Relative Positions Of Objects Research Articles

Chapter 3: The Origins and Evolution of Planetary Systems.

The materials that form the diverse chemicals and structures on Earth-from mountains to oceans and biological organisms-all originated in a universe dominated by hydrogen and helium. Over billions of years, the composition and structure of the galaxies and stars evolved, and the elements of life, CHONPS, were formed through nucleosynthesis in stellar cores. Climactic events such as supernovae and stellar collisions produced heavier elements and spread them throughout the cosmos, often to be incorporated into new, more metal-rich stars. Stars typically form in molecular clouds containing small amounts of dust through the collapse of a high-density core. The surrounding nebular material is then pulled into a protoplanetary disk, from which planets, moons, asteroids, and comets eventually accrete. During the accretion of planetary systems, turbulent mixing can expose matter to a variety of different thermal and radiative environments. Chemical and physical changes in planetary system materials occur before and throughout the process of accretion, though many factors such as distance from the star, impact history, and level of heating experienced combine to ultimately determine the final geophysical characteristics. In Earth's planetary system, called the Solar System, after the orbits of the planets had settled into their current configuration, large impacts became rare, and the composition of and relative positions of objects became largely fixed. Further evolution of the respective chemical and physical environments of the planets-geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere-then became dependent on their local geochemistry, their atmospheric interactions with solar radiation, and smaller asteroid impacts. On Earth, the presence of land, air, and water, along with an abundance of important geophysical and geochemical phenomena, led to a habitable planet where conditions were right for life to thrive.

Pieces Separation Applied to a RV-2AJ Industrial Manipulator

The objective of this work is to create a system for separating types of pieces for didactic purposes. An artificial vision system applied to a manipulator was used to perform this task of classifying and separating the pieces, through the use of digital image processing. The vision system uses a camera attached to the robot's end-effector, whose objective is to identify the area, perimeter and position of the centroid of the pieces to be separated. The separation of objects is performed between two classes: with round and non-round shapes. The tests were carried out with objects such as screws and nuts. After obtaining the positions of the objects to be separated by the vision system, some characteristics of these related to the reference system of the robot base are determined. Some difficulties were observed in the recognition of objects related to the colours and lighting conditions of the separation environment. To reduce these problems, black colour objects were used in order to reduce the reflectance. Another problem encountered in the separation process is related to the relative position of objects. In this case, two or more objects can be identified as a single object, depending on their relative positions. The system classifies with a rate of hits greater than 95%.

Three-dimensional Visualization in Diagnostic Imaging: A Renaissance in Radiology.

Supplemental material is available for this article.

Combining Earth remote sensing data obtained from various sensors and creating a POSTGRE database

The problem of the branch of geodesy and cartography is to provide the state with accurate and visual information about the space, the relative position of objects, phenomena and the dynamics of changes in the earth's surface. JSC "Roskaartografiya" presents digital solutions combining geospatial data that allow the implementation of infrastructure projects for mobility security, monitoring, design and development of territories, as well as improving the regulatory and legal framework for solving the strategic tasks of the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation.

A Testbed for Learning by Demonstration from Natural Language and RGB-Depth Video

We are developing a testbed for learning by demonstration combining spoken language and sensor data in a natural real-world environment. Microsoft Kinect RGB-Depth cameras allow us to infer high-level visual features, such as the relative position of objects in space, with greater precision and less training than required by traditional systems. Speech is recognized and parsed using a “deep” parsing system, so that language features are available at the word, syntactic, and semantic levels. We collected an initial data set of 10 episodes of 7 individuals demonstrating how to “make tea”, and created a “gold standard” hand annotation of the actions performed in each. Finally, we are constructing “baseline” HMM-based activity recognition models using the visual and language features, in order to be ready to evaluate the performance of our future work on deeper and more structured models.

Passive Measurement of Three Optical Beacon Coordinates Using a Simultaneous Method.

