Relative Importance Index Research Articles

Relative Importance Index in Ranking Performance Management Practices Towards Organizational Performance

Relative Importance Index in Ranking Performance Management Practices Towards Organizational Performance

A comprehensive analysis of the implications of artificial intelligence adoption on employee social well-being in South African facility management organizations

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore the increased uptake of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology by Facility Management (FM) organizations for enhanced operational efficiency and competitive advantage. While AI adoption in FM has been widely reported, limited attempts have been made to assess its impact on the social well-being of FM employees. To contribute towards addressing this gap, this study established the essential employee social well-being factors mostly impacted by the adoption of AI in South African FM organizations.Design/methodology/approachA four-stage design comprising a comprehensive review of literature, expert interviews, questionnaire census and focus group discussion sessions was used to elicit data from a sample of participants drawn from 22 South African FM organizations. The data was analyzed using a combination of content analysis, relative importance index and interpretative structural modeling for various data sets toward achieving the study’s objectives.FindingsSixteen employee social well-being factors, classified under job satisfaction, social relationship and knowledge development categories, respectively, were identified as being impacted by AI adoption in FM organizations. Furthermore, it was established that job security, job autonomy and professional status, which belong to the job satisfaction social well-being factor category, were deemed by FM employees as being mostly impacted by AI adoption.Practical implicationsThe enhanced understanding of the impact of AI adoption on FM employees’ social well-being factors will contribute to the development of a collaborative intelligence framework for managing AI adoption in FM organizations toward engendering optimal AI–FM employee relationships for improved productivity.Originality/valueBesides being one of the foremost studies to investigate the impact of AI adoption on FM employees’ social well-being, this study introduces a hierarchical framework of understanding employee social well-being factors based on multi-stakeholder perspectives.

In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance

Abstract Construction projects in Iraq suffer from many complex problems. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify the most critical factors affecting the performance of Iraqi construction projects, delving into their identification, analysis, and understanding. A comprehensive list of 32 influential factors was compiled through site surveys, interviews with engineers and experts, and a review of previous research. These factors were categorized into eight groups: planning and management, design and engineering, procurement and supply chain, workforce and labor, technology and innovation, environmental and regulatory aspects, site conditions and infrastructure, and external factors. One hundred and ten questionnaires were distributed to project stakeholders, including owners, consultants, and contractors. The results found that the five most important factors affecting performance ranked using the relative importance Index are poor planning, failure to allocate resources properly, unavailability of skilled labor, poor labor productivity, and volatile economic conditions. Based on these results, for solutions to be effective, they must be adapted to the local environment. Project participants must be interested in planning as it is essential to address the same. The skills of project workers must be developed through training programs. Communication with project stakeholders must be coordinated to contribute to the decision-making process.

Evaluating Market Attributes and Housing Affordability: Gaining Perspective on Future Value Trends

Abstract This study fills a significant research gap in Malaysian government-led homeownership and affordability. Centered on crucial market attributes influencing these initiatives, insights from low-income groups were obtained. The primary aim of this study was to assess the importance of various market attributes on government homeownership initiatives in Malaysia. The data were collected from low-income groups using a structured questionnaire, providing valuable insights into the unique challenges faced by this demographic. A Relative Importance Index (RII) was employed to analyze the data, revealing that Financial Market Factors, Household Financial Capacity, Housing Affordability and Accessibility, and Government Housing Policies were the market attributes of the highest importance in shaping government homeownership efforts. The results of the exploratory factor analysis demonstrated that the Financial Market Factor was the most influential component, as indicated by its mean rank. This study sought to incorporate the valuable perspectives of respondents regarding integrating future value into financing models. Respondents' opinions reflected a significant level of support for such innovative approaches. This study examines the crucial market attributes influencing government homeownership initiatives in Malaysia. The findings underline the potential of incorporating future value into financing models to enhance housing affordability for low-income groups and promote broader homeownership objectives.

