Related Products Research Articles

Gut microbiota dynamics and fecal SCFAs after colonoscopy: accelerating microbiome stabilization by Clostridium butyricum

BackgroundColonoscopy is a classic diagnostic method with possible complications including abdominal pain and diarrhoea. In this study, gut microbiota dynamics and related metabolic products during and after colonoscopy were explored to accelerate gut microbiome balance through probiotics.MethodsThe gut microbiota and fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were analyzed in four healthy subjects before and after colonoscopy, along with seven individuals supplemented with Clostridium butyricum. We employed 16S rRNA sequencing and GC–MS to investigate these changes. We also conducted bioinformatic analysis to explore the buk gene, encoding butyrate kinase, across C. butyricum strains from the human gut.ResultsThe gut microbiota and fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) of four healthy subjects were recovered on the 7th day after colonoscopy. We found that Clostridium and other bacteria might have efficient butyric acid production through bioinformatic analysis of the buk and assessment of the transcriptional level of the buk. Supplementation of seven healthy subjects with Clostridium butyricum after colonoscopy resulted in a quicker recovery and stabilization of gut microbiota and fecal SCFAs on the third day.ConclusionWe suggest that supplementation of Clostridium butyricum after colonoscopy should be considered in future routine clinical practice.

Identification of mozambioside roasting products and their bitter taste receptor activation

Arabica coffee contains the bitter-tasting diterpene glycoside mozambioside, which degrades during coffee roasting, leading to yet unknown structurally related degradation products with possibly similar bitter-receptor-activating properties.The study aimed at the generation, isolation, and structure elucidation of individual pyrolysis products of mozambioside and characterization of bitter receptor activation by in vitro analysis in HEK 293T-Gα16gust44 cells.The new compounds 17-O-β-d-glucosyl-11-hydroxycafestol-2-on, 11-O-β-d-glucosyl-16-desoxycafestol-2-on, 11-O-β-d-glucosyl-(S)-16-desoxy-17-oxocafestol-2-on, 11-O-β-d-glucosyl-15,16-dehydrocafestol-2-on, and 11-O-β-d-glucosyl-(R)-16-desoxy-17-oxocafestol-2-on were isolated from pyrolyzed mozambioside by HPLC and identified by NMR and UHPLC-ToF-MS. Roasting products 11-O-β-d-glucosyl-(S)-16-desoxy-17-oxocafestol-2-on, 11-O-β-d-glucosyl-15,16-dehydrocafestol-2-on, and 11-O-β-d-glucosyl-(R)-16-desoxy-17-oxocafestol-2-on had lower bitter receptor activation thresholds compared to mozambioside.Molecular docking simulations revealed the binding modes of the compounds 11-O-β-d-glucosyl-15,16-dehydrocafestol-2-on and 11-O-β-d-glucosyl-(R)-16-desoxy-17-oxocafestol-2-on and their aglycone 11-hydroxycafestol-2-on in the two cognate receptors TAS2R43 and TAS2R46.The newly discovered roasting products 17-O-β-d-glucosyl-11-hydroxycafestol-2-on, 11-O-β-d-glucosyl-(S)-16-desoxy-17-oxocafestol-2-on, 11-O-β-d-glucosyl-15,16-dehydrocafestol-2-on, and 11-O-β-d-glucosyl-(R)-16-desoxy-17-oxocafestol-2-on were detected in authentic roast coffee brew by UHPLC-ToF-MS and could contribute to coffee's bitter taste impression.

A Theory of Architectural Production in a Geography of Change: Auguste Choisy in the Ottoman Empire

This article presents an expanded intellectual, historical and geographical context of Auguste Choisy’s history of architecture. Reading his history of Byzantine architecture along with his travelogue, L’Asie Mineure et les Turcs en 1875 (1876), the article situates Choisy’s notion of architectural production in relation to the background of the modernisation projects of the Ottoman Empire. It draws connections between Choisy’s historical and geographical thought at the end of the nineteenth century, articulating the notion of a material landscape composed of resources, work, and a sense of environment that suggested the ways in which a society transforms the earth to inhabit it. With environment in the background, Choisy’s history articulated architecture as an index of how a society makes use of its resources, organises work and allows for experimentation within its systems of knowledge.