Among other things, passive methods based on the processing of images of feature points or beacons captured by an image sensor are used to measure the relative position of objects. At least two cameras usually have to be used to obtain the required information, or the cameras are combined with other sensors working on different physical principles. This paper describes the principle of passively measuring three position coordinates of an optical beacon using a simultaneous method and presents the results of corresponding experimental tests. The beacon is represented by an artificial geometric structure, consisting of several semiconductor light sources. The sources are suitably arranged to allow, all from one camera, passive measurement of the distance, two position angles, the azimuth, and the beacon elevation. The mathematical model of this method consists of working equations containing measured coordinates, geometric parameters of the beacon, and geometric parameters of the beacon image captured by the camera. All the results of these experimental tests are presented.

3D visualization of subsurface objects from La brea tar pits, Los Angeles, CA

Accurate determination of geographic location and three-dimensional orientation of objects recovered from the subsurface has numerous applications in the environmental, engineering and historical sciences, to name but a few major areas of research. Studies relying on accurate representations of natural and man-made objects in-situ prior to removal from soil, rock, and other substrates exist in a variety of disciplines. A case study exploring geolocation and visualization of vertebrate fossils using three-dimensional geospatial technologies provides an example method of establishing accurate geolocation and visual depiction of objects found underground. Interpretation of archaeological and paleontological finds is enhanced through knowledge of precise relative position of objects. The 3D objects were constructed through a 3D scanning process and a procedure for digitally reconstructing the real-world placement of the objects in the subsurface was developed. The problems and solutions described in this study can be adapted for use in a variety of scientific fields.

The Main Tasks of Forensic Research Conducted in Trials on Land Disputes

The article provides a list and details the content of tasks solved within the forensic land survey and construction examinations assigned during trials on land disputes. Said tasks are classified by the type of conducted research. The work of a forensic expert in a case begins with the establishment of presence (absence) of the object of examination (the existential task). At first, the presence of title, legal, and other documents for the disputed land and buildings (structures) located on it is established. In the absence of certain documents necessary for the study, the expert takes measures to replace them. When conducting field studies, the expert establishes the existence of civil dispute’s objects on the ground. After that, the expert solves the identification task – establishes the identity of these objects with their documentary display. It also should be identified to which specific class, kind, type the object belongs (addressing classification task) – it allows verifying the category of land and the type of permitted use of the disputed land; recognizing the kind, type, and functional purpose of the construction objects located on it. The solution of the attributive task aims at identifying the properties of the objects under examination, which relate to its subject, the content of questions raised by the court before the expert. The solution of the situational task helps to establish the relative position of objects. The expert determines whether there is an intersection of the borders of adjacent plots, sets the distance from construction sites to the boundaries of the land. Particular attention is paid to structures that are sources of negative impact on the neighboring property. The position of the property regarding the zones with special conditions of the use is also to be determined. The purpose of addressing the diagnostic task is to ascertain the condition of the land in terms of possibility to use it for its intended purpose taking into account the type of permitted use and to determine the technical condition of construction objects located on the land plot. The cost task solution aims at determining the market, and other value of the land, the number of costs required to restore the land after being exposed to destructive natural and technogenic factors. The main direction of research when solving the transformative task is to ascertain the possibility and develop options for a real division of the land plot and the construction sites located on it between their owners following the conditions set by the court.

Childhood wayfinding experience explains sex and individual differences in adult wayfinding strategy and anxiety

BackgroundAnyone who has ever found themselves lost while driving in an unfamiliar neighborhood or forgotten where they parked their car can appreciate the importance of being able to navigate their environment. Navigation, or wayfinding, is a large-scale spatial ability that involves keeping track of the relative positions of objects and features in space, which allows for determining the path to a goal location. Early experiences shape spatial skill development, and research finds sex differences in spatial behaviors from preschool through adulthood, with males consistently outperforming females. The basis for sex differences in spatial aptitude is still debated, but explanations include differences in childhood spatial experience, the use of strategies for solving large-scale spatial problems, and spatial anxiety. The current study seeks to understand childhood wayfinding factors that may influence sex and individual differences in wayfinding strategies and wayfinding anxiety in adulthood.MethodOne hundred fifty-nine undergraduate psychology students reported their childhood wayfinding experience (i.e., time spent outside, distance traveled), current use of wayfinding strategies (i.e., route strategy, orientation strategy), and current wayfinding anxiety and general anxiety levels.ResultsIndependent samples t tests revealed that, compared with females, males reported spending more time outside and traveling farther distances as children, having less current wayfinding anxiety and route strategy use, and having more current orientation strategy use. Mediation analyses found that distance traveled, but not time spent outdoors, during childhood mediated sex differences in route strategy use and wayfinding anxiety in adults, even when controlling for general anxiety. Furthermore, when controlling for participant sex and general anxiety, current wayfinding anxiety mediated the relationship between distance traveled during childhood and route strategy use in adults.ConclusionThe current findings provide potential environmental explanations for sex and individual differences in large-scale spatial behaviors, including wayfinding. Specifically, sex differences in early wayfinding experience may explain why males and females develop different strategies for navigating and different levels of wayfinding anxiety. Furthermore, regardless of sex, allowing children to explore and navigate their outdoor environments away from home may help lessen their fears about navigating and, in turn, improve the strategies they choose to traverse unfamiliar territories.

