Relative Occupancy Research Articles

Transcription activation is enhanced by multivalent interactions independent of phase separation

Transcription factors (TFs) consist of a DNA-binding domain and an activation domain (AD) that are frequently considered to be independent and exchangeable modules. However, recent studies report that the physicochemical properties of the AD can control TF assembly at chromatin by driving phase separation into transcriptional condensates. Here, we dissected transcription activation by comparing different synthetic TFs at a reporter gene array with real-time single-cell fluorescence microscopy. In these experiments, binding site occupancy, residence time, and coactivator recruitment in relation to multivalent TF interactions were compared. While phase separation propensity and activation strength of the AD were linked, the actual formation of liquid-like TF droplets had a neutral or inhibitory effect on transcription activation. We conclude that multivalent AD-mediated interactions enhance the transcription activation capacity of a TF by increasing its residence time in the chromatin-bound state and facilitating the recruitment of coactivators independent of phase separation.

Exploring the Dynamics of Investors’ Decision Making in Pakistan Stock Market: A Study of Herding Behavior

Stock markets are often considered as a yardstick for economic growth and development. Therefore, understanding investment behavior in stock markets is pivotal for better regulation and promoting growth and stability. Hence current study is aimed at understanding the influence of one of the most significant factors, i.e. herding behavior on the Pakistan stock market. Besides, it also investigates the impact of demographical differences among investors. The herd behavior or tendency to follow peers is a counterintuitive behavior to the traditional paradigm of rationality and efficiency. This can influence the whole decision-making process by making it irrational. Data from (n=210) investors trading at Lahore and Islamabad are gathered to test this proposed linkage. Structural equation modeling is used for establishing these associations. The results revealed that herding significantly influences the rational decision-making process of investors. For a better and contextualized understanding of these results, demographical characteristics are considered, which indicate that a non-business related occupation, higher income and lower age are associated with a higher tendency towards herding, and conclusively demography plays a significant role. These findings can be extremely useful for investors, policymakers, and investment professionals and can be utilized to make the decision-making process optimal. Investors need to account for the influence of their inclination to follow peers and their occupation, income, and age before making any decision. Theoretically, these findings are the pioneer in providing a comprehensive linkage of the behavioral aspect of the stock market functioning and to explore the whole decision making process instead of focusing on a dimension.

Multi-season site occupancy of Eastern Whip-poor-wills (Antrostomus vociferus) in New York

Multi-year monitoring of species distribution is important for conservation planners to understand population trajectories. In New York, USA, the Eastern Whip-poor-will (Antrostomus vociferus) is among several bird species that have been documented to be declining and has been monitored for several years through large-scale surveys such as the Breeding Bird Atlas and Breeding Bird Survey. We implemented a study to assess trends in site occupancy at 19 survey routes during 2014–2018 breeding seasons. We surveyed for Eastern Whip-poor-wills following the Center of Conservation Biology Nightjar Survey Network methodology and used these data to estimate yearly relative abundance, factors that may influence the probability of detection, probability of a site being occupied and potentially important landscape features, and dynamic processes of site colonization and extinction. The mean relative abundance ranged from 0.54 in 2016 to 0.89 in 2014, with all yearly estimates having 95% confidence intervals that overlapped. The probability of detection was negatively affected by the greatest wind speeds recorded (12.87–28.97 kph, [8–18 mph]). Site occupancy was relatively low each year ranging from 26% to 32% across all years. We observed a negative effect on site occupancy with survey sites located in the Adirondack ecozone of New York. We additionally found support for a negative effect of median elevation and a positive effect of area of hay and pasture on site occupancy within 675 m of survey sites. The probability of a site becoming colonized ranged from 0.05 to 0.14 and the probability of a site going extinct ranged from 0.14 to 0.42. Overall, we did not find support for a decreasing trend in site occupancy. The yearly relative abundance estimates and site occupancy estimates were small but did not decrease over time and the dynamic processes did not suggest increasing extinction or decreasing colonization rates. Occupied survey locations may represent some of the most suitable and stable habitat for these birds within the state. Important landscape characteristics of lower elevation and area of hay and pasture may be representative of forest mosaics that include open areas with forest edges at lower elevation, which has been documented in other studies.

