Relative Prosperity Research Articles

Un espace monastique royal : L'abbaye du Moncel (Pontpoint, Oise)

The Moncel Abbey (Pontpoint, Oise) was founded at a late date (1309), close to a royal chateau. The monastry of Poor Clares recruted from the upper aristocracy, and royal benevolence allowed a relative prosperity throughout the latter part of the Middle Ages. The site, occupied in a permanent manner on from the Roman period, was perfectly organised by the nuns. The abbatial church, built in the purest gothic style, but modified after a fire during the sixteenth century, formed the southern wing of the vast monastic buildings still standing today. The archaeological research, supported by exhaustive work on the archives, was concentrated on the church, in order to study both the monumental and funerary aspects. The closely associated human anthropology analyses, have revealed a large number of invalidating pathologies, which brings up the question of the monastry 's role in looking after people. Various interventions have helped to piece together a picture of the lifestyle within the monastic area.

‘Clean and Comfortable and Respectable’: Working-class Aspirations and the Australian 1920 Royal Commission on the Basic Wage

In 1920 the Australian government established a Royal Commission on the Basic Wage with a brief to enquire into and report on the living standards of the working population. Many women and men testified before it. Their evidence provides not only extraordinarily detailed and intimate portraits of the everyday lives of working-class households but more important reveals a process of struggle around competing interpretations of the situation and needs of the 'normal' Australian family of the early interwar period.' By listening to the voices of the working people who testified to the Commission, it is possible to trace something of the way in which they 'made history' through their determination to maintain what they saw as appropriate conditions and standards of behaviour on the part of household members. The opening decades of the century were years of relative economic prosperity in Australia with further expansion of the major urban centres; the Australian predilection for suburban family living was already evident.2 Following Federation in 1901, the contours of the twentieth century's political system were established: at both state and federal levels, liberalism and labour concurred on the desirability of an interventionist state. Amongst the many legislative measures of this period were pensions for the

Mazzini, Kossuth, and British Radicalism, 1848–1854

The relative quiescence of British working-class radicalism during much of the two decades after 1848, so central to the foundations of mid-Victorian stability, has been the subject of many explanations. Though Chartism did not expire finally until the late 1850s, its mainstream strategy of constitutionalist organization, huge meetings, enormous parliamentary petitions, and the tacit threat of violent intimidation seemed exploded after the debacle of Kennington Common and the failed march on Parliament in April 1848. But other factors also contributed to undermine the zeal for reform. Alleviating the pressures of distress, emigration carried off many activists to America and elsewhere. Relative economic prosperity rendered the economic ends of reform less pressing, and proposals like the Chartist Land Plan less appealing. The popularity of various self-help doctrines, including consumer cooperation, also militated against collectivist political action. “Labour aristocrats” and trade union leaders, moreover, preferred local and sectional economic improvement to the risks and expense of political campaigning.Accounts of mid-Victorian political stability have had little to say, however, about the impact of European radicalism on the British working-class movement after 1848. That the failure of the continental revolutions brought thousands of refugees to Britain is well known. But although useful studies exist of the internationalist dimensions of Chartism prior to 1849—and of some of the refugee groups generally in this period—the effects of the exiled continental radicals on British working-class politics in the early 1850s have remained largely unconsidered.

Economic Stabilisation in Argentina: the Austral Plan

The relative prosperity which Argentina enjoyed at the beginning of the century made it a candidate to be a major economic power. Despite its abundant natural resources and skilled manpower, Argentina has consistently failed to live up to its potential. Periods of growth have either been too sporadic or political upheavals too frequent for coherent economic policies to be effective. In recent decades the Argentine economy has been characterised by a deterioration in current account,1 exchange rate,2 gross domestic product (GDP) growth,3 investment,4 and has seen inflation become an endemic phenomenon.5 These factors have exacerbated the economy's inability to tackle its mounting foreign debt.