전문대학의 상대적 효율성 분석과 생산성변화 연구

This study was conducted to measure the relative efficiency of 124 junior colleges in Korea. Data for three years from 2020 to 2022 were provided on the university information disclosure website, and the relative efficiency and productivity changes of junior colleges were analyzed using DEA and Malmquist techniques. As a result of the DEA analysis, it was analyzed that the efficiency of 23 junior colleges in 2020, 34 in 2021, and 26 in 2022 is determined by scale. As a result of the analysis of the Malmquist productivity index, a total of 33 junior colleges have generated technological progress, and 91 junior colleges have generated technological regression, which is about three times higher than the occurrence of technological progress. The average value of MPI-based productivity was analyzed to have decreased by about 4.8% over three years, and it was found to be affected by changes in efficiency. It was analyzed that 108 junior colleges were affected by efficiency by scale, excluding 16 junior colleges that were analyzed to have pure technological efficiency greater than efficiency of scale.

Protective effect of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on hypoxia reperfusion injury of cardiomyocytes.

We aimed to investigate the cardiomyocyte-protective effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)-derived exosomes on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-injured rats and to explore the mechanisms. Cardiomyocytes were divided into control group, ischemia/reperfusion group (I/R group), ischemia/reperfusion+exosome group (I/R+Exo group) or ischemia/reperfusion+exosomes transfected with miR-101a-3p inhibitor group (I/R+Exo inhibitor group). MiR-101a-3p levels were lower in I/R and I/R+Exo inhibitor groups than in control and I/R+Exo groups. Apoptosis rate and cleaved caspase 3 expression were higher in I/R and I/R+Exo inhibitor groups. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in cardiomyocytes of I/R group and I/R+Exo inhibitor group were lower than those of control group and I/R+Exo group, and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the relative production of oxygen species clusters (ROS) in cardiomyocytes of I/R group and I/R+Exo inhibitor group were higher than those of control group and I/R+Exo group. The levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) were higher in the I/R group and the I/R +Exo inhibitor group than in the control group and the I/R+Exo group. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that Pik3c3 is the most promising gene involved in miR-101a-3p-mediated apoptosis in cardiomyocytes, and in vitro experiments confirmed that low expression of miR-101a-3p significantly up-regulated the mRNA and protein expression levels of Pik3c3. BMSCs-derived exosomes have a protective effect on cardiomyocytes from I/R-injured rats, and the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in cardiomyocytes by exosome-delivered miR-101a-3p.

A chemodynamical analysis of bright metal-poor stars from the HESP-GOMPA survey – indications of a non-prevailing site for light r-process elements

ABSTRACT We present a comprehensive analysis of the detailed chemical abundances for a sample of 11 metal-poor, very metal-poor, and extremely metal-poor stars ([Fe/H] = −1.65 to [Fe/H] = −3.0) as part of the HESP-GOMPA (Galactic survey Of Metal Poor stArs) survey. The abundance determinations encompass a range of elements, including C, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Sc, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, and Ba, with a subset of the brighter objects allowing for the measurement of additional key elements. Notably, the abundance analysis of a relatively bright highly r-process-enhanced (r-II) star (SDSS J0019+3141) exhibits a predominantly main r-process signature and variations in the lighter r-process elements. Moreover, successful measurements of thorium in this star facilitate stellar age determinations. We find a consistent odd–even nucleosynthesis pattern in these stars, aligning with expectations for their respective metallicity levels, thus implicating Type II supernovae as potential progenitors. From the interplay between the light and heavy r-process elements, we infer a diminishing relative production of light r-process elements with increasing Type II supernova contributions, challenging the notion that Type II supernovae are the primary source of these light r-process elements in the early Milky Way. A chemodynamical analysis based on Gaia astrometric data and our derived abundances indicates that all but one of our program stars are likely to be of accreted origin. Additionally, our examination of α-poor stars underscores the occurrence of an early accretion event from a satellite on a prograde orbit, similar to that of the Galactic disc.