Coupling validation effort with in situ bioacoustic data improves estimating relative activity and occupancy for multiple species with cross‐species misclassifications

Abstract The increasing complexity and pace of ecological change requires natural resource managers to consider entire species assemblages. Acoustic recording units (ARUs) require minimal cost and effort to deploy and inform relative activity, or encounter rates, for multiple species simultaneously. ARU‐based surveys require post‐processing of the recordings via software algorithms that assign a species label to each recording. The automated classification process can result in cross‐species misidentifications that should be accounted for when employing statistical modelling for conservation decision‐making. Using simulation and ARU‐based detection counts from 17 bat species in British Columbia, Canada, we investigate three strategies for adjusting statistical inference for species misclassification: (a) ‘coupling’ ambiguous and unambiguous detections by validating a subset of survey events post‐hoc, (b) using a calibration dataset on the software algorithm's (in)accuracy for species identification or (c) specifying informative Bayesian priors on classification probabilities. We explore the impact of different Bayesian prior specifications for the classification probabilities on posterior estimation. We then consider how the quantity of data validated post‐hoc impacts model convergence and resulting inferences for bat species relative activity as related to nightly conditions and yearly site occupancy after accounting for site‐level environmental variables. Coupled methods resulted in less bias and uncertainty when estimating relative activity and species classification probabilities relative to calibration approaches. We found that species that were difficult‐to‐detect and those that were often inaccurately identified by the software required more validation effort than more easily detected and/or identified species. Our results suggest that, when possible, acoustic surveys should rely on coupled validated detection information to account for false‐positive detections, rather than uncoupled calibration datasets. However, if the assemblage of interest contains a large number of rarely detected or less prevalent species, an intractable amount of effort may be required, suggesting there are benefits to curating a calibration dataset that is representative of the observation process. Our findings provide insights into the practical challenges associated with statistical analyses of ARU data and possible analytical solutions to support reliable and cost‐effective decision‐making for wildlife conservation/management in the face of known sources of observation errors.

Coupling validation effort with in situ bioacoustic data improves estimating relative activity and occupancy for multiple species with cross‐species misclassifications

Coupling validation effort with in situ bioacoustic data improves estimating relative activity and occupancy for multiple species with cross‐species misclassifications

The stereotype that girls lack talent: A worldwide investigation.

Recent research has shown that there exist gender stereotypes that portray men as more brilliant or inherently talented than women. We provide a large-scale multinational investigation of these stereotypes and their relationship with other gender gaps. Using a survey question asked to more than 500,000 students in 72 countries, we build a measure of the stereotypes associating talent with men and show that they are present in almost all studied countries. These stereotypes are stronger among high-achieving students and in more developed or more gender-egalitarian countries. Similar patterns are observed for gender gaps in competitiveness, self-confidence, and willingness to work in an ICT (Information and Communication Technology)–related occupation. Statistical analysis suggests that these three latter gender gaps could be related to stereotypes associating talent with men. We conclude that these stereotypes should be more systematically considered as a possible explanation for the glass ceiling.

