletal muscle mass index (RSMI) was evaluated using whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Multiple regression analyses adjusted for body weight, age, serum creatinine, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and duration of T2DM showed that serum UA was negatively associated with RSMI in all subjects and men with T2DM (β=-0.13, p=0.001 and β=-0.17, p=0.003, respectively). Moreover, logistic regression analyses adjusted for these confounding factors showed that a higher serum UA level was significantly associated with low RSMI in men with T2DM [odds ratio (OR)=1.94, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.10-3.45 per SD increase, p=0.023]. In addition, higher serum UA levels were significantly associated with low RSMI after additional adjustment for age, duration of T2DM, HbA1c level, serum creatinine level, and sex in all subjects with T2DM [OR=1.80, 95% CI=1.20-2.72 per SD increase, p=0.005]. The present study showed for the first time that higher serum UA is an independent risk factor of reduced muscle mass in men with T2DM.

A Cross-Sectional Study of the Association between Arterial Stiffness and Sarcopenia in Chinese Community-Dwelling Elderly Using the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia Criteria.

Several previous researches had found artery stiffness associated skeletal muscle mass, but not considering muscle strength and physical performance, which also were compositions of sarcopenia. This study aims to reveal the relationship of artery stiffness and sarcopenia using the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia criteria. Study was performed on 1002 Chinese community dwelling participants aged ≥65 years from November 2016 to March 2017. Body composition, muscle strength, physical performance, and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) considering as artery stiffness index were measured. In multiple regression analysis, baPWV was associated with handgrip (β=-0.13, P=0.04) and Relative skeletal muscle mass index (ASM/Ht2) (β=-0.02, P<0.01), but not with 4-meter velocity (P=0.21). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that 1-SD (3.50m/s) increased in baPWV was still associated with a 11% (CI, 4%-20%; P<0.01) higher odds of being sarcopenia. In the gender subgroup analysis, the relationship of baPWV and sarcopenia remain significant in men (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.07-1.42, P<0.01), but not in women (P=0.07). High brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity is associated with sarcopenia in Chinese community-dwelling elderly, with gender differences.

Body composition and sarcopenia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Changes in body composition are commonly present in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The main aim of this study were to evaluate changes in body composition and the prevalence of pre-sarcopenia and sarcopenia in patients with COPD, compared with two control groups and correlate these parameters with indices of COPD severity (VEF1 and GOLD) and prognosis (BODE). This was a cross-sectional study in COPD patients (DG) that undergone body composition assessment by DXA. Two control groups were used, smokers individuals without COPD (smokers group, SG), and healthy never smokers individuals (never smokers group, NSG). DG comprised 121 patients (65 women, mean age 67.9 ± 8.6 years). The percentage of total body fat mass (TFM) was significantly lower in DG in both genders, despite no difference in BMI. Both BMI and relative skeletal muscle mass index (RSMI) decreased according to the worsening of GOLD in men and women, as well as the TFM and total lean mass (TLM) in men. As BODE get worse, BMI and RSMI decreased in both sexes, as well as TLM in men. The prevalence of pre-sarcopenia in the DG was 46.3% and no different with controls. In DG 12.4% were sarcopenic. Patients with sarcopenia were older and had worse prognosis. Higher BODE prognostic index, higher the prevalence of sarcopenia (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.06-11.56, p = 0.035). This study showed alterations in body composition parameters in patients with COPD. A high prevalence of sarcopenia and the association with worse prognostic index.

