Relative Number Of Lymphocytes Research Articles

Peculiarities of the blood system of animals under the conditions of consumption of drinking water containing chlorates

In modern conditions, providing the population with high-quality drinking water is becoming an increasingly urgent hygienic, scientific, technical, and social problem. Chlorine dioxide can be an alternative reagent for disinfecting drinking water. However, as with chlorine, dangerous by-products, particularly chlorites and chlorates are formed. The processes of development of morphofunctional changes in homeostasis remain insufficiently studied in this aspect. The objective is to determine the nature and peculiarities of changes in hematological indicators in the blood of animals due to the chronic impact of various concentrations of chlorates in drinking water to establish criteria for the hygienic assessment of their adverse effects on the body. The test animals were given drinking water with different concentrations of chlorates daily for 6 months: group 1 – control, group 2 – chlorates at a dose of 0.2 mg/dm³, group 3 – chlorates at a dose of 0.7 mg/dm³, and group 4 – chlorates at a dose of 1.2 mg/dm³. Evaluating the results of experimental studies, it should be noted that the most pronounced changes are observed in groups of animals that received chlorates in concentrations of 0.7 and 1.2 mg/dm³: a gradual decrease in the absolute number of leukocytes, the absolute and relative number of lymphocytes, relative to the indicators of the control group can be observed. In groups of animals that received chlorates in concentrations of 0.7 and 1.2 mg/dm³, a decrease in the absolute number of erythrocytes was observed during the 90 days of the experiment. It was established that the severity of the effects depended on the dose of chlorates and the time of exposure. Thus, the nature and features of changes in hematological indicators in the body of experimental animals during a chronic sanitary-toxicological experiment under the influence of chlorates in drinking water may indicate that chlorates affect the indicators of the blood system, being the indirect signs of disorders of other functional systems in the body, namely – slowing of redox reactions, hypoxic manifestations, reduction and weakening of the immune response and reactivity, etc.

Blood smears analysis: a valuable tool for profiling circulating erythrocytes and leukocytes in mouse model of leishmaniasis

Although blood smear analysis can yield valuable insights into the health status of laboratory animals, it is not frequently performed in studies involving mouse models of leishmaniasis. Thus, to underscore its importance, we conducted microscopic evaluation of blood smears prepared from 10 µL of blood from L. (L.) amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice. Subsequently, we explored potential correlations between the identified hematological alterations, clinical evaluation data, and serum levels of total proteins (TP), albumin (Alb), globulins (Glob), IL-17A, and IL-10. Our findings revealed that infected mice exhibited an increased erythrocyte count, alongside a higher prevalence of microcytic and hypochromic erythrocytes. Moreover, it was observed elevated relative and absolute numbers of neutrophils and monocytes and reduced relative and absolute numbers of lymphocytes. A significant proportion of monocytes and lymphocytes in infected animals displayed reactive features. The relative number of lymphocytes was negatively correlated with the serum levels of Glob. Furthermore, the frequency of reactive lymphocytes was positively correlated with the serum levels of Glob and IL-17A. There was also a positive correlation between the absolute number of neutrophils and the serum levels of IL-17A and the frequency of reactive monocytes and the serum levels of Glob. Therefore, these findings, collectively, underscore the importance of blood smear analysis for elucidating both the quantitative and qualitative hematological changes experimentally induced by Leishmania infection. Integration of this technique into research protocols involving different mouse models of leishmaniasis holds immense potential for advancing our knowledge of this infectious disease and enhancing clinical management strategies.

Effect of pharmacotherapy on the immune response in patients with COVID-19

Background. The effect of pharmacotherapy used to treat patients with the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 on immune parameters after treatment has not been sufficiently studied.
 Aim. To study the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy and evaluate its impact on the immune response in patients with COVID-19.
 Material and methods. The subjects of the study were 98 patients with COVID-19 aged from 32 to 68 years who were treated at the Penza Regional Clinical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care from November 2022 to March 2023. The average age of the patients was 5018 years. Computed tomography revealed pneumonia in all patients (CT1CT4). The outpatient observation group included patients with COVID-19 (n=32), who were characterized by a mild course of the disease, 36 patients with moderate severity of COVID-19, and 30 patients with severe and extremely severe disease. Patients with mild COVID-19 received molnupiravir as antiviral therapy, patients with moderate COVID-19 received favipiravir, and patients with severe and extremely severe COVID-19 received remdesivir. After treatment, 72 patients were examined on an outpatient basis 34 weeks after discharge from the hospital. In the blood of patients before and after treatment, the populations of T- and B-lymphocytes, the functional activity of T-lymphocytes, cytokine indicators tumor necrosis factor , interleukins-4, -10 and -18, interferon in cell supernatants were studied. Statistical analysis of the groups was carried out according to Wilcoxon, differences were considered significantly significant at p 0.05.
 Results. In the observation group (98 patients), in patients with mild disease (32 patients), recovery occurred in 31 (96.8%) people. With a moderate course of the disease, a favorable outcome with clinical and laboratory improvement was noted in 33 (91.7%) patients out of 36, and with a severe course of COVID-19 in 7 (23.4%) patients out of 30, 5 (16.6%) patients died, in 18 (60.0%) people after the 10th day of therapy complications from the cardiovascular system in the form of heart attacks and strokes were noted. After treatment in patients with COVID-19, the immune system showed an increase in the relative number of lymphocytes (p=0.034171), indicators of cytotoxic CD3+CD8+ T cells (p=0.001090), spontaneous synthesis of interferon (p=0.003246), induced production of interleukin-18 (p=0.003278), decrease in the absolute number of leukocytes (p=0.004319) and induced synthesis of interleukin-10 (p=0.042439).
 Conclusion. Regardless of the type of antiviral therapy administered, a high recovery rate was recorded in patients with mild and moderate disease compared with severe and extremely severe disease.