Accounting for spatial autocorrelation and environment are important to derive robust bat population trends from citizen science data

Monitoring wildlife populations is essential if global targets to reverse biodiversity declines are to be met. Recent analysis of data from the UK’s long-term National Bat Monitoring Programme (NBMP) suggests stable or increasing population trends for many bat species, and these statistics help inform progress towards national biodiversity targets. However, although based on robust citizen science survey designs, it is unknown how sensitive these trends are to spatial and environmental biases. Here we use Bayesian hierarchical modelling with integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA), to examine the impact of these types of biases on the population trends using relative occupancy of four species monitored by the NBMP Field Survey in Great Britain (GB): Pipistrellus pipistrellus, P. pygmaeus, Nyctalus noctula and Eptesicus serotinus. Where possible, we also disaggregated trends to national levels using the best model per species to determine if national differences in trends remain once sampling biases are accounted for. Although we found evidence of spatial clustering in the NBMP Field Survey locations, the previously reported GB-wide population trends are broadly robust to spatial autocorrelation. In most species, accounting for spatial autocorrelation and species-environment relationships improved model fit. The nationally disaggregated models highlighted that GB-wide trends mask differences between England and Scotland, consistent with previous analysis of these data, as well as illustrating large gaps in survey effort, especially in Wales. We suggest that although bat population trends were found to be broadly robust to sampling biases present in these data, small differences could propagate over time and this impact is likely to be more severe in less structured citizen science data. Therefore, ensuring trends are robust to sampling biases present in citizen science datasets is critical to effective monitoring of progress towards biodiversity targets, managing populations sustainably, and ultimately a reversal of global declines.

Abstract P3-12-07: Breast cancers are overrepresented in school teachers, particularly of young students

Abstract Introduction:. Higher breast cancer risks among California teachers1 and school employees2 have been documented in mortality studies and a large cohort study, the California Teacher’s Study (CTS).3 Reasons for the risk are only partially explained by known risk factors, and predictive models such as the Rosner-Colditz and Gail model explain only a part of the risk in the CTS.4 Here we analyze data from the State of Virginia Tumor Registry on 394,837 female cancer cases diagnosed from 1995-2018 to explore breast cancer risk in teachers and to generate hypotheses on the etiology of this risk. Methods:. Data on 394,837 female cancer patients from the State of Virginia Cancer Registry were evaluated. Cancer diagnoses were available in all, but occupational data was incomplete; 219,807 were listed as unknown, 18,123 unemployed, 32,714 retired. Among employed cases, 16,001 were homemakers, 14,306 employed in teaching or related school occupations, and 93,921 were employed in non-teaching occupations. The data allowed subdividing of teachers into K-Elementary, Middle-High School, and teachers NOS. School system employees were also evaluated. Registered Nurses (RNs) were used as a comparison group, given similar education levels with teachers. Comparisons were made using Pearson’s Χ2 with Yates correction. Results:. Among all cancer diagnoses, breast cancers were diagnosed in 28.06% of the unemployed, 29.50% of retirees, 30.96% of homemakers, 39.23% of employed non-teachers, and 44.30% of teachers (for teachers vs. employed non-teachers Χ2=52.45, p<.000001). 336 of 869 RNs (38.67%) had breast cancers, statistically lower than teachers (Χ2=24.28, p<.000001). Subdividing teachers by teaching grades showed that 47.7% (555/1163) of K-Elementary teachers, 42.8% (549/1282) of Middle-High School teachers, 43.9% (3832/8731) of teachers-NOS, and 42.0% (224/533) of school system employees in the database had breast cancers. K-Elementary teachers had proportionally more breast cancers than Middle-High School teachers (Χ2=5.71, p<.02), or teachers-NOS (Χ2=5.95, p<.02). Middle-High School teacher rates did not differ significantly from teacher-NOS (Χ2=.47, p=.49) or school system employees (Χ2=.07, p=.79). Discussion:. This study confirms a highly statistically significant overrepresentation of breast cancer in school teachers compared with other occupations and compared with the subgroup of RNs, a similarly educated group. Interestingly, teachers of young children have a higher risk than other teachers. Hypotheses concerning these findings, in addition to workplace exposures or correlations between selection of a teaching career and breast cancer risk, might include higher levels of endogenous estrogen or oxytocin in teachers, possibly promoting breast cancer development.5 We note that mutations of the oxytocin or oxytocin receptor genes are identified in 18% of breast cancers in the TCGA NIH database.6 Curiously, ovarian and endometrial cancers also have frequent mutations of oxytocin or its receptor in this database (42% and 17%), and these two epithelial cancers are also found in excess in the CTS.3 Although the role of oxytocin in malignancy is unclear,5 elevated plasma oxytocin levels have been found in breast cancer patients compared to healthy individuals.7. 1 Reidmiller K, Doebbert G, Glazer E (1987) California Occupational Mortality 1979-1981.2 Reynolds P, Elkin EP, Layefsky ME. Am J Ind Med 1999;36:271-278.3 Bernstein L, Allen M, Ross RK. Cancer Causes and Control 2002;13:625-635.4 Rosner BA, Colditz GA, Bernstein L. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2913;142:187-202.5 Liu H, Gruber CW, Muttenthaler M. Oncogene 2020;39:5917-5932.6 https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov/7 Ariana M, Pornour M, Akbari M. Per Med 2018;16:25-34. Citation Format: Jonathan Gagnon, Meredith H. Wernick. Breast cancers are overrepresented in school teachers, particularly of young students [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-12-07.