Oxidative stress is increased in sarcopenia and associated with cardiovascular disease risk in sarcopenic obesity

ObjectivesTo define whether circulating markers of oxidative stress correlate with sarcopenia in terms of glutathione balance and oxidative protein damage, and whether these biomarkers are associated with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Study designPopulation-based cross-sectional study. 115 out of 347 elderly subjects were classified as non-sarcopenic non-obese (NS-NO), sarcopenic non-obese (S-NO), non-sarcopenic obese (NS-O), and sarcopenic obese (S-O). Main outcome measurementsSarcopenia was defined as a relative skeletal muscle mass index (RASM) <7.25kg/m2 for men or <5.67kg/m2 for women, while obesity was diagnosed in those presenting with% fat >27 for men or >38 for women. The CVD risk was estimated by the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and the Framingham score. Blood reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), plasma malondialdehyde-(MDA) and 4-hydroxy-2,3-nonenal-(HNE) protein adducts were analyzed. ResultsSignificantly greater blood GSSG/GSH ratio and plasma MDA/HNE protein adducts were observed in sarcopenic than in non-sarcopenic patients. A logistic regression model showed a close relationship between serum HNE and MDA adducts and sarcopenia (OR=1.133, 95% CI 1.057–1.215, and OR=1.592, 95% CI 1.015–1.991, respectively). Linear and logistic regression analysis evidenced strong associations between the IMT or the Framingham CVD risk category and blood GSSG/GSH or serum HNE protein adducts in the S-O group. ConclusionCirculating markers of oxidative stress are increased in sarcopenia and related to CVD risk in sarcopenic obesity, suggesting that redox balance analysis would be a useful part of a multidimensional evaluation in aging. Further research is encouraged to support interventional strategies to correct redox imbalance, which might contribute to the prevention or at least limitation of sarcopenia and its co-morbidities.

Reduced muscle mass and accumulation of visceral fat are independently associated with increased arterial stiffness in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus

BackgroundSeveral studies showed that sarcopenia and visceral obesity are associated with arterial stiffness. Thus, their coexistence may be a crucial risk factor of arteriosclerosis. However, little is known about the cross relationships among muscle mass, visceral fat mass, and arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). MethodsWe recruited 97 postmenopausal women with T2DM and examine the association of muscle mass and visceral fat mass with brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). Relative skeletal muscle mass index (RSMI) and %trunk fat were evaluated by whole body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Subcutaneous and visceral fat areas were measured by computed tomography. ResultsMultiple regression analyses adjusted for age, duration of T2DM, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, HbA1c, serum creatinine, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, uric acid, and the usage of anti-hypertensive drug showed that RSMI was negatively associated with baPWV (β=−0.40, p=0.027), while %trunk fat and visceral fat area were positively associated with it (β=0.29, p=0.004 and β=0.51, p=0.001, respectively). Moreover, after additional adjustment for RSMI, %trunk fat and visceral fat area were positively associated with baPWV (β=0.26, p=0.010 and β=0.46, p=0.003, respectively) although the association between RSMI and baPWV became marginal after additional adjustment for %trunk fat or visceral fat area (β=−0.30, p=0.146 and β=−0.30, p=0.085, respectively). ConclusionsReduced muscle mass and increased visceral fat are independently associated with increased arterial stiffness in postmenopausal women with T2DM.

Relative appendicular skeletal muscle mass is associated with isokinetic muscle strength and balance in healthy collegiate men

ABSTRACTThere are few studies on the relationship between skeletal muscle mass and balance in the young ages. We investigated the relationship between appendicular skeletal muscle mass, isokinetic muscle strength of lower extremity, and balance among healthy young men using relative skeletal muscle index. Thirty men were grouped according to relative appendicular skeletal muscle mass index: higher skeletal muscle group (n = 15) and lower skeletal muscle group (n = 15). Static and dynamic balance abilities were measured using the following: a test where participants stood on one leg with eyes closed, a modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Balance (mCTSIB) with eyes open and eyes closed, a stability test, and limits of stability test. The muscle strength of lower extremities was measured with an isokinetic analyser in hip, knee, and ankle joints. Participants with higher appendicular skeletal muscle mass were significantly more stable in maintaining dynamic balance than those with lower appendicular skeletal muscle mass. Moreover, appendicular skeletal muscle mass index was positively correlated with dynamic balance ability. Participants with higher appendicular skeletal muscle mass had stronger strength in the lower extremity, and there were significant differences in the isokinetic torque ratios between groups. From these results, it can be inferred that higher appendicular skeletal muscle mass relates to muscle strength and the alteration in the peak torque ratio of the lower extremity, contributing to the maintenance of balance.