The effect of COVID-19 infection on the course of chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract and the state of immunity. Message 1. The clinical course of chronic diseases of upper respiratory tract with different variants of contact of patients with coronavirus and the state of the basic parameters of immunity

The purpose of the study: to determine the features of the clinical course of the chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract and the basic parameters of immunity in various variants of contact of patients with the coronavirus. Material and methods: The clinical study was conducted during the end of 2021 and 2022. We examined 45 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, taking into account the transferred COVID-19 and vaccination against it. Among them, 15 patients did not suffer from COVID-19 and were not vaccinated against it (group I), 15 people with chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract, who did not suffer from COVID-19 and were vaccinated against it (Group II), 15 patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract, who were sick with COVID 19 and were vaccinated against it (III gr.). All patients were divided into groups depending on the number of acute viral infections per year: 1-2 times per year, 3-4 times per year, 5-6 times per year, and by the number of episodes of exacerbations of chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract per year (1-2, 3-4, 5 times or more). An immunological study of the following groups of patients was also carried out: I – patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract, who did not suffer from COVID-19 and were not vaccinated against it (n=7); ІІ – patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract, who did not suffer from COVID 19 and were vaccinated against it (n=12); ІІІ – pat ients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract, who were sick with COVID 19 and were vaccinated against it (n=15) and a control group (n=32) – clinically healthy individuals who were examined before the very beginning of the COVID-19 epidemic. The relative number of leukocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, the relative number of lymphocytes with markers CD3+, CD8+, CD20+ and immunoglobulins of the IgM, IgG, IgA classes were determined from the basic parameters of immunity. Results: In patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract in the remission stage, the main symptoms of their disease were observed, but they were significantly more pronounced in patients who suffered from Covid-19 and were vaccinated against it. As a result of the comparison of clinical groups of patients, it was established that the frequency of acute respiratory viral infections was higher among those who were sick with Covid-19 and were vaccinated against it. In patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract who had contact with a coronavirus infection, trends to a decrease in the number of blood lymphocytes, CD3+and CD8+ T-lymphocytes and an increase in the concentration of class M immunoglobulin were determined in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract who had contact with a coronavirus infection and were vaccinated against it. Thus, corona virus infection, especially in combination with vaccination, can negatively affect the state of the basic parameters of immunity.

Исследование действия ионизирующего излучения на радиационно-индуцируемые изменения клеток системы крови мышей на уровне организма

The study was aimed at the task to determine the radiation-induced “bystander effects” at the inter-organism level. In the experiment, irradiated and non-irradiated mice kept together were used. The mice were irradiated at a dose of 3 Gy at a research radiobiological gamma-ray facility with sources of Cs-137. The number of leukocytes and the relative number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood of mice were evaluated at 3, 7, 14, 30, 60 and 90 days after the irradiation. In unirradiated “bystander” mice kept with irradiated animals, both in cages without a septum and with a septum, a possible tendency to decrease the number of leukocytes compared to the same indicators in biological control was found. When analyzing the relative number of lymphocytes, a tendency to decrease in this indicator in “bystander” mice both when kept without a partition and with a partition was shown. In unirradiated bystander animals when kept with irradiated animals in a cage with a partition, a statistically significant decrease in the relative number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood was recorded: at the 3-rd day (t=2.13; p=0.047), at the 30-th day (t=2.94; p=0.01) and at the 90-th day (t=3.07; p=0.01) after irradiation, as well as when kept in the same cage with irradiated mice without a partition at the 60-th day (t=2.24; p=0.038) after the start of the experiment. This result can be considered as a radiation-induced “bystander effect” in unirradiated animals. In irradiated animals, which were kept together with unirradiated animals in the cage with a partition, a statistically significant increase in the relative number of lymphocytes was recorded at the 3-rd day (t=2.6; p=0.02), 14-th day (t=2.61; p=0.018) and at the 60-th day (t=2.38; p=0.03) after irradiation, so the radiation-induced “rescue effect” was obtained. Based on the data obtained in this experiment, it is assumed that the radiation-induced “bystander effect” may be reversed, that is, unirradiated organisms are able to reduce radiation-induced effects in irradiated individuals ‒ the “rescue effect”.