Identifying glycation hot-spots in bovine milk proteins during production and storage of skim milk powder

We investigated protein glycation in a complex milk system under controlled conditions representative of real-life consumer products, analysing intermediate and final products from skim milk powder production, and aged powder samples. We combined protein-centric LC-MS(/MS) with peptide-centric multi-protease LC-MS/MS focusing on the six most abundant bovine milk proteins. This strategy resulted in the identification of glycated proteoforms and of the extent of glycation per protein, high protein sequence coverage, and identification and relative occupancy of the glycation sites. We identified new glycation hot-spots additionally to the ones already described in literature. Primary sequence motif analysis revealed that glycation hot-spots were preceded N-terminally by a stretch rich in basic amino acids, and followed C-terminally by a stretch enriched in aliphatic and hydrophobic amino acids. Our study considerably extends the current understanding of milk protein glycation, discussing glycation hot-spots and their localisation in relation to the primary sequences and higher-order protein structures.

Cattle grazing in CRP grasslands during the nesting season: effects on avian abundance and diversity

AbstractThe Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) is a primary tool for restoring grassland in the United States, in part as wildlife habitat, which has benefited declining grassland bird populations. Among potential mid‐contract management practices used to maintain early‐successional CRP grasslands, cattle grazing had been prohibited and is currently disincentivized during the primary nesting season for birds (much of the growing season), despite the important role that large herbivores historically played in structuring grassland ecosystems. Conservative grazing of CRP grasslands could increase spatial heterogeneity in vegetation structure and plant diversity, potentially supporting higher densities of some grassland bird species and higher bird diversity. Our objective was to determine the effect of experimental cattle grazing on species‐specific relative abundance and occupancy, species diversity, and community dissimilarity of grassland birds on CRP grasslands across the longitudinal extent of Kansas, USA (a 63.5‐cm precipitation gradient) during the 2017–2019 avian breeding seasons. Fifty‐three of 108 fields were grazed by cattle during the growing seasons of 2017 and 2018 and all fields were rested from grazing in 2019. For all analyses, we examined separate model sets for semiarid western versus more mesic eastern Kansas. Using data from line transect surveys, we modeled relative abundances of 5 songbird species: grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), dickcissel (Spiza americana), eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna), western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta), and brown‐headed cowbird (Molothrus ater). Grazing had delayed yet positive effects on abundances of grasshopper sparrow in western Kansas, and eastern meadowlark in eastern Kansas, but negative effects on dickcissel abundance in western Kansas and especially on burned fields in eastern Kansas. Somewhat counterintuitively, brown‐headed cowbirds in western Kansas were more abundant on ungrazed versus grazed fields in the years after grazing began. In addition, we modeled multi‐season occupancy of 3 gamebird species (ring‐necked pheasant [Phasianus colcicus], northern bobwhite [Colinus virginianus], mourning dove [Zenaida macroura]) and Henslow's sparrow (Centronyx henslowii); grazing did not affect occupancy of these species. In eastern Kansas, species diversity was highest in grazed, unburned fields. In western Kansas, bird communities in grazed and ungrazed fields were dissimilar, as determined from multivariate analysis. Though regionally variable, conservative stocking of cattle on CRP grasslands during the nesting season as a mid‐contract management tool might increase bird species diversity by restructuring habitat that accommodates a greater variety of species and decreasing abundances of species associated with taller, denser stands of vegetation.