Chapter 8: Methods of Developing Spatial Concepts in Children of Preschool and Early School Age

“Spatial concepts are concepts of spatial and space-time characteristics and relationships: the size, form, and relative positions of objects … ” [Psikhologicheskii slovar’, 1996, p. 288]. In order...

ОБНАРУЖЕНИЕ ЦИФРОВОГО ФОТОМОНТАЖА НА ОСНОВЕ АНАЛИЗА КОНТРАСТНОСТИ ИЗОБРАЖЕНИЯ

Details that are invisible to the human eye in an image with low contrast can become an indicator of inconsistencies in the relative position of objects / people in the image or their illumination, which can be considered a sign of digital tampering. The article proposes a new approach for detecting photomontage in a digital image only using methods to increase the contrast of the image.

Real Scene Pickup Method of Elemental Image Array Based on Convergent Camera Array

Limited available methods for the generation of an elemental image array (EIA) may be the most severe bottleneck for the promotion and application of integral imaging. To obtain rich information of three dimensional (3D) real scene at a relatively low cost, and solve the pseudoscopic problem in real display mode, we propose an EIA generation method based on convergent camera array through establishing the optical mapping model between the proposed method and the classical computer virtual generation method. We expound the basic principle of solving the pseudoscopic problem by changing the relative position of object and center of the convergent camera array in this paper. The experimental results indicate that the generated EIA can be displayed without the pseudoscopic problem in real display mode, relative position relationships of the objects in 3D real scene can also be accurately restored. Both preliminary optical experiments and the optical analysis are conducted to prove the feasibility and validity of the proposed method.

Vision System with 3D Audio Feedback to assist Navigation for Visually Impaired

Freedom of movement, identification of humans and material objects, and interaction with the environment still pose a challenge in the development of assistive devices for the visually impaired. The design of assistive devices is generally accomplished by integration of sensors, vision systems, tactile, and audio feedback systems. This paper proposes a vision system with a 3D audio feedback mechanism, for reliable navigation by the visually impaired. The variations in sound intensity of earphones facilitate a natural and intuitive cognizance of the relative positions of objects, in a pathway. The proposed system is comprised of three main modules: depth calculation, where a depth map is found using stereoscopic vision; object detection, where a trained Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is used to identify doors, and extract their location; and, 3D audio generation, which generates an audio vector, from the depth map and an object’s location. The audio vector is then used to generate a spatial audio signal for the user. This system proved to be useful and accurate for navigation by the visually impaired, when tested in a real-life environment.

Structure learning and the posterior parietal cortex

We propose a theory of structure learning in the primate brain. We argue that the parietal cortex is critical for learning about relations among the objects and categories that populate a visual scene. We suggest that current deep learning models exhibit poor global scene understanding because they fail to perform the relational inferences that occur in the primate dorsal stream. We review studies of neural coding in primate posterior parietal cortex (PPC), drawing the conclusion that neurons in this brain area represent potentially high-dimensional inputs on a low-dimensional manifold that encodes the relative position of objects or features in physical space, and relations among entities in abstract conceptual space. We argue that this low-dimensional code supports generalisation of relational information, even in nonspatial domains. Finally, we propose that structure learning is grounded in the actions that primates take when they reach for objects or fixate them with their eyes. We sketch a model of how this might occur in neural circuits.