СОСТОЯНИЕ ИММУНИТЕТА У КОРОВ ПРИ ПОСЛЕРОДОВОМ ЭНДОМЕТРИТЕ В ХОЗЯЙСТВАХ ПРИМОРСКОГО КРАЯ

The objective of the research was to study the state of immunity in healthy and endometritic cows on farms in the Primorsky Krai of the Russian Federation. It was established that when studying the absolute and relative number of lymphocytes in sick and healthy cows, the total number of lymphocytes in the postpartum period did not significantly differ and did not change during all study periods, it was within 5.16-6.1 109/l. The number of T and B lymphocytes in healthy cows was significantly higher in all study periods than in cows with endometritis. In patients with postpartum endometritis (the initial stage of body disease, the concentration of class G immunoglobulins on the first day after delivery was by 13.7% lower than in healthy animals, by day 7 it decreased by 25.9%, by day 14 – by 32.7%, by day 28 – increased by 26.7%. The concentration of immunoglobulins M in sick animals on the first day was by 18.5% lower than in healthy animals, on the 7th day – by 30.1%, on the 14th day – by 25.8%, on the day 28 – by 20.83%. When studying non-specific cellular (phagocytic activity of neutrophils) and humoral (bactericidal and lysozyme activity of blood serum), a significantly increased phagocytic activity of leukocytes in healthy animals was established, as compared to sick animals, but the phagocytic number was higher in sick animals. The amount of lysozyme in the serum of healthy animals was at a high level) and the bactericidal activity of serum during all study periods.

APPLICATION OF VERMIGHUMUS IN FEEDING PIGS

The article analyzes a new method of fattening young pigs by introducing a biologically active additive into the diet - vermighumus, which is a product of pig manure processing by California worms. In addition to the standard diet, the youngsters of the research groups consumed vermighumus in a dose of 130, 180, 230 g per head per day. The young of the control group consumed standard compound feed. It was established that the application of vermighumus into the diet of young pigs improved their fattening indicators. In particular, the youngsters of the second and third experimental groups exceeded the control analogues in terms of live weight at the end of fattening by 3.73 and 5.53%, respectively. Youngsters of the second and third experimental groups also had higher growth energy by 4.80 and 7.40%, respectively, and better feed payment (by 0.43 and 071 kg). In terms of half-carcass length, young animals of the experimental group 3 did not significantly exceed the counterparts of the control group. In the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups, the fat thickness at the level of the 6th-7th thoracic vertebra was smaller (by 5.85-7.50%). They prevailed over the control analogues in the area of the "muscle eye" (by 2.83-5.45%). The weight of the rear third half of the carcass and the content of meat in the carcass was the highest in young animals of the 3 experimental group (by 7.85% and 4.91%, respectively), and the fat content in it was lower than in the control group (by 14.52%). The smallest fat thickness at the level of the 6-7 thoracic vertebra, as well as the content of fat in the carcass, was in young animals of the third experimental group. Among the indicators of the physical and chemical properties of the muscle tissue of young pigs of the experimental groups, no statistically significant differences were found. However, there is a certain trend towards a decrease in such indicators as the level of acidity, tenderness and losses during cooking, and an increase in the moisture-holding capacity and intensity of coloring in the young of the control group. The tasting evaluation revealed minor differences among the experimental animals. The relative number of lymphocytes (% of the total number of leukocytes) in pigs treated with vermighumus was higher (by 4.44-6.66% Р<0.05) than in counterparts fed with conventional compound feed, which indicates an improvement in resistance animalsEnrichment of the ration of young pigs with vermihumus as a biologically active additive contributed to the improvement of fattening and meat qualities and ensures obtaining additional basic products in the amount of UAH 320.38-354.34 per head.

Clinical-immunological phenotypes of the autistic spectrum disorders

Autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) affect about one in every 59 children. It is noteworthy that patients with ASD are more likely to have other comorbidities than the general population. Undoubtedly, they may aggravate clinical course of the underlying disease or affect the diagnostics. The aim of this work was to identify clinical and immunological phenotypes of the ASD clinical course. Patients and methods. The study included children classified in 2 groups: pediatric patients with ASD (n = 100), and clinically healthy children (n = 30). Based on the presence of comorbidities, the children were divided into 3 types of clinical patterns: convulsive, infectious, dermato-respiratory and gastrointestinal phenotypes. Cytokine concentrations in blood serum were determined by ELISA using Bender Medsystems (Austria) for IL-17А and Vector-Best (Russia) for IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFNγ. The concentration of spIgG to 111 nutritional antigens (IgG) was determined by a modified ELISA method using the Immunohealth™ technique. Assessment of cognitive and psychophysiological indices in children was carried out using the ATEC questionnaire. As a result of the study, clinical and immunological phenotypes were identified among the ASD patients, being associated with certain types of food tolerance, cytokine profile, clinical severity of psycho-physiological disorders and concomitant comorbid diseases. In all four phenotypes, were have revealed an increased synthesis of specific antibodies associated with humoral immunity for the studied food antigens, increased concentration of total spIgG to food antigens, concentration of spIgG to legumes and casein, and C-reactive protein levels.Moreover, in convulsive phenotype (concomitant epilepsy and convulsions), the maximal concentrations of spIgG are shown for Solanaceae products, the concentration of IL-10 is increased, IL-4 amounts are reduced, and the content of serum iron and ferritin is also lowered. In the infectious phenotype (frequently ill children) the spIg’s to grain and fermented products are detected, IL-10 and IFNγ concentrations are increased and IL-4 contents is reduced, along with increased absolute and relative number of lymphocytes and fibrinogen. In the dermato-respiratory phenotype (skin rashes) – to dairy products, the concentrations of IL-4 and IL-17A are increased. In the gastrointestinal phenotype, the highest number of elevated IgG responses to the largest range of food antigens was found in presence of changing cytokine profile , i.e., an increase in IFNγ in IFNγ/IL-4 and IFNγ/IL-10 ratios. Thus, the identified phenotypes of the ASD course are associated with the influence of food antigens and reflect a special variant of the immunological inflammatory pathogenesis, which makes it possible to personalize elimination diets, propose measures for correction and individual prevention, and, probably, to predict clinical course of the disease.