Socio-economic Status of Female Workers Engaged in Traditional Chikankari under Sitapur District

Chikankari is an ancient and traditional embroidery technique that originated in Lucknow, a city in north-eastern India. The artisans of Chikan embroidery are outspread in Lucknow and nearby villages of Sitapur district. The rural people of Sitapur villages are largely dependent on the Chikankari embroidery for their livelihood and the embroidery is very popular among rural ladies. Socio-economic status of a person is the economic and social position of the person based on education, income and occupation in relation to others. It was found in the study that age group 20-40 were dominating in Chikankari work as they faces low health problems as compared to higher age group. Modified Kuppuswamy Socio-economic scale updated for the year 2019, was used to calculate the socio-economic status of the respondents. Socio-economic status of the worker shows that they were mostly upper lower class (60%) and lower middle class (40%). Nearly all subjects (99%) had income below 5000/month and the average income from Chikankari is rupees 2566.66/month/person, while the income of the family/household income mostly range between rupees 19516-29199/month and the average income was rupees 20542.91/month. Most of the Chikankari workers had kuchha houses and uses wood for cooking on traditional chulha. Public hand pumps were the source to drink water. They had very small or no land holding and daily wages are the source of income to fulfill their daily needs.

Sağlık İnsan Gücü Eğilimleri: Son On Yılın Sistematik Bir Analizi

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines healthcare human resources as one of the basic building blocks of the health system. Human resources drive the health system. The WHO has reported a global shortage of health workers. When the demand for healthcare is higher than the supply, problems can arise in terms of healthcare human resources and delivery. Some studies suggest that there is an insufficient number of healthcare employees in Turkey, whereas others report that the number of healthcare workers is sufficient in some health fields. The Covid-19 pandemic, which has influenced the whole world, has also changed the profession choices of young people, who are now placing the professions related to healthcare at the top of their list. Therefore, both the demand for and the interest in the healthcare sector and the related occupations are likely to increase. As health human resources planning grows in importance, carrying out this study during the pandemic period becomes critical. Considering the importance of health human resource planning and university education, and focusing on the human resources trends in the healthcare sector, this study analyzed the number of health-related faculties and programs, student quotas, academic staff, and the number of students per faculty member. The findings indicate that the number and student quota of all the healthcare programs and faculties have increased rapidly in the past decade; however, the number of academic staff in some programs remains insufficient.

Historical sociology prostitution of women in the safavid period

Prostitution has been a common phenomenon in human societies and the history of iran during the safavid era he was no exception. Limitations on moral abnormalities has made all the historical dimensions of this less social phenomenon to be recorded. However beyond the scattered information in the safavid historiography, most prostitute reports, presented in European travelogues. But that kind of information as well there are emotional and ethical reports of this social behavior. The purpose of this article is to make the following points, investigating the social life of prostitutes in the safavid ere. So the status of the prostitutes, pey attention to social behaviors and the kind of attitude of kings and kings and members of society with this group economic issues and related occupations and occupation, whores and even places their diseases have been taken into consideration. The findings of the study overcome the patriarchal view about the definition of prostitution and its limits it also shows the economic function of prostitutes in both the personal and the state.