The Turco-Armenian 'Adana Incidents' in the Light of Secret British Documents (July 1908-December 1909)

For almost six centuries the position of the Armenian nation (millet) within the Ottoman Empire, was one of relative peace, order, security and prosperity until the genesis, in the 1870s, of the so-called "Eastern Question". The Turco-Russian war of 1877 had resulted in the abortive Treaty of San Stefano, and had brought about the signature of the Cyprus Convention and the Treaty of Berlin. These treaties were supposed to procure more privileges for the Ottoman Armenians, but they were actually intended to enable the Great Powers, in particular Britain and Russia, to interfere in the internal affairs of the Ottoman Empire with the hope of snatching a greater share of the spoils when the Empire ultimately collapsed.

SOCIAL WELFARE IN A KENYAN TOWN: POLICY AND PRACTICE, 1902–1985

THERE IS, LIVINGSTONE OBSERVES, a eertain vagueness about the meaning to be given to welfare, partieularly in relation to developing eountries'. 1 In Kenya this 'vagueness' has manifested itself in the range of serviees whieh 'soeial welfare' has, at various times, been seen to inelude: 'eommunity development', 'aid', 'soeial work' and 'soeial serviees'. As first used by the eolonial government the term had a speeifie meaning: the provision of serviees to deal with partieular 'soeial problems' in urban eentres sueh as juvenile erime, vagrants, orphans and the eare of the handieapped. 'Soeial welfare' is apparently similarly defined under the present Kenyan government: 'to rehabilitate maladjusted and soeially disorganized individuals and to reduee and prevent soeial problems'.2 But governmental poliey statements reveal little about the aetual praetiee of 'social welfare' in Kenya today and in the past.This artiele examines the background to social welfare services in urban Kenya, the environment in whieh formal serviees were first implemented, and the effeet of independenee and inereasing international intervention upon the nature of 'soeial welfare'. Case material is drawn irom the town of Eldoret, the Headquarters of Uasin Gishu Distriet in Rift Valley Provinee. Once a White settler stronghold, it is now, as available statisties eonfirm, the fastest growing town in Kenya.3 Eldoret continues to have a multi-raeial and multitribal population; its settler past, and present relative prosperity, situated as it is in the President's home area, lend the town to study of this sort.

Démographie et écologie en Afrique orientale à la fin du XIXe siècle : une crise exceptionnelle ?

J.-P. Chretien— Demography and Ecology in East Africa at the End of the icth Century : An Exceptional Crisis? Recent publications on East Africa in the 19th century and surveys on the history of the plains bordering lake Tanganyika in Burundi permit to critieize the stereo-typed opinion opposing a 'traditional' demographie standstill to a progress due to colonization. A relative prosperity is, indeed, broken off by a both demographie and economie crisis which reaches its peak between 1890 and 1930: the insecurity created by the Arab slave trade and European expeditions combines with droughts, locust invasion, cattle-plague, smallpox and sleeping sickness. It might be that the population of some regions then decreased by at least fifty per cent. Other crises probably affected East Africa (in about 1830 and 1870-1880), but their importance and impact can only be assessed through a cautious interpretation of scattered and indirect sources (hydrographical data, oral traditions...) which should be system-atically put back in their geographical and ecological setting. The history of societies and that of landscapes are closely linked.

The politics of uneven development

Uneven development is not a new phenomenon; it has always been with us. It can be identified on a global scale, a continental scale, or a national and subnational level. World history, furthermore, is not without many instances of political concern about relative economic prosperity between states and regions or of occasional policies seeking to increase prosperity and to deal with poverty.

The migrant wife: The worst of all worlds

This study reanalyses data on migrants to Alberta, collected by Statistics Canada in a 1980 Labour Force Survey. The findings indicate that migrant men are gainers and migrant women, particularly migrant wives are the losers from such movement, even during a period of relative economic prosperity in the Province. Women's occupational status tends to improve with time spent in the new labour force. However there is a failure to return to occupational statuses enjoyed before the move. This means, first, that male and female workers are more sex-differentiated after the move than before it; second, that migrant women, especially wives, enjoy fewer occupational returns on their educational investment than migrant men; third, that the balance of economic contribution, and possibly therefore influence, within a migrant household is shifted towards greater male dominance by the move.