Antitumor immunity and therapeutic properties of marine seaweeds-derived extracts in the treatment of cancer

Marine seaweeds are important sources of drugs with several pharmacological characteristics. The present study aims to evaluate the antitumor and antitumor immunological potentials of the extracts from the brown alga Padinapavonica and the red alga Janiarubens, inhibiting the Egyptian marine coasts. Hep-G2 cell lines were used for assessment of the antitumor efficacy of Padinapavonica and Janiarubens extracts in vitro, while Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells were applied to gain more antitumor immunity and antitumor insights of P.pavonica and J.rubens extracts in vivo. In vitro antitumor potentials of P.pavonica and J.rubens extracts were analyzed against human liver cancer Hep-G2 cells by MTT and trypan blue exclusion assays. In vivo antitumor immunological potentials of P.pavonica and J.rubens extracts at low, high, and prophylactic doses were analyzed by blood counting and flow cytometry in mice challenged with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells. In vitro results revealed that P.pavonica and J.rubens extracts caused significant decreases in the number and viability of Hep-G2 cells in a dose-dependent manner as compared to untreated Hep-G2 cells or Cisplatin®-treated Hep-G2 cells. In vivo findings showed that P.pavonica and J.rubens extracts at low, high, and prophylactic doses significantly reduced the number and viability of EAC tumor cells accompanied by increases in EAC apoptosis compared to naïve EAC mouse. Additionally, P.pavonica and J.rubens extracts at low and prophylactic doses remarkably increased both the total WBC count and the relative numbers of lymphocytes and decreased the relative numbers of neutrophils and monocytes. Flow cytometric analysis showed that P.pavonica and J.rubens extracts at the treatment and the prophylactic doses resulted in a significant increase in the phenotypic expressions of CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and CD335 cells compared to naïve EAC mouse. Overall, both extracts P.pavonica and J.rubens possess potential antitumor and antitumor immunological effects with less toxicity, opening new approaches for further studies of the chemical and biological mechanisms behind these effects.

Analysis of the results of radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy on the background of immunotherapy of patients with cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx.

Advances in medicine, especially in the field of immunology in oncology, contribute to the development of new ways and methods of treating cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Preclinical and clinical studies of cytokine and dendritic cell therapy, blockade of immune checkpoints, T cell uptake, treatment with monoclonal antibodies and peptide vac-cines are performed. Some of these immunotherapeutic drugs are introduced into medical practice. Changes in the immune system of patients with cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx justify the feasibility of further targeted research of new immunotherapeutic effects on malignant tumors. The article represents the data of the analysis of antitumor immunity in 61 patients with cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx who re-ceived (chemo) radiotherapy against the background of immunotherapy with the immune agent containing alpha/beta-defensins, and compares laboratory indices with clinical observation of tumor regression in patients. The influence of the immune agent containing alpha/beta-defensins was determined by analyzing the changes in the absolute and relative numbers of lymphocytes, the number of CD3+ T cells, natural killers (NK) and natural killer T cells (NKT cells). The preparation containing alpha/beta-defensins has been found to enhance cytostatic antitumor effect of (chemo) radiotherapy, having a dose-dependent and cytoprotective effects considering NK cells, so the immune response to the tumor development is enhanced with the use of this agent. The data of laboratory examination of immune status correspond to the direct results of tumor regression in patients with cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Clinically higher regression indices are in patients receiving radiotherapy with immunotherapy at doses of 40 and 60mg. We confirmed the antitumor efficacy of the immunomodulatory agent containing alpha/beta-defensins in the treatment of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx and the reasonability of its use on the clinic.

Local cellular immunity in colorectal cancer depending on tumor site.