Mixed-severity wildfire shapes habitat use of large herbivores and carnivores

Ecological disturbance is a driving force that structures ecosystems and shapes landscape pattern. Wildfire is a widespread form of ecological disturbance, and in some vegetation communities fires are increasing in extent and severity. Across the gradient of fire severity, fire can have both positive and negative effects on animals, where some species require mature climax vegetation conditions and other species select for early successional stages. However, further work is necessary to understand how large mammalian herbivore and carnivore populations respond to the gradient of fire severity. The overall objective of this research was to understand the relative roles of fire, landscape, and human factors across the gradient of fire severity on occupancy and/or relative habitat use of large herbivores (i.e., elk and mule deer) and carnivores (i.e., black bear, mountain lion, and gray wolf) seven years post fire. We predicted that animals would increase use of areas characterized by higher fire severity (moderate, moderate/high, or high fire severity) and heterogeneity, where food resources were expected to be greatest. In addition, road density could either increase or decrease animal use of areas, where some animals might increase use near roads due to increased forage along roadsides or decrease use due to higher human activity. Remote wildlife (RW) cameras sampled the gradient of fire severity seven years post a large mixed-severity wildfire (Wallow Fire, year 2011, 2,177 km2) in the White Mountains of Arizona, USA. We evaluated RW camera data using single-species occupancy and Royle-Nichols (relative habitat use) models. As predicted, large mammals (black bear, elk, mountain lion, mule deer, and wolves) exhibited high occupancy and/or habitat use in relation to higher levels of fire severity and/or fire heterogeneity, which was likely related to bottom-up factors related to increased food resources. Some species (black bear and elk) also exhibited relatively high use of unburned forest. Elk reduced use of areas with higher road density, likely to avoid human activity, whereas mule deer increased use of areas with high road density. Mixed-severity wildfire may provide important resources, including pulses of food in early successional forests. Thus, allowing fire-adapted forests to experience mixed-severity wildfire is predicted to benefit some large herbivore and carnivore populations. If high occupancy and/or habitat use by wildlife in areas experiencing higher fire severity and heterogeneity translates into increased populations of animals, wildfire might be beneficial to humans, focal wildlife populations, and fire-adapted ecosystems.

Defining the Influence of the A12.2 Subunit on Transcription Elongation and Termination by RNA Polymerase I In Vivo.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae has approximately 200 copies of the 35S rDNA gene, arranged tandemly on chromosome XII. This gene is transcribed by RNA polymerase I (Pol I) and the 35S rRNA transcript is processed to produce three of the four rRNAs required for ribosome biogenesis. An intergenic spacer (IGS) separates each copy of the 35S gene and contains the 5S rDNA gene, the origin of DNA replication, and the promoter for the adjacent 35S gene. Pol I is a 14-subunit enzyme responsible for the majority of rRNA synthesis, thereby sustaining normal cellular function and growth. The A12.2 subunit of Pol I plays a crucial role in cleavage, termination, and nucleotide addition during transcription. Deletion of this subunit causes alteration of nucleotide addition kinetics and read-through of transcription termination sites. To interrogate both of these phenomena, we performed native elongating transcript sequencing (NET-seq) with an rpa12Δ strain of S. cerevisiae and evaluated the resultant change in Pol I occupancy across the 35S gene and the IGS. Compared to wild-type (WT), we observed template sequence-specific changes in Pol I occupancy throughout the 35S gene. We also observed rpa12Δ Pol I occupancy downstream of both termination sites and throughout most of the IGS, including the 5S gene. Relative occupancy of rpa12Δ Pol I increased upstream of the promoter-proximal Reb1 binding site and dropped significantly downstream, implicating this site as a third terminator for Pol I transcription. Collectively, these high-resolution results indicate that the A12.2 subunit of Pol I plays an important role in transcription elongation and termination.

Energy exponents of avalanches and Hausdorff dimensions of collapse patterns.