Economic Conditions and the Divorce Rate: A Time-Series Analysis of the Postwar United States

This paper challenges the theory that the US divorces rate rises in periods of prosperity and falls during economic recessions. This theory 1) is based on tenuous evidence 2) may be based on simply eyeballing 2 trends and 3) contradicts microeconomic studies that show a negative association between husbands or familys socioeconomic status and the probability of marital dissolution. This paper reexamines the influence of economic conditions on the divorce rate through a multivariate time-series analysis of annual data from the post-World War II US. The divorce rate is positively and significantly correlated with the female labor force participation rate and the percentage of the population aged 20-29. Contrary to the usually accepted view of the relationship between divorce and economic conditions the correlation between the divorce rate and the unemployment rate (lagged one year) is positive and statistically significant. The divorce rate tends to fall following periods of relative prosperity (at least as measured by low unemployment rates) and tends to rise following periods of economic recession. Finally wars influence on the divorce rate is ambiguous; bivariate correlates suggest that the divorce rate fell during and immediately after the Korean War but rose during and immediately after the Vietnam War. The limited nature of this study made it impossible to consider the many possible determinants of the divorce rate. A high educational level and a late age at marriage which both reduce the divorce rate on a microlevel have risen steadily in the postwar period but the divorce rate has also shown a sharp increase. The liberalization of divorce laws is often cited as a reason for the increase in divorces but it is not at all certain that this happens. The likeliest explanation of the relationship between economic conditions and the divorce rate is that it has changed over time.

The North European depression of the 1920s

Abstract While the rest of the world enjoyed relative prosperity during the 1920s, Northern Europe remained depressed. In particular, Britain and Scandinavia suffered relatively high rates of unemployment. In this paper, we investigate the links between the North European Depression and currency overvaluation. The role of currency overvaluation has received much attention in the British case, but has been relatively neglected in the economic history of Scandinavia (in the English language, at least).

Comment on «Econometric Analysis of Sectoral Investment in Belgium (1956–1982)»

The authors derive some interesting conclusions about the relative importance of the cost of capital and output during periods of economic crisis and relative prosperity. In essence as a result of output constraints during periods of economic recession the level of output is seen to dominate the demand for capital goods with real cost of capital playing a minor role. These conclusion result from a theoretical development of investment behaviour that allows for the introduction of rationing when a sector is operating under an output constraint. The following points arise from a detailed study of the paper.Initial experiments with standard investment functions of the Jorgenson & Eisner-Nadiri type give the familiar result that they are unstable. If attention is turned to the results presented in Tables 2 and 3 it can be clearly seen that elasticities and mean lags are very sensitive to small changes in the data set. This can be interpreted as indicating the severe problems of mispecification that are present but may also result from severe multicollinearity between the explanatory variables or the presence of an outlier in the data set. If the values of σ and μ are used to calculate v, the degree of homogeneity of the production function, it is worrying to find that it takes unrealistic values with a large number of estimates exceeding 2 and several exceeding 20. In addition, the interpretation of the mean lag should be treated with caution. The mean lag is meaningless if, as for some sectors appear likely from the information given, the value of βj alternate in sign. The use of the median lag may however overcome these problems.

A propos de la découverte d'un trésor de fausses monnaies du XIIIe siècle à Rihour

In Rihour, as the place has been named, was once erected a vast palace, built by the Duke of Burgundy from 1453 to 1465. One took advantage in 1980 of the digging works necessary for the construction of a tube station to open a campaign of archaeological searches, in the middle of what was once the central courtyard of the palace. This undertaking had a very precise goal as it ambitionned to make out levels of occupation prior to 1066, the date traditionnally acknowledged as that ot the origin of Lille. Hitherto the results have remained negative ; yet the archeologists were surprisxed to disclose a treasure containing 474 forged coins (studies by Jean Duples- sis), dating from the middle of the xinth century, a period of relative prosperity in Lille. The burying remains uo to now unaccountable. One should also stress that these searches were undertaken as part ot the supervision of the digging of Line n° 1 of the Lille Tube system.