e15613 Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer. More than 60% of all cases of CRC are colon cancer (CC). The role of individual units of the immune system in the development of this tumor is ambiguous. The purpose of this study was to characterize local populations and subpopulations of immunocompetent cells in colorectal cancer with different tumor locations. Methods: The study included 50 CC (adenocarcinoma) patients aged 35-86 years, women n = 26 (52%). Stage I tumors were registered in 4 patients (8%), stage II 25 (50%), stage III 21 (42%). 20 patients (40%) had right-sided CC (group 1), 9 (18%) left-sided CC (group 2), and 21 (42%) sigmoid CC (group 3). All patients received surgical treatment. Cell suspensions were obtained from tumor (TT) and peritumoral tissues (PT) (1-3 cm from the tumor), and then processed with an antibody panel in accordance with the manufacturer instructions (Becton Dickinson, USA) to identify the main populations and subpopulations of leukocytes and lymphocytes. The relative number of major populations and subpopulations of lymphocytes was determined on the BD FACSCanto flow cytometer. Results: A decrease in lymphocytic infiltration was noted left-sided tumors and sigmoid tumors compared to right-sided CC, by 46% and 51%, respectively. The percentage of CD3+ cells was almost the same regardless of the colon tumor location, and the number of main populations of T lymphocytes differed: in group 3, the content of CD4+ cells was 21% higher, and CD8+ cells were 22% lower compared with group 1, while group 2 had no differences. Group 2 differed in the tumor infiltration with both NK and NKT lymphocytes, which were higher by 25% and 22%, respectively, than in group 1. An increase in NK cells was noted in the sigmoid colon (group 3), and the relative number of NKT lymphocytes decreased. A common feature of TT in groups 2 and 3 was an increase in the content of B lymphocytes by 98% and 133%, respectively. PT of group 2 showed a decrease by 72%, 33%, 66%, and 46% in the relative number of lymphocytes, CD4+, NKT and B lymphocytes compared with group 1, together with an increased content of NK and CD8+ lymphocytes. PT in patients of group 3 had a decrease in the number of total and NK lymphocytes by 46% and 26%, respectively, and a significant increase by 85% in the content of CD8+ cells, with no changes in CD3+, CD4+ cells, B and NKT lymphocytes. Conclusions: The local immune status of CRC patients demonstrated a number of differences: right-sided tumors were characterized by a higher T-lymphocytic infiltration with the same tendency in the perifocal tissues, while left-sided and sigmoid tumors showed higher B-lymphocytic infiltration, which can help in the disease prognosis and choice of treatment strategy.

Dynamics of hematological parameters during castration of boars on the background of immunocorrection

Pig breeding is one of the leading farm industries for the production of meat products. Castration is one of the techniques that help to increase the productivity of animals and regulate the quality of meat (eliminating the “smell of boar meat”). Its disadvantage is the presence of post-castration complications. An effective method of reducing their number is the use of drugs that have an immunotropic effect.Therefore, we conducted an experiment to find out the effect of one of this drug group representatives (timogen) on the dynamics of hematological parameters during castration of boars.The data of hematological studies (during the experiment) signified a violation of homeostasis, manifested in the first fourteen days after castration by the development of anemia (a decrease in the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin) and thrombocytopenia, which (like erythropenia) was recorded against the background of anisocytosis. At the same time, the results, reflecting the picture of white blood, indicated an inflammatory process accompanied by leukocytosis, due to both the absolute and the relative number of lymphocytes, as well as the absolute number of medium-sized cells (MID). On the 30th day of observation, an increase in the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin relative to the 14th day was noted against the background of a decrease in platelets and leukopenia.Thus, immunocorrection with a five-day course of timogen made it possible to neutralize the negative effect of surgical intervention on hematopoiesis, which allowed us to avoid sharp fluctuations in the morphological composition of red and white blood.

Features of bioaccumulation and toxic effects of copper (II) oxide nanoparticles under the oral route of intake into the body

Introduction. Active use in various spheres of economic activity and the large-scale nature of production determine the relevance of studying the effects of copper (II) oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on the body during the oral route of intake. Material and methods. Particle size was determined by scanning electron microscopy and dynamic laser light scattering; specific surface area - Brunauer, Emmett and Teller; total pore volume - Barrett, Joyner and Khalenda. Acute oral toxicity of CuO NPs was studied in Wistar rats in accordance with GOST 32644-2014, multiple oral toxicity was studied by the Lim method. After repeated exposure, the biochemical and hematological parameters of the blood, the concentration of copper in the organs, and pathomorphological changes in the tissues of the organs were determined. Results. The size of CuO NPs in the composition of the native powder was 45.86 nm, in the aqueous suspension - 307.40 nm, the specific surface area was 17.70 m2/g, and the total pore volume was 0.056 cm3/g. According to the results of a single oral exposure, the LD50 value was > 2000 mg / kg body weight, which corresponds to 3 (GOST 12.1.007-76) and 4 (GOST 32644-2014) hazard classes. With repeated oral exposure, an increase in the levels of activity of ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, amylase, AOA and MDA was noted; the relative number of segmented neutrophils is increased, the number of leukocytes is increased, the relative number of lymphocytes is reduced. The concentration of copper under the action of NPs increases in the lungs, liver, stomach, intestines, kidneys, brain and blood. Pathomorphological changes in the tissues of the liver, kidneys, stomach, small and large intestines and lungs were established. Conclusion. The results obtained prove the presence of toxic properties of CuO NPs and can be used in the development of preventive measures for workers and consumers in contact with products containing CuO NPs.