A simple numerical model to simulate athermal avalanches is presented. The model is inspired by the "porous collapse" process where the compression of porous materials generates collapse cascades, leading to power law distributed avalanches. The energy (E), amplitude (A_{max}), and size (S) exponents are derived by computer simulation in two approximations. Time-dependent "jerk" spectra are calculated in a single avalanche model where each avalanche is simulated separately from other avalanches. The average avalanche profile is parabolic, the scaling between energy and amplitude follows E∼A_{max}^{2}, and the energy exponent is ε = 1.33. Adding a general noise term in a continuous event model generates infinite avalanche sequences which allow the evaluation of waiting time distributions and pattern formation. We find the validity of the Omori law and the same exponents as in the single avalanche model. We then add spatial correlations by stipulating the ratio G/N between growth processes G (linked to a previous event location) and nucleation processes N (with new, randomly chosen nucleation sites). We found, in good approximation, a power law correlation between the energy exponent ε and the Hausdorff dimension H_{D} of the resulting collapse pattern H_{D}-1∼ɛ^{-3}. The evolving patterns depend strongly on G/N with the distribution of collapse sites equally power law distributed. Its exponent ɛ_{topo} would be linked to the dynamical exponent ε if each collapse carried an energy equivalent to the size of the collapse. A complex correlation between ɛ,ɛ_{topo}, and H_{D} emerges, depending strongly on the relative occupancy of the collapse sites in the simulation box.

Unraveling hausmannite (Mn3O4) thin films surface structure by X ray linear dichroism

There is an urgent need to understand the relationship between oxide thin-film surface plane and its electronic properties because of its key role in molecular adsorption and surface reactivity as requested in optimal applications of magnetism to catalysis. The present work intends to resolve this open issue by investigating the surface structure and electronic properties of Mn3O4 thin films. To this end, well-defined Mn3O4 (110) and (001) surfaces were prepared and their electronic properties were explored by X-ray linear dichroism, XLD (the search light effect). The Mn3O4 thin films were extensively prepared on distinct noble metal substrates (Au(111), Cu (111), Ag (001)) with the aim of disentangling the film’s electronic structure and their corresponding film strain from their free surface, bulk, and interface contribution. Our experiments revealed the sensitivity of the 3d orbital occupancy and their intensity ratio (dx2−y2/d3z2−r2) to the surface orientation. The variation of relative 3d occupation as a function of strain was quantified by using the XLD sum rules. These results reveal important aspects for the identification and further engineering of well-defined crystallographic surfaces in several fields of applications.

Importance of Supplemental Patch Testing Beyond a Screening Series for Patients With Dermatitis

Patch test screening series for patients with dermatitis are limited and may miss clinically relevant contact allergens. To characterize individuals with dermatitis who showed clinically relevant patch test findings to supplemental (nonscreening) allergens or substances. A 17-year, retrospective cross-sectional analysis (January 1, 2001, to December 31, 2018) of North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) data from multiple centers in North America was conducted. A total of 43 417 patients with dermatitis underwent patch testing to the NACDG screening series in a standardized manner with 65 to 70 allergens and supplemental allergens as clinically indicated. Patients with 1 or more clinically relevant reactions to a supplemental (nonscreening) allergen/substance were analyzed between November 18, 2020, and March 12, 2021. The main outcomes were to assess the number of patients with clinically relevant reactions to supplemental (nonscreening) allergens and compare characteristics (including demographic characteristics and occupations) between patients with a clinically relevant patch test reaction to 1 or more supplemental allergens or substances (supplement-positive) and those without a reaction (supplement-negative) using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs. Secondary outcomes included sources of allergic contact dermatitis and, for occupationally related cases, specific occupations and industries. Of 43 417 patients included in the study who underwent patch testing to the NACDG screening series (65-70 allergens), 9507 individuals (21.9%) had currently relevant reactions to 1 or more supplemental allergens or substances. Of these, 6608 were women (69.5%) and the mean (SD) age was 47.2 (0.54) years. Compared with patients who had supplement-negative results, patients with supplement-positive findings were significantly less likely to be male (OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.85-0.94; P < .001) and/or have atopic dermatitis (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.84-0.93; P < .001). Common primary sites of dermatitis in 9499 patients with supplement-positive findings included the face (2856 [30.1%]), hands (2029 [21.4%]), and scattered/generalized distribution (1645 [17.3%]). Frequent sources of supplemental allergens in 9235 patients included personal care products (4746 [51.4%]) and clothing/wearing apparel (1674 [18.1%]). Of 9362 patients with available data, supplemental allergens/substances were occupationally related in 1580 (16.9%); of those with identified occupations, 25.1% (384 of 1529) were precision production, craft, or repair workers. Of 9507 patients with supplement-positive findings, 2447 (25.7%) had no currently relevant reactions to NACDG screening allergens. This cross-sectional study found that 21.9% of patients who underwent patch testing to an allergen screening series of 65 to 70 allergens had at least 1 relevant reaction to supplemental allergens/substances. Of these, one-quarter reacted only to a supplemental allergen/substance. Screening series include common, important allergens, but these findings suggest that the addition of specialty allergens and personal or work products is critical for the successful diagnosis and management of allergic contact dermatitis.