Capsule Networks for Object Detection in UAV Imagery

Recent advances in Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have attracted great attention in remote sensing due to their high capability to model high-level semantic content of Remote Sensing (RS) images. However, CNNs do not explicitly retain the relative position of objects in an image and, thus, the effectiveness of the obtained features is limited in the framework of the complex object detection problems. To address this problem, in this paper we introduce Capsule Networks (CapsNets) for object detection in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-acquired images. Unlike CNNs, CapsNets extract and exploit the information content about objects’ relative position across several layers, which enables parsing crowded scenes with overlapping objects. Experimental results obtained on two datasets for car and solar panel detection problems show that CapsNets provide similar object detection accuracies when compared to state-of-the-art deep models with significantly reduced computational time. This is due to the fact that CapsNets emphasize dynamic routine instead of the depth.

Comparisons of Target Localization Abilities during Physical and Virtual Rotating Scenes by Cognitively-Intact and Cognitively Impaired Older Adults

Background: Previous studies have reported that coordinate information (i.e. distance between any two objects in a specific direction) is encoded differently from Virtual Reality (VR) and physical scenes. However, the accuracy of encoding categorical information (i.e. relative positions of objects) from VR scenes has not been adequately investigated. In this study, we used a novel rotating visual scene to study the effects of aging, prior experience with VR, and dementia on the accuracy of encoding categorical information between physical and virtual environments. Methods: We recruited a cohort of 60 cognitively-healthy older adults with and without previous VR experience (Experiment 1) as well as 18 older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease (AD) (Experiment 2). In both of the experiments, the participants were asked to attend to a target window in a virtual or real building (dependent to the group assignment) as the building is being rotated around its vertical axis in depth of the scene. They were required to verbally judge the final position of the target in terms of directions (e.g., left, right, back, and front) with respect to the entrance of the buildings after the full rotation has stopped. The experimenters calculated a score for each participants based on s/her accuracy in locating the target window. Results: Healthy older adults succeeded in accurately localizing the target's position from both environments, whereas individuals with AD were only able to encode the target’s position from the physical environment. Conclusions: Our results suggest the inability to encode from a rotating VR scene might be a symptom of dementia

Problems of editing 3D images and video

Based on an analysis of the visual mechanisms of perceiving stereoscopic images and video, algorithms are found for processing them, directed toward changing the relative position of objects over a range in the process of editing 3D scenes. It is shown that editing that consists of varying the screen parallaxes for all the objects of a scene must be accompanied by a corresponding variation of the scales of these objects and of their position relative to the line of the horizon in order to prevent conflict between such visual mechanisms as binocular vision, the mechanism for estimating the distance to remote objects by their angular size, the distance to the line of the horizon, and the accommodation of the eyes. This is achieved by separating the scene into range layers according to the number of objects. The results of the studies are confirmed experimentally and show that the process of editing stereoscopic images and video is fairly laborious and should be resorted to only in extreme cases.

Определение относительного положения объектов по первым разностям фазовых измерений одной эпохи

Определение относительного положения объектов по первым разностям фазовых измерений одной эпохи

Определение относительного положения объектов по первым разностям фазовых измерений одной эпохи

Определение относительного положения объектов по первым разностям фазовых измерений одной эпохи

An exploratory survey method for archaeoastronomy, applied to standing stones at the hauviri and taputapuātea maraes, Ra'iātea

Polynesia has a vast area, and surveys are few and unsystematic. Rapid, low-cost and personnel surveys are needed to identify cases that merit an in-depth treatment. However, surveying options are limited, especially where relative positions of objects and the azimuths between them are important. In this article, a survey method is tested on standing stones at the Taputāpuatea and Hauviri maraes, Ra ‘iātea. The resulting data set was used to test three hypotheses, namely: the stones line up with voyage destinations, or commemorate significant voyages; stones form an analogue “star compass” of directions where significant navigational stars rise and set; and stones line up with important stars at a significant epoch of the year. The surveys yielded a data set that benchmarks stone positions at the time of survey, is capable of fairly accurate azimuth comparisons, and is sufficiently rich to be mined in different ways in subsequent research. One situation at the season of Matariki in AD1250 is identified for further investigation.