Quercetin effects on adaptive immune response in experimental periodontitis of bacterial-immune genesis

In the article was studied the effects of flavonol quercetin on indices of adaptive immune response in experimental animals on the 14th day of the experimental bacterial-immune periodontitis development. Indices of immune protection were determined by the relative number of lymphocytes with CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+, CD16+ and immunoregulatory index (CD4+ / CD8+) in intact animals and on the 14th day of inflammatory process development in periodontal tissues as well as the therapeutic effects of flavonol quercetin. As a result of the study, characterized changes associated with the activity of both the cell-mediated and humoral-immune response were found, both in the development of experimental periodontitis, and apply of flavonol. In particular, there was an increase in the animal’s blood relative amount of CD8+, CD16+ cells on the 14th day, and content of CD3+, CD4+, CD19+ was decreased. In this case, the immunoregulatory index (CD4+ / CD8+) as an important index of immunological activity was decreased. The apply of flavonol quercetin in the period development of bacterial-immune periodontitis animals functional activity of the T-cell line of the immune system was increased, as evidenced percentage increase of B- and T-cells due to T-helper cells decrease as well as T-killers content during this period of inflammatory reaction in the periodontal complex, in comparison with animals, which were not treated.

Імунологічні показники у дітей із різними формами ожиріння

Актуальність. Численні проспективні дослідження переконливо свідчать про прямий зв’язок ожиріння зі збільшенням ризику розвитку загрозливих для життя захворювань. Немаловажним є той факт, що більше ніж у 60 % хворих ожиріння бере свій початок саме в дитячому віці. Мета дослідження: оцінити стан клітинного та гуморального імунітету в дітей і підлітків із ожирінням. Мате­ріали та методи. Дослідження здійснювалося в три етапи. На першому етапі проведено одномоментне епідеміологічне обстеження дитячої популяції 7–17 років під час проведення профілактичних оглядів у школах м. Чернівців та Чернівецької області (936 осіб). Первинний скринінг включав опитування, антропометрію (ріст, маса тіла, розрахунок індексу маси тіла, вимірювання окружності талії (ОТ), окружності стегон (ОС), розрахунок співвідношення ОТ/ОС) та оцінку фізичного розвитку. Фізичний розвиток оцінювали за центильними таблицями. Із 936 осіб відібрано для детального дослідження 160 осіб: із надлишковою масою тіла (НМТ) — 35 осіб, з ожирінням (абдомінальний тип ожиріння — 35 осіб; рівномірний тип ожиріння — 35 осіб) та 55 здорових осіб. Абдомінальний (андроїдний, вісцеральний) тип ожиріння діагностували, якщо індекс ОТ/ОС для хлопчиків перевищував значення 0,9, а у дівчаток становив понад 0,8. Для оцінки імунного статусу дітей і підлітків визначалися показники клітинного та гуморального імунітету за тестами 1-го і 2-го рівня (СD3, СD4, СD8, СD16, СD19, СD22, СD72, HLADR, імунорегуляторний індекс (ІРІ), лейко-Т-клітинний (ЛТКІ, лейкоцити/СD8), лейко-В-клітинний (ЛВКІ, лейкоцити/СD19) індекси, індекс активності Т-лімфоцитів (ІАТЛ, HLADR/СD72), вміст імуноглобулінів класів A, M, G (IgA, IgM, IgG) у сироватці крові. Проводилося визначення ступеня імунодефіциту. Статистичний аналіз даних виконано з використанням пакета прикладних програм Statistica 10.0. Результати. У дітей з абдомінальним типом ожиріння вірогідно частіше реєструвалася вторинна гіпоталамічна форма (77,1 %) і III, IV ступінь ожиріння (III ступінь — 54,3 %, IV ступінь — 22,8 %). У групі дітей із рівномірним типом ожиріння вірогідно частіше констатовано первинну екзогенно-конституційну форму ожиріння (54,3 %) і I, II ступеня (I — 31,4 %, II — 60 %). Відносна кількість лімфоцитів, а також CD4+, CD16+, HLA-DR+ та фагоцитарний показник і фагоцитарний індекс вірогідно нижчі в усіх вікових підгрупах дітей з ожирінням різного типу. У дітей і підлітків із НМТ спостерігалася тенденція до зміни відповідних показників. У дітей із різними типами ожиріння простежується Т-клітинна імуносупресія, при цьому остання більш виражена при абдомінальному типі ожиріння. Також у всіх вікових підгрупах дітей із ожирінням підвищені ІРІ та ЛТКІ. Серед дітей і підлітків із різними типами ожиріння встановлено зниження концентрації IgA та IgM та тенденцію до зниження IgG. Висновки. У дітей з ожирінням встановлено відхилення в показниках імунної системи. Отримані результати можуть бути використані в практиці лікаря-педіатра, ендокринолога, імунолога для оцінки стану імунітету у дитини залежно від віку та форми ожиріння. Дітям із високим ступенем ожиріння необхідно періодичне дослідження імунного статусу з метою контролю стану імунної системи організму.