Occupational cognitive complexity and episodic memory in old age

The aim of this study was to investigate occupational cognitive complexity of main lifetime occupation in relation to level and 15-year change in episodic memory recall in a sample of older adults (≥ 65 years, n = 780). We used latent growth curve modelling with occupational cognitive complexity (O*NET indicators) as independent variable. Subgroup analyses in a sample of middle-aged (mean: 49.9 years) men (n = 260) were additionally performed to investigate if a general cognitive ability (g) factor at age 18 was predictive of future occupational cognitive complexity and cognitive performance in midlife. For the older sample, a higher level of occupational cognitive complexity was related to a higher level of episodic recall (β = 0.15, p < .001), but the association with rate of change (β = 0.03, p = .64) was not statistically significant. In the middle-aged sample, g at age 18 was both directly (β = 0.19, p = .01) and indirectly (via years of education after age 18, ab = 0.19) predictive of midlife levels of occupational cognitive complexity. Cognitive ability at age 18 was also a direct predictor of midlife episodic recall (β = 0.60, p ≤ 0.001). Critically, entry of the early adult g factor attenuated the association between occupational complexity and cognitive level (from β = 0.21, p = .01 to β = 0.12, p = .14). Overall, our results support a pattern of preserved differentiation from early to late adulthood for individuals with different histories of occupational complexity.

Limitations on Participation and Their Relation to Social Determinants of Health Among Occupational Therapists and Occupational Therapy Students During Coronavirus Lockdown.

For the first time in recent history, people worldwide have faced severe restrictions in occupations because of the measures adopted by governments to contain the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis. To determine the limitations on participation of occupational therapists and occupational therapy students during "lockdown" and their impact on social determinants of health. A cross-sectional, descriptive study conducted via an online survey. A total of 488 occupational therapists and occupational therapy students in North America, South America, and Europe. Outcomes and Measures: A questionnaire consisting of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health and items developed to assess the impact of lockdown on daily life was emailed to occupational therapy professional associations, organizations, and universities between April and June 2020. It was available in English, Spanish, and Portuguese and metall the parameters listed in the Declaration of Helsinki. The roles and routines of people across the developed world have been affected by lockdown measures. The study shows marked differences between participants in the domains of getting along and life activities, as well as influence on the environment. Moreover, South American participants experienced these difficulties to a greater extent than European participants. This study quantifies the limitations in the participation of occupational therapists and occupational therapy students and the relationship of occupation to social determinants of health. What This Article Adds: The results of this research corroborate the relationship between health and occupation and highlight elements, such as the environment and context, that are important in occupational therapy. Therapists' ability to analyze occupation in relation to contextual and cultural factors will benefit clients.