Organizational factors affecting supply chain vulnerability of building project

Abstract The project construction supply chain can be particularly vulnerable to disruptive events because of the dispersed nature of temporary project teams and the unpredictability of the operating environment. Supply chain vulnerabilities are the fundamental elements that leave the business subject to disruption. It is necessary to identify the vulnerabilities in the supply chain before attempting to improve its resilience. This study proposes to identify the primary causes of organizational vulnerability in the supply chain of construction projects based on these problems. The study focuses on medium-sized and large construction companies that work on building projects in Aceh Province between 2018 and 2022. This study used a data collection technique by distributing questionnaires to contractor companies involved in construction projects. The primary data collection was analyzed using descriptive analysis and the Relative Importance Index (RII) method. The results obtained show that management vulnerability is the main vulnerable factor in the organization of the supply chain of construction projects, with the highest index being delayed in information and decision-making with an RII value of 0.9118. The findings of this study may be useful to contractor firms in managing the construction project supply chain.

Brine waste from seawater desalination in Malaysia: Assessment on public awareness and understanding

Abstract Water scarcity is a growing concern, and saltwater desalination is being explored as a potential solution, including in Malaysia. Therefore, it is important to assess public awareness of the outcome of desalination and the harmful effects of improper disposal of brine in the ecosystem. Hence, a survey was conducted and analyzed using the relative importance index method to gather information on public awareness of brine waste management practices and the negative impacts of brine waste. One hundred respondents from the public in Malaysia were randomly selected for this sample study. The results indicated that the public has an average level of awareness about desalination. Despite that, their perception of brine waste and its impact on the ecosystem ranges from average to high. Nevertheless, the study also reveals significant findings related to the low understanding among Malaysians regarding the detrimental effects of untreated brine wastewater disposal. Thus, the experts emphasize the importance of education and awareness to the public and encourage the government to implement stricter regulations on brine disposal with more effective policies. Moreover, the output of this paper gauged the public awareness level in Malaysia regarding the increasing use of desalination technology and the potential negative consequences of brine waste. It later equips the policymakers with the necessary information to make well-informed decisions by actively engaging the understanding of local communities' needs, perspectives, and aspirations on matters that directly affect them.

Exploring the Determinants of Quality of Work Life in the Construction Industry: A Quantitative Approach

This research aims to identify and quantify the factors affecting quality of work life (QWL) among professionals in the Indian construction industry. The study employs a structured questionnaire, distributed to 900 construction professionals, yielding a response rate of 80.44%. The QWL construct was assessed through eight factors: career growth, management, job satisfaction, remuneration and fringe benefits, the work–family interface, emotional intelligence, work culture, and work commitment. Both descriptive and inferential analysis were carried out. The relative importance index method was used to rank these factors based on their relative importance. Work commitment (RII = 0.772) ranked as the most important factor, this was due to work commitment including significant items. The high ranking of this factor suggests that commitment to work is highly valued in the construction industry. The study also employed structural equation modelling to validate the association among these QWL factors. The findings reveal that job satisfaction (t = 0.765) and career growth (t = 0.751) play significant roles in QWL, suggesting that these factors should be prioritized to enhance QWL in the construction industry. The results of this study provide valuable insights for organizations, HR practitioners, and researchers in the construction industry, emphasizing the need to focus on job satisfaction and career growth to enhance QWL. This study contributes to the existing literature by providing a comprehensive analysis of QWL in the construction industry, offering valuable insights for organizations, HR practitioners, and researchers. Future research could adopt longitudinal study designs or qualitative methods to further explore the QWL among construction professionals.

Identification of Construction Project Risks in the Indian Context: A Case Study on Building Construction

Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the risk factors prevalent in building construction projects within the Indian context, focusing on their identification, ranking, and management strategies. Through data collected from 206 construction professionals via an online questionnaire, the study employs robust reliability analysis, yielding a high Cronbach's Alpha coefficient of 0.898, affirming the questionnaire's internal consistency and reliability. Utilizing the Relative Importance Index (RII) and Safety Risk Score (SRS), the research ranks critical risk factors, including poor stakeholder communication, inaccurate cost estimation, funding delays, and market demand fluctuations, underlining the necessity of addressing these challenges to mitigate potential impacts on project outcomes. The paper emphasizes the significance of proactive risk management strategies to ensure project success and resilience amidst evolving circumstances, providing valuable insights into construction project risks specific to the Indian landscape and offering recommendations for enhancing risk management practices in the field.