Study of the immunomodulating influence of preparation alpha/beta-defensins on chemo/radiotherapy of patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer

The state of antitumor immunity of patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer during treatment (radiation and chemoradiation therapy), which additionally included α/β-defensin immunotherapy, was studied. In all three study groups, where preparation α/β-defensins was used, there was a more pronounced dose-dependent decrease in the relative number of lymphocytes in the blood than among those receiving cytostatic therapy in mono mode. Patients of group I received radiation therapy and immunotherapy, group II - chemoradiation and immunotherapy, group III - radiation therapy with immunotherapy in increased doses, VI - radiation, V - chemoradiation. Thus, in group І the decrease in the absolute number of lymphocytes was by 0.6×109/l, in group II - by 0.82×109/l, and in group III - by 0.93×109/l; by 8.51% there was a decrease in the relative number of lymphocytes in group I, by 15.52% in group II and in group III - by 14.32%. A significant decrease in the absolute number of CD3+ T cells in the blood was registered with a combination of radiation- and immunotherapy: in group I from 1141×106/l to 682×106/l and in group III - from 871×106/l to 309×106/l. At the same time, there was an increase in the relative number of natural killers in the blood of patients undergoing radiation therapy in combination with immunotherapy, also with a dose-dependent effect, the growth in group I is from 16 to 17% and group III - from 13.4 to 19.5%. Among patients undergoing cytostatic therapy, there were significant differences in the absolute number of NKT cells in the combination of radiation and immunotherapy, groups I and III, by reducing the number of these lymphocytes in the blood from 86 to 57 and from 62 to 31, respectively. α/β-defensins have been shown to have a dose-dependent adjuvant effect on cytostatic treatment – radiation, and chemoradiation of patients with cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Simultaneously with the use of the drug α/β-defensins associated additional immunomodulatory effect in the form of the restructuring of the subpopulation of lymphocytes due to an increase in the relative number of natural killers in the blood.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПРЕПАРАТОВ НА ОСНОВЕ ИНТЕРФЕРОНОВ НА ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ КЛЕТОЧНОГО ИММУНИТЕТА У НОВОРОЖДЕННЫХ ПОРОСЯТ

The article presents the results of a study of the corrective effect of drugs based on interferons on the cellular immunity of newborn piglets on an industrial pig breeding farm. In neonatal period, the immune system development in animals doesn’t reach functional maturity, and immunocompetent cells have low functional activity. In regulation of the immune system, interferons play a significant role in formation of the immune response, proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes, as well as the activation of mononuclear phagocytes. In order to improve the body immune status, there’ve been designed species-specific drugs based on rIFNs with immunomodulatory properties. For the experiment, 3 groups of newborn piglets were selected. Piglets of experimental group I at the age of 3-5 days were injected intramuscularly with biferon-S at a dose of 0.1 ml/kg twice, with an interval of 24 hours, piglets of group II – once with prostimul at a dose of 0.1 ml/kg. Piglets of group III (control) were not treated with drugs. It has been established that the application of biferon-S, containing rpIFN–alpha and -gamma, and prostimul, containing recombinant type I cytokine and vitamins A, E and C, in the first days of piglets' life, promotes an increase in cellular immunity, the absolute and relative number of lymphocytes, Tlymphocytes, T-suppressors and T-helpers, the content of active phagocytes, their absorptive and metabolic activity, due to the presence of rpIFN in the drugs that rapidly induce the system of endogenous interferons, cellular and humoral immunity, and in prostimul –vitamins A, E and C, possessing antioxidant properties. A more significant corrective effect on cellular immunity has been exerted by biferon-S, containing not only interferon alpha, but also gamma, which is cytokine - a regulator of immune responses, an inducer of cellular immunity.

Immune disorders after combined treatment of obese patients with endometrial cancer

Background. Immune disorders in antitumor treatment of obese patients may depend on the severity of the inflammatory process, which justifies the need to take into account the intensity of the latter in the analysis of complications of antitumor treatment in obese individuals. Purpose – evaluation of immune disorders after radiation therapy in obese patients with different intensity of the inflammatory process. Materials and methods. 65 patients with stage I–II endometrial cancer underwent pangysterectomy and a postoperative course of remote gamma therapy. Examinations were performed before treatment and after radiation therapy. Subpopulation composition of lymphocytes, phagocytic activity of neutrophils, levels of circulating immune complexes and immunoglobulins G, A, M were determined by standard methods. The SF-3000 «SYSMEX» analyzer was used to evaluate hematological parameters. The level of C-reactive protein (CRP) was determined using an analyzer «RESPONS 910». Insulin and leptin levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results and discussion. Immune and hematological parameters were evaluated in 3 groups of patients. Group I included patients with normal body weight (BMI < 25), II and III groups consisted of obese patients (BMI > 30). Group II included patients with a CRP level below the median, which was 18,0 mg/l, group III – patients with a CRP level above 18.0 mg/l. In patients of group II there was a higher absolute and relative number of lymphocytes, the absolute number of CD3+-, CD4+- and CD8+-lymphocytes compared with those registered in groups I and III. After radiation therapy, the absolute number of lymphocytes and lymphocyte subpopulations decreased in all groups. As before treatment, higher levels of these indicators were registered in group II. In obese patients, the relative number of NK cells was lower than that determined in patients of group I before and after treatment. Conclusions. Patients with obesity and low intensity of the inflammatory process have less pronounced immune disorders after radiation therapy compared with patients who had a normal body weight and individuals with obesity and high levels of CRP.