ENERGY INTENSITY OF THE POLISH AGRI-FOOD SECTOR IN THE LIGHT OF INPUT-OUTPUT TABLES

The purpose of this paper is to assess the energy intensity of production in the Polish agri-food (agribusiness) sector, split into agriculture, food industry and supply subsectors, in the light of input-output tables. The study relies on input-output tables and physical energy flow accounts. Energy plays a key role in today’s society as it affects economic growth and the standards of living, while also being at the core of international conflicts, mainly caused by its limited resources. Compared to other sectors, agribusiness demonstrates particularly high levels of energy consumption. Agriculture, which is part of it, has a large share in the consumption of fuels derived from crude oil. This paper presents the consumption of energy in each of the four aggregates of agribusiness, as well as their GDP (in PPS) and energy consumption mix (split into 6groups of energy carriers). The authors found that between2014 and2019, energy consumption in the agribusiness industry increased by ca.9% and was accompanied by ca.8% growth in GDP. The sector’s energy intensity was half more than the average level for the economy as a whole, and remained at ca.5.6TJ per EUR1million of GDP in PPS. Only the food industry was at a level of energy efficiency similar to that of the economy as a whole, whereas the agricultural supply subsector was the only one to demonstrate lower levels. Both the economy as a whole and the agribusiness sector clearly tend to reduce the share of coal and related products in the energy mix.

Evaluation of 180mTa formation cross-sections in photoneutron reactions

Determining the relative production cross-sections of the short-lived (ground) and long- lived (metastable) states of 180Ta is integral in nuclear physics research. However, direct measurement of these cross-sections is challenging. In this study, we proposed a method for estimating the total flux-weighted average formation cross-section of 180m+gTa based on GEANT4 modeling to evaluate the short-lived (ground) and long-lived (metastable) states of 180Ta. A Ta target was irradiated by a bremsstrahlung photon beam (maximum electron energy: 20 MeV) obtained from the linear electron accelerator LUE-75 at the A.I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (AANL), Armenia. The experiment was performed using the activation technique, and the proposed GEANT4 simulation-based method was employed to evaluate the flux-weighted average formation cross-section of 180mTa. In addition, the isomeric cross-section ratio for the 180m,gTa isomeric pair was calculated. The theoretical results obtained using the TALYS 1.96 and EMPIRE 3.2 codes were consistent with the experimental ones. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper reports the estimated flux-weighted average formation cross-section of 180mTa and isomer ratio for the 180m,gTa isomeric pair, induced by the irradiation of a bremsstrahlung beam with an end-point energy of 20 MeV, for the first time. This study opens new avenues for determining the relative production cross-sections of the ground and metastable states of 180Ta, which is widely studied as a natural isomeric target in various fields, including nuclear transformation reactions, fission dynamics, etc.

Strategy on rapid discrimination of different varieties based on the combination of HS-GC-IMS and DNA Mini-barcode, spore powder of Ganoderma as a case study

The demand for the consumption of Ganoderma (LingZhi) is increasing significantly nowadays. While the wild resources of Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma sinense have been reduced severely, and artificially cultivated products are gradually occupying the market. However, it is usually difficult to distinguish the different species of Ganoderma spore powder (GSP). In this research, a rapid and accurate identification method which combined headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) with the DNA mini-barcode was successfully developed to discriminate different GSP. The feasibility of the method was evaluated by both GSP and its Chinese patent medicines. HS-GC-IMS was used to characterize GSP volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and a total of seventy-one VOCs were identified. Principal component analysis could be utilized to show the significantly difference between Korean LingZhi (KL) and American LingZhi (AL) or Taishan LingZhi (TL). Then, we clarified the species information of all samples based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. The identification results showed that TL and KL were Ganoderma lucidum, and the AL was Ganoderma resinaceum. Furthermore, according to the mutation sites of the above ITS sequences, the specialized DNA mini-barcode was successfully developed and applied. The artificial mixtures of the three types of GSP and Chinese patent medicines containing GSP were used to authenticate the barcode capability. The mixing experiment found that there was a linear relationship between the sequence numbers and the mixed biomass, indicating that the qualitative and quantitative ability of DNA mini-barcode performed well. The investigation of the ingredients of commercially available GSP products found that the commercial products maybe contain Ganoderma resinaceum, Ganoderma applanatum and Daedaleopsis confragosa, except for Ganoderma lucidum. Therefore, the results suggested that the available GSP products might be adulterated according to Chinese Pharmacopoeia. In this paper, we established a novel approach to distinguish the different GSP samples based on HS-GC-IMS and DNA mini-barcode, and the results indicated that our strategy could not only discriminate different GSP samples, but also identify the origins in their related products.