Secondary Agriculture: cognizance of faculty and students of University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore

Secondary Agriculture in recent days has alluring the concentration of all the stakeholders in Agriculture. Even though, word secondary agriculture looks familiar, the meaning of that word is vague. The present study was to analyse the awareness and attitude of Faculty and Students about secondary agriculture in university of Agricultural sciences, Bangalore during 2023-24. The structured questionaries’ was used to collect the primary data; ninety samples were considered for the study consisting of thirty faculty, thirty post graduate students and thirty undergraduate students. It was evident that more than half of the respondents possessed medium awareness (55.55 %) about secondary agriculture followed by low (28.88%) and high (15.55 %) awareness. But less number of respondents were had correct knowledge (20.00 %) regarding secondary agriculture. About 37.78 per cent of respondents belonged to high attitude category followed by medium (34.44 %) and low (27.78 %) attitude towards secondary agriculture. Attitude statement Secondary agriculture helps in employment generation across India ranked first with mean score of 4.23 and Rural industrialization helps in creating linkage between primary and secondary agriculture (Rank II = 4.12). The major constraints expressed in promoting secondary agriculture were Inconsistent supply of raw materials (Relative Importance Index = 0.853), Lack of farmer’s awareness regarding secondary agriculture and requires technical expertise (Relative Importance Index = 0.820). But according to findings of study, more than half of the respondents had awareness about secondary agriculture whereas only twenty per cent of the respondents possessed correct knowledge regarding secondary agriculture. In under graduation a course can be included for undergraduate students and HRD programmes can be acquainted to faculties of Agricultural sciences. In under graduation a course can be included for undergraduate students and HRD programmes can be acquainted to faculties of Agricultural sciences.

ANALYSIS OF THE BIM IMPLEMENTATION COMPETENCIES OF BUILDING CLUSTER VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN THE EAST JAVA

Even though the government, through the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing (PUPR), introduced the concept of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in regulations as a form of collaboration and integration for application in the Indonesian construction industry in 2017, the adoption rate of BIM in Indonesia remains low. There are many obstacles that must be faced, such as the curriculum at the vocational high school level to higher education, or skill sets that have not yet been developed in their users. This study examines the abilities of Building Cluster Vocational High School Students in terms of mastered skills that are in line with BIM competency standards. The methods are a survey and the use of the Relative Importance Index on the participants of the 30th Vocational High School Competency Competition (LKS) at the East Java Provincial Level in 2022. The finding indicates that non-cognitive competencies dominate the adaptability of these students' mastery of BIM software.

Merging adoption of natural climate solutions in agriculture with climatic and non-climatic risks within an (intra)gendered framework.

The extant research on climate variability shares significant theoretical contributions to vulnerability and risks. However, the literature mostly focuses on technical solutions to climate extremes which undermines efforts to identify and solve the dynamics within gender groups in using agricultural-based natural climate solutions (NCS) to address climatic and non-climatic risks. With this in mind, this study implements both quantitative and qualitative approaches including household surveys, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions to investigate the adoption of NCS within gender groups to address climatic and non-climatic risks in three selected communities (Katanga, Dakio, and Zonno) in the Bolgatanga East District of Upper East Region of Ghana. The Relative Importance Index (RII) was used to rank the key climatic and non-climatic risks confronting smallholder farmers in the district. Male and female smallholder farmers affirmed that there has been variation in the climate compared to their childhood. The results indicated climate change-induced erosion (RII = 0.268) as the highest climatic risk among male smallholder farmers. Increased bushfire (RII = 0.263) was the highest climatic risk affecting female smallholder farmers. The findings show that the high cost of farm inputs (RII = 0.505) is the highest non-climatic risk among the male smallholder farmers whereas inadequate credit facilities (RII = 0.295) affected most of the female smallholder farmers. In adapting to the climatic risks, both male and female smallholder farmers with no formal education plant early maturing crop varieties and cover crops on their farmland. Others engage in traditional non-farm activities such as weaving by using renewable materials with reduced ecological footprints to address non-climatic risks. The male and female smallholder farmers with post-secondary education typically resort to temporal migration during the dry season to work on non-farm jobs. Acknowledging the intra-gendered adoption of NCS among marginalized farming households; not only protects against maladaptation but also improves local-level resilience and climate risk management in Ghana.