Pakistan in 1982: Holding On

Research Article| February 01 1983 Pakistan in 1982: Holding On Marvin G. Weinbaum, Marvin G. Weinbaum Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Stephen P. Cohen Stephen P. Cohen Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Far Eastern Survey (1954) 23 (2): 123–132. https://doi.org/10.2307/2644343 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Marvin G. Weinbaum, Stephen P. Cohen; Pakistan in 1982: Holding On. Far Eastern Survey 1 February 1954; 23 (2): 123–132. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2644343 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAsian Survey Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1983 Regents of the University of California Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Apartheid

At the close of the nineteenth century the British explorer James Bryce pinpointed South Africa's primary problem: Relations of the white race to the blacks constitute the gravest of difficulties which confront South Africa (Bryce, 1899: 469). This is no less true nearly a century later, and the government harbors deep fear of a threat from within, from internal insurgency or terrorism. It is true that both the standard of living and the literacy rate of South African blacks are two to five times higher than those in any black-ruled country. Still, the most meaningful comparisons are not with Africans living in other countries and with whom the South African blacks never come in contact, but with the whites in adjacent cities whose relative prosperity is a visible, constant reminder of South African inequities.

Urban House Types As A Research Focus In Historical Geography

Historical geographers have begun to explore urban dwellings as valuable artifacts. These vary in character according to location, age, form, style, original purpose, size, and spacing. Style and form indicate the approximate age of buildings. Original purpose, the size, and spacing of dwellings indicate the relative prosperity or social status of the first inhabitants. The status of a building's earliest residents is also reflected by the presence or absence of a once-fashionable facade.

Population rise and fall in Anatolia 1550–1620

(1979). Population rise and fall in Anatolia 1550–1620. Middle Eastern Studies: Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 322-345.

In the Almost Promised Land: American Jews and Blacks, 1915-1935

Seeking the reasons behind Jewish altruism toward African-Americans, Hasia Diner shows how - in the wake of the Leo Frank trial and lynching in Atlanta - Jews came to see that their relative prosperity was no protection against the same social forces that threatened blacks. It thus became in the Jewish American self-interest to support the black struggle for racial justice and to fight against American prejudice. Jewish leaders and organisations genuinely believed in the cause of black civil rights, Diner suggests, but they also used that cause as a way of advancing their own interests without seeming pushy or too demanding - launching a vicarious attack on the nation that they felt had not lived up to its own pronouncements of freedom and equality.

The Number and Earnings of Lawyers: Some Recent Findings

The number of lawyers in a society may depend on the level of real income and on the scope of government regulation. Cross-national data and time-series data suggest that the growth in the number of lawyers in the United States during the past 50 years can be better explained by increases in real income than by increases in government regulation. Other tests also suggest that regulation is of lesser importance. The combined share of memberships in American Bar Association Sections more closely allied with government regulation has not increased over time. The share of billings by the legal service industry to firms is found to be relatively stable throughout the post-World War II period, suggesting that the scope of government regulation has not caused business firms to use the legal service industry more intensively over time than individuals have. An examination of the earnings of lawyers over time suggests that members of the legal profession experienced relative prosperity during the 1920s and early 1930s and during the 1960s and early 1970s. The length of these prosperous periods is traced to the slow adjustment in the number of places in law schools.

The Number and Earnings of Lawyers: Some Recent Findings

The number of lawyers in a society may depend on the level of real income and on the scope of government regulation. Cross-national data and time-series data suggest that the growth in the number of lawyers in the United States during the past 50 years can be better explained by increases in real income than by increases in government regulation. Other tests also suggest that regulation is of lesser importance. The combined share of memberships in American Bar Association Sections more closely allied with government regulation has not increased over time. The share of billings by the legal service industry to firms is found to be relatively stable throughout the post-World War II period, suggesting that the scope of government regulation has not caused business firms to use the legal service industry more intensively over time than individuals have. An examination of the earnings of lawyers over time suggests that members of the legal profession experienced relative prosperity during the 1920s and early 1930s and during the 1960s and early 1970s. The length of these prosperous periods is traced to the slow adjustment in the number of places in law schools.