The conceptual model of the national blue economic system and its modeling principles: A supernetwork perspective

The national blue economic system is a complex system formed by the correlation of different agents, such as related blue industries, blue products, blue firms and blue provinces in a country. Its essence can be regarded as a complex system formed by the interconnection of a variety of heterogeneous networks. The supernetwork is an important method for studying such multilevel, multidimensional and multiagent correlation problems in network science. This method can effectively assess the intra- and interrelationships of each element entity. This paper incorporates the multielement entities in the national blue economic system into this multilayer network framework for systematic analysis and decomposes the development issue of the blue economy into the development issues of blue industries, blue products, blue firms and blue provinces. On this basis, this paper analyzes the conceptual model of the national blue economic system space, qualitatively describes the intra- and interexport relationships among multifactor entities in national blue economic development from the perspective of the multilayer network, and expounds the modeling principle of the national blue economic system space. This supernetwork approach provides effective new methods and tools for countries to study the development of the blue economy and formulate corresponding policies to achieve blue growth.

In Silico Prediction of Chemical Acute Dermal Toxicity Using Explainable Machine Learning Methods.

The research on acute dermal toxicity has consistently been a crucial component in assessing the potential risks of human exposure to active ingredients in pesticides and related plant protection products. However, it is difficult to directly identify the acute dermal toxicity of potential compounds through animal experiments alone. In our study, we separately integrated 1735 experimental data based on rabbits and 1679 experimental data based on rats to construct acute dermal toxicity prediction models using machine learning and deep learning algorithms. The best models for the two animal species achieved AUC values of 78.0 and 82.0%, respectively, on 10-fold cross-validation. Additionally, we employed SARpy to extract structural alerts, and in conjunction with Shapley additive explanation and attentive FP heatmap, we identified important features and structural fragments associated with acute dermal toxicity. This approach offers valuable insights for the detection of positive compounds. Moreover, a standalone software tool was developed to make acute dermal toxicity prediction easier. In summary, our research would provide an effective tool for acute dermal toxicity evaluation of pesticides, cosmetics, and drug safety assessment.

Platelet-Rich Plasma: Advances and Controversies in Hair Restoration and Skin Rejuvenation.

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and its combined therapeutic modalities have catalyzed new possibilities in dermatology; however, limitations in evidence and lack of consensus remain among clinicians regarding optimal composition, protocol, technique, and application. To provide an update and analysis of the evidence for PRP in hair restoration and skin rejuvenation through review of recent available data, highlighting controversies and expert insights to guide future studies, and stimulate discourse and innovations benefitting patients. A structured review and expert analysis of PubMed publications before October 2023, with a focus on recent literature from January 2020 through October 2023. Growing literature supports the utility and benefits of PRP and related autologous products for applications for skin and hair, with strongest evidence for androgenetic alopecia and skin rejuvenation. However, this is limited by lack of consensus regarding best practices and protocols. Randomized, controlled trials with uniform metrics comparing outcomes of various compositions of autologous blood products, preparation methods, dosimetry, and frequency of treatments are still required. This will allow the medical discourse to grow beyond the realm of expert opinion into consensus, standardization, and more wide spread adoption of best practices that will benefit patients.

Forest Canopy Height Retrieval and Analysis Using Random Forest Model with Multi-Source Remote Sensing Integration

Forest canopy height is an important indicator of the forest ecosystem, and an accurate assessment of forest canopy height on a large scale is of great significance for forest resource quantification and carbon sequestration. The retrieval of canopy height based on remote sensing provides a possibility for studying forest ecosystems. This study proposes a new method for estimating forest canopy height based on remote sensing. In this method, the GEDI satellite and ICESat-2 satellite, which are different types of space-borne lidar products, are used to cooperate with the Landsat 9 image and SRTM terrain data, respectively. Two forest canopy height-retrieval models based on multi-source remote sensing integration are obtained using a random forest regression (RFR) algorithm. The study, conducted at a forest site in the northeastern United States, synthesized various remote sensing data sets to produce a robust canopy height model. First, we extracted relative canopy height products, multispectral features, and topographic data from GEDI, ICESat-2, Landsat 9, and SRTM images, respectively. The importance of each variable was assessed, and the random forest algorithm was used to analyze each variable statistically. Then, the random forest regression algorithm was used to combine these variables and construct the forest canopy height model. Validation with airborne laser scanning (ALS) data shows that the GEDI and ICESat-2 models using a single data source achieve better accuracy than the Landsat 9 model. Notably, the combination of GEDI, Landsat 9, and SRTM data (R = 0.92, MAE = 1.91 m, RMSE = 2.78 m, and rRMSE = 12.64%) and a combination of ICESat-2, Landsat 9, and SRTM data (R = 0.89, MAE = 1.84 m, RMSE = 2.54 m, and rRMSE = 10.75%). Compared with the least accurate Landsat 9 model, R increased by 29.58%, 93.48%, MAE by 44.64%, 46.20%, RMSE by 42.80%, 49.40%, and the rRMSE was increased by 42.86% and 49.32%, respectively. These results fully evaluate and discuss the practical performance and benefits of multi-source data retrieval of forest canopy height by combining space-borne lidar data with Landsat 9 data, which is of great significance for understanding forest structure and dynamics. The study provides a reliable methodology for estimating forest canopy height and valuable insights into forest resource management and its contribution to global climate change.