Design and management considerations towards productively sustainable work places in Saudi Arabia

Purpose This paper aims to review and assess the sustainable design and management considerations affecting workplaces’ productivity in Saudi Arabia. Design/methodology/approach The study uses a mixed approach, commencing with literature review, development and pilot-testing of a structured questionnaire instrument to assess design and management considerations towards productively sustainable workplaces (PSWs). In total, 31 considerations affecting sustainable workplaces’ productivity were identified and clustered under five main directions. A collective group of stakeholders, including architects/engineers (A/E), workplace users and facilities managers, were approached to correlate and compare their individual assessment of the identified PSWs. The relative importance index (RII) for each of the PSW considerations is correlated and discussed. Findings A high level of agreement is recognized among the three stakeholder groups for PSWs considerations’ assessed rankings. The provision of sufficient ventilation and illumination levels, availability of occupational health, security and safety, availability of ergonomically oriented technological infrastructure, availability of formal and informal meeting spaces, efficient space utilization and ergonomic workstations are all ranked highest in importance as design considerations towards PSWs. Originality/value The study stems from the need to understand how the PSWs’ design and management considerations are perceived by all streams of stakeholders. The findings identify the considerations’ importance for prioritization on PSWs’ investments.

Identification, and Assessment of Reasons for delay in Metro projects in India

Transport solutions such as metro rail projects in cities are needed to cope with India's rapidly growing urbanisation. However, a number of issues that affect the performance in terms of deadlines, project costs and construction quality are faced by several metro projects currently under way in Indian cities. Based on the likely severity of these delays, this research prioritised time overrun parameters via expert questionnaire. Relative importance index (RII) of collected responses were computed and analysed. The result show that for time overrun the top three critical factors are Existing Utility Shifting, Land Acquisition for the Project and Poor Management / Incompetency of Contractor. It would facilitate the timely completion of metro projects with reasonable value for money to government, by mitigating this time overrun through proper life cycle contract management and risk allocation. Keywords: Urban Metro Rail Projects, Time Overrun, Relative Importance Index (RII)

State and potential of digital financial services among farmers in Bangladesh: An in-depth study

Technologies like digital mobile services have a greater role in societies, particularly among agricultural communities for financial transactions. Keeping this in mind, the current study investigated the present status and potential of digital financial services (DFS) among farmers in Bangladesh. A total of 400 farmers were interviewed directly through a random selection to assess the present status and conducted 30 KIIs for potential. The study utilized a mixed-method approach, incorporating quantitative analysis via the Relative Importance Index (RII) and qualitative analysis through transcriptions. It was found that 87.3% of the farmers use DFS, with bKash being the most popular platform. However, the use of DFS was relatively limited when it comes to farm transactions. In case of farm's electricity bill payments, the number of responses was higher compared to other items. Furthermore, the study highlighted that farmers have lower satisfaction level with DFS than cash in case of farm transactions. This is due to the fact that farmers perceive using DFS for financial transactions as very difficult, which is compounded by a lack of knowledge on PIN changes (70.5%) and familiarity with terms and conditions (72%). Additionally, 42.86% of farmers reported experiencing scams, a higher prevalence compared to other issues. In such instances, farmers lodged complaints with agents but did not receive satisfactory resolutions. Therefore, the study suggests to implement user-friendly DFS interfaces tailored for agricultural use, initiate farmer-focused financial literacy programs, enforce robust security measures, and establish a regulatory framework for DFS integration into agriculture.

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE BUILDING METHODS

Renewable-sourced EWPs offer enhanced dimensional stability, durability, and mechanical properties, facilitating larger and more complex structural elements, and contributing to faster construction times and better energy performance. The research investigates the feasibility and effectiveness of Engineered Wood Products (EWPs) as sustainable building materials in the construction sector by a comparison of their cost, performance, and environmental impact against conventional concrete. The research emphasises the importance of innovative design, recycling, and waste reduction in fostering sustainable construction methods that satisfy the demands of present and future generations while conserving energy. However, there are negative environmental impacts linked to the production of concrete, such as habitat destruction, atmospheric emissions, and waste generation. The research adopted a web-based survey to gather quantitative data from construction experts. The Relative Importance Index (RII) was adopted to analyze the respondents' perceptions of the benefits of EWP and concrete negative effects. The results of the research reflect respondents' significant preference for EWPs and are consistent with their outstanding environmental qualities. In conclusion, this paper argues that EWPs possess the potential to effectively revolutionise the construction industry by minimising its carbon footprint and encouraging sustainable construction practices that are required for addressing the expectations of both the present and the future.