Elevated Serum Pentosidine and Decreased Serum IGF-I Levels are Associated with Loss of Muscle Mass in Postmenopausal Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) play important roles in the progression of diabetic complications. Although sarcopenia is recently recognized as another complication associated with diabetes mellitus, its mechanism still remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the relationship between serum levels of pentosidine, which is one of AGEs, and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) vs. skeletal muscle mass by whole body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in 133 postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Relative skeletal muscle mass index (RSMI) was calculated by following formula; appendicular skeletal muscle mass divided by height in meters squared. Simple correlation analyses showed that serum pentosidine levels were significantly and negatively correlated with muscle mass of legs (r=-0.21, p=0.017) and RSMI (r=-0.18, p=0.022), and that IGF-I was significantly and positively correlated with muscle mass of arms and legs (r=0.23, p=0.008 and r=0.30, p=0.001, respectively) as well as RSMI (r=0.20, p=0.022). Moreover, after adjusting for age, duration of diabetes, serum creatinine, HbA1c, and IGF-I, pentosidine was significantly and negatively associated with RSMI (β=-0.27, p=0.018) and marginally with muscle mass of legs (β=-0.18, p=0.071). The associations between IGF-I and indices of muscle mass such as arms, legs and RSMI were still significant after additional adjustment for pentosidine (p=0.016, 0.019 and 0.021, respectively). These findings indicate that increased serum pentosidine and decreased IGF-I are independent risk factors for loss of muscle mass in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes.

Jump Test Performance and Sarcopenia Status in Men and Women, 55 to 75 Years of Age

Jumping mechanography uses maximal countermovement jumps to test obtain such as jump power (JPow). Recently, it has been shown to be a safe method for assessing muscle function in older adults; however, little is known about the relationships between JPow, muscle strength, and sarcopenia status. The purpose of this study was to examine jump performance, muscle strength, and sarcopenia status in older adults. This was a cross-sectional study that included men (n = 27) and women (n = 33) (55-75 years) recruited from the general community. Participants completed health status and physical activity questionnaires. Body composition, including appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM), bone free lean body mass, and relative skeletal muscle mass index, were assessed by total body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans. The criteria for sarcopenia were relative skeletal muscle mass index values less than 7.26 kg/m2 for men and less than 5.45 kg/m2 for women. Three vertical jumps on a jump mat were performed to assess JPow, jump velocity (JVel), and jump height (JHt). Muscle strength was measured by 1RM testing for leg press (LP) and right and left hip abduction isotonic resistance exercises. Sarcopenia was found in 20% (12/60) of the participants. Jump power was significantly lower (P = .001) in the sarcopenia group than in the normal group, 651.1 (41.7) W versus 851.0 (27.4) W, respectively. Jump power and JHt were significantly (P < .01) positively correlated (r = 0.54-0.77) with ASM and bone free lean body mass. Significant (P < .01) positive correlations (r = 0.43-0.70) were also reported between jump test variables (JPow, JVel, JHt) and muscle strength (LP, right and left hip abduction). The jump test protocol was conducted safely with no injuries or balance issues. Our finding of lower JPow in sarcopenic individuals adds new information to the existing literature on age-related declines in muscle power. Community-dwelling individuals classified as sarcopenic had significantly lower JPow but not muscle strength compared with their counterparts with normal amounts of muscle mass. Jump test variables were positively correlated with lean tissue and lower body muscle strength. Based on our findings, JPow may be useful for sarcopenia screening in the middle-aged and older adults; however, more research is needed to determine the utility of this method in clinical populations.

AB1320 Discriminating sarcopenia in community-dwelling older women with high frequency of overweight/obesity: Results from the sÃo paulo ageing & health study (SPAH)

BackgroundThe most widely used criteria for sarcopenia, byratio between the appendicular skeletal muscle mass(ASM) and height squared(h2) (Baumgartner et al) has the disadvantage to underestimate the prevalence in overweight/obese people,...