Comprehensive Impurity Profiling of mRNA: Evaluating Current Technologies and Advanced Analytical Techniques.

In vitro transcription (IVT) of mRNA is a versatile platform for a broad range of biotechnological applications. Its rapid, scalable, and cost-effective production makes it a compelling choice for the development of mRNA-based cancer therapies and vaccines against infectious diseases. The impurities generated during mRNA production can potentially impact the safety and efficacy of mRNA therapeutics, but their structural complexity has not been investigated in detail yet. This study pioneers a comprehensive profiling of IVT mRNA impurities, integrating current technologies with innovative analytical tools. We have developed highly reproducible, efficient, and stability-indicating ion-pair reversed-phase liquid chromatography and capillary gel electrophoresis methods to determine the purity of mRNA from different suppliers. Furthermore, we introduced the applicability of microcapillary electrophoresis for high-throughput (<1.5 min analysis time per sample) mRNA impurity profiling. Our findings revealed that impurities are mainly attributed to mRNA variants with different poly(A) tail lengths due to aborted additions or partial hydrolysis and the presence of double-stranded mRNA (dsRNA) byproducts, particularly the dsRNA 3'-loop back form. We also implemented mass photometry and native mass spectrometry for the characterization of mRNA and its related product impurities. Mass photometry enabled the determination of the number of nucleotides of different mRNAs with high accuracy as well as the detection of their size variants [i.e., aggregates and partial and/or total absence of the poly(A) tail], thus providing valuable information on mRNA identity and integrity. In addition, native mass spectrometry provided insights into mRNA intact mass, heterogeneity, and important sequence features such as poly(A) tail length and distribution. This study highlights the existing bottlenecks and opportunities for improvement in the analytical characterization of IVT mRNA, thus contributing to the refinement and streamlining of mRNA production, paving the way for continued advancements in biotechnological applications.

"The Sulfur Dance" Around Arenes and Heteroarenes - the Reversible Nature of Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitutions.

We disclose the features of a category of reversible nucleophilic aromatic substitutions in view of their significance and generality in dynamic aromatic chemistry. Exchange of sulfur components surrounding arenes and heteroarenes may occur at 25 °C, in a process that one may call a "sulfur dance". These SNAr systems present their own features, apart from common reversible reactions utilized in dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC). By varying conditions, covalent dynamics may operate to provide libraries of thiaarenes with some selectivity, or conversion of a hexa(thio)benzene asterisk into another one. The reversible nature of SNAr is confirmed by three methods: a convergence of the products distribution in reversible SNAr systems, a related product redistribution between two per(thio)benzenes by using a thiolate promoter, and from kinetic/thermodynamic data. A four-component dynamic covalent system further illustrates the thermodynamically-driven formation of a thiacalix[2]arene[2]pyrimidine by sulfur component exchanges. This work stimulates the implementation of reversible SNAr in aromatic chemistry and in DCC.

A two-stage real world serial batching scheduling problem: a case study

This paper concerns a real-life production management problem composed of two stages, which includes interdependent batch scheduling problems. Moreover, both stages require setup operations at the beginning and between the subsequent batches. From the optimisation point of view, this production management problem is complying with customers’ deadlines and hence minimising total lateness. To achieve this objective, the production planner must identify optimum or near-optimum batch schedules for both stages. Correspondingly, this paper aims to develop a methodology to manage the related production problem as accurately as possible. We formulate an optimisation model that employs the mathematical programming method in line with this. Afterwards, an algorithmic proposal based on the simulated annealing algorithm is also developed to solve the problem in realistic sizes. The computational capabilities of the developed model and the algorithm are evaluated on the randomly generated problem sets. A direct comparison between the mathematical model and the algorithm shows how efficiently the proposed algorithm solves real-world problems. Also, computational results indicate that the proposed algorithm satisfactorily solves the related real-world batch scheduling problem.