Characteristics of serological profile in adult measles patients depending on the development of complications

The aim – to determine the characteristics of serological profile in adult measles patients depending on the development of complications.Material and methods. In total, 88 patients with measles aged between 21 and 53 years were followed-up (36 men and 52 women). Measles was diagnosed according to the WHO criteria (2013). All the patients were tested for measles virus IgM at the end of the first week of the disease to confirm the diagnosis. Measles IgG was measured using ELISA (Vircell Microbiologists,Spain) on hospital admission, on average the (4.8 ± 0.2) day of the disease, to determine probable post-vaccination immunity to measles.Results. It was found that in most adult measles patients (75.0 %), the diagnosis was confirmed by the detection of IgM to measles virus at the end of the first week of the disease, while the other patients were diagnosed with measles by clinical and epidemiological criteria.Most patients (71.6 %) were seropositive with the presence of measles virus IgG on the 4.8 ± 0.2 day of the disease, others had a negative IgG serologic result. Complications of measles were diagnosed in the majority of adult patients (76.1 %), the frequency of which was associated (χ2 = 4.84, P < 0.01) with seropositivity in this follow-up period, namely complications were more common in the seronegative patients (92.0 %) against 69.8 % in the seropositive patients. Seronegative patients were more likely to have gastrointestinal complications as compared to seropositive individuals (68.0 % vs. 30.2 %, χ2 = 10.60, P < 0.001) due to more frequent development of hepatitis (68.0 % vs. 28.6 %, χ2 = 11.61, P < 0.001). The frequency of two or more complications combined was also clearly correlated with the presence of measles virus IgG in patients on day 4.8 ± 0.2 of the disease (χ2 = 7.70, P < 0.01).A comparison of the quantitative content of IgG against measles virus in seropositive adult measles patients showed an association with the development of complications: the highest level was detected in patients with uncomplicated measles amounting to 23.58 [21.87; 26.78] optical density units. In seropositive adult patients with measles-associated hepatitis, the measles virus IgG content was lower (P = 0.004) than that in patients with uncomplicated measles. A similar pattern was observed in pneumonia development (P = 0.0002). There were correlations between measles virus IgG content and platelet count (r = +0.32, P < 0.05), relative number of lymphocytes (r = +0.46, P < 0.05), ALT activity (r = -0.45, P < 0.05), relative number of band neutrophils (r = -0.36, P < 0.05).Conclusions. In adult measles patients on day 4.8 ± 0.2 of the disease, seropositivity with measles virus IgG presence was observed in 71.6 % of cases. Measles complications were recorded in 76.1 % of adult patients. The incidence of complications was correlated with the presence of IgG against measles virus. Complications were more common in seronegative patients than in seropositive ones (92.0 % vs. 69.8 %, P < 0.01). The development of pneumonia (P < 0.01) and hepatitis (P < 0.01) was associated with the lowest level of measles virus IgG.

INFLUENCE OF BAFASAL FEED ADDITIVE ON MORPHO-BIOCHEMICAL INDICES OF CHICKENS-BROILER’S BLOOD

Recently, interest in the use of bacteriophage therapy in poultry has arisen in the context of the growing problem of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, as the need to find alternative antibacterial agents is urgent. In addition, EU legislation prohibits the use of antibiotics in feed to stimulate the growth of animals and poultry. Bafasal – a new and innovative agent based on natural components of the ecosystem, has a high specificity to Salmonella serovars, in particular, S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium, S. mbandaka, S. gallinarum, S. іnfantis, which are most often diagnosed in poultry farming. This is the first bacteriophage product on the poultry market, which is recommended as a feed additive for broiler chickens.&#x0D; The article presents the results of studies on the safety of Bafasal under the application as a feed additive for the prevention of bacterial diseases in poultry breeding. Bafasal was used for chickens of the experimental group according to the following scheme: from 1 to 14 days of the experiment – per 10 chickens – 50 cm3 of feed additive dissolved to 0,5% concentration; and from 15 to 35 days – 100 cm3 of the drug dissolved to 0,25 % concentration. Feeding of poultry of the control and experimental groups was carried out with identical feeds in accordance with regulatory requirements, taking into account the age of the bird. The clinical condition of the bird’s body was monitored daily, on the 35th day of the experiment; ten chickens from each group were taken blood samples for further laboratory tests. The morphological and biochemical parameters of the broiler chicken’s blood under the application of Bafasal feed additive were studied.&#x0D; It was found that the hematological and biochemical parameters of broiler chickens in the experimental group were within the physiological norm for poultry of this age on fattening, and therefore corresponded to the status of a conditionally healthy organism without signs of pathophysiological abnormalities. There was a reliable increase, within the physiological norm, in the relative number of lymphocytes by 11, 9 % (p &lt;0,05) and a tendency to increasing the number of leukocytes, which showed a sufficient immune potential of the birds and an increase in cellular factors of natural resistance, compared with control chickens. According to the parameters of mineral metabolism, the serum content of Calcium and Phosphorus within the physiological norm was noted, which indicated a sufficient level of mineral supply of the organism of the experimental birds as a whole. In addition, in chicken fed Bafasal throughout the fattening period, the serum enzyme’s ALT, AST and creatine kinase activities and the content of total cholesterol not differ significantly from the control group, indicating the absence of signs of hepatotoxic effects of the studied feed additive.