Correlation of ex vivo and in vivo ammonia production with L-asparaginase biological activity in adults with lymphoid malignancies.

Silent inactivation of L-asparaginase (L-Asp) represents rapid clearance of L-Asp by anti-L-Asp IgG antibodies without clinical symptoms. Measurement of L-Asp activity is the gold standard for diagnosis of silent inactivation, but this test is not commercially available in Japan as of 2023. We evaluated ex vivo and in vivo ammonia production in relation to L-Asp activity. Blood samples from ten adult patients treated with L-Asp were collected to measure ammonia levels and L-Asp activity before the first dose and 24h after the last dose of L-Asp, during each cycle of treatment. Plasma ammonia levels were analyzed immediately and 1h after incubation at room temperature, and ex vivo ammonia production was defined as the increase in ammonia concentration. Ex vivo ammonia production correlated with L-Asp activity (R2 = 0.741), and ammonia levels measured immediately after blood collection were moderately correlated with L-Asp activity (R2 = 0.709). One patient with extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma showed an increase in ammonia levels during the first cycle, but no increase in ammonia levels or L-Asp activity after L-Asp administration during the second cycle. Both ex vivo and in vivo ammonia production and surrogate markers are used for L-Asp biological activity.

TERRITORIES IN TRANSFORMATION: CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES IN SUSTAINABLE SPACE PLANNING AND PLANNING

This article addresses the importance of territorial planning and ordering, highlighting the influence of works such as "Right to participation in urban policies: advances after 15 years of city statute", "For Another Globalization: From Single Thought to Universal Consciousness" and "Experiences in Urban Territorial Planning in Latin America: the context of Brazil”. The understanding of territory as a dynamic product of social actions highlights territorialization as intrinsic to the reorganization of territorial information and social stratification. The analysis of power relations, according to Raffestin and Saquet, reveals political-ideological conflicts in the territory. Settlements, as products of complex power relations, highlight the struggle for land and social inequalities. The rational management of natural resources, aligned with sustainability, is vital to balance environmental preservation and social equity. The main objective of the article is to analyze the resistance of the settlers, highlighting their difficulties and exploring the potential of public policies to improve their living conditions, contributing to the understanding of the dynamics of territorial planning.

Magnetite alleviating calcification of anaerobic granular sludge (AnGS): Electron transfer enhancement and ion competition

Calcification accompanied by deactivation of anaerobic granular sludge (AnGS) is a continuing challenge for high calcium wastewater treatment. The interaction between Ca2+ and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) is a precondition for this problem. In this study, magnetite for activity recovery and calcification alleviation simultaneously of AnGS under high calcium stress was investigated. The results showed that, in the presence of magnetite, the relative biogas production increased by 13.2 % with the higher activities of key enzymes involved in methanogenesis. Methanosarcina turned into the dominant methanogens, and syntrophic bacteria such as Chloroflexi, Synergistota were enriched, which indicated the enhancement of electron transfer by magnetite, supported by an 18 % increase of the electron transfer system (ETS) activity. Further characterizations of AnGS suggested that the granule calcification was alleviated with a final decrease of 13–40 % calcium content of AnGS with particle size of 1–2.5 mm. Besides, calcium was partially substituted by iron in the EPS, and the secretion of EPS especially proteins decreased. Batch tests demonstrated the competition between Fe2+ dissolved from magnetite and Ca2+, which interfered the interaction between Ca2+ and EPS, so the granule calcification was prevented. Therefore, magnetite played a pluripotent role in the alleviation of granule calcification and deactivation in situ via (1) enhancing electron transfer, and (2) blocking the complex between Ca2+ and EPS. This study provides a novel insight into the application of conductive metal materials in biological wastewater treatment systems suffering from high calcium attack.

PENGARUH ATRIBUT PRODUK COFFEE SHOPS TERHADAP KEPUASAN DAN LOYALITAS (Studi pada pengunjung wanita)

The sample is 200 female customers of coffee shops in the medium - high category that carry the contemporary and instagramable concept. Data analysis using SEM-PLS. Results was shown that product attributes have an effect on female customer satisfaction. Product attributes are related atmosphere, employee attitude/service, IT Services, coffee quality, variant menu, and product price. Furthermore, customer satisfaction has an effect on female customer loyalty.