To internalize or not? Addressing key differences between Turkish migrant and native workers in construction employment

PurposeMigration is on the rise due to globalization and human mobility. This has led to increased impacts that have affected many industries, including the construction industry. A large number of migrants are employed in the construction sector, and employers are challenged to make sure all employees are properly integrated to meet the demands needed for construction projects. This article addresses key differences between migrant and native workers to help hiring departments in the construction industry analyse workers' attitudes based on cultural and motivational factors to have the workforce they need to succeed.Design/methodology/approachThe research used both quantitative and qualitative surveys. A two-part questionnaire, designed through a comprehensive literature review, was carried out to identify key differences between native and migrant workers. The data were obtained and then analysed using different statistical approaches, including factor analysis protocol, factor structure model, reliability analysis, relative importance index and nonparametric test analysis. A semi-structured interview was then conducted to discuss all the findings.FindingsThe study indicated that migrant workers, compared to natives, tend to give more importance to their working environment, particularly accommodation, work safety and relations with teammates. Also, migrants typically take a socialistic approach instead of an individual approach while at work and reveal an extensive range of behaviours based on a sense of belonging. It might be more important for migrants to have a place in society, to have a settled life and to be integrated into an established order than to improve their rights and benefits. On the other hand, the study argued that native workers tend to prioritize their benefits at work, such as regular payments for overtime and insurance premiums. Their behaviours might carry a more neutral and individual attitude as well as specific cultural traces.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is limited to a sample of participants in the Turkish construction sector. Further research based on more cultural models and motivational factors with a larger group of respondents from different countries could offer better results. The results of the study might not apply to a broad context due to many other factors that affect worker behaviours, such as geography, cultural structures and working conditions. Despite these drawbacks, the present paper may help employers and other stakeholders understand the best way to incorporate migrants into the construction industry.Originality/valueThis research is very important for the construction industry in various countries that are currently employing thousands of migrants. Being able to address the key differences between migrants and native workers based on cultural and motivational factors might help with engagement and create a level of harmony in the field for greater productivity.

Mega-Projects in Construction: Barriers in the Implementation of Circular Economy Concepts in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

The construction sector has been subjected to scrutiny due to its propensity for waste generation and the extensive utilisation of finite natural resources. In response to these concerns, a transition towards a novel conceptual framework known as circular economy (CE) has been advocated. Nevertheless, the integration of CE principles within the construction domain encounters numerous impediments to its advancement. Despite scholarly recognition of these challenges, scant research has been devoted to elucidating the intricacies associated with the planning and execution of large-scale projects, particularly within developing nations such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). This paper intends to fill this gap through the identification and ranking of those barriers encountered when trying to implement CE during construction in KSA. To this end, a comprehensive literature review was completed, alongside a survey conducted amongst 239 participants involved in three mega-projects. A statistical analysis of the data collected was carried out based on the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Following this, a relative importance index (RII) was established to rank 24 barriers categorised as major within the sample. The findings revealed the lack of regulation within the construction sector, the lack of education and training, little awareness and guidance on the subject, and the absence of an incentives policy as primary barriers to adopting CE in KSA. The present study endeavours to enhance the comprehension regarding the principles of circular economy (CE) and the attendant challenges encountered during its implementation. The overarching objective is to provide insights that can inform decision-making processes, thereby facilitating the development of robust mitigation strategies and the adoption of best practices.

The Impact of Change Orders Caused by Legislative Changes on Program Management in the UAE Construction Industry

Program management is an important strategy for organizing and managing multiple interdependent construction projects to achieve strategic goals. However, when change orders occur, they can have a serious impact on the quality, time, cost of projects and, ultimately, affect the construction program. Furthermore, when change orders are caused particularly by legislative changes, such as environmental laws, taxes, tolls, safety codes, transportation, design or building codes, their impacts are unavoidable, yet can be managed through mitigation strategies. The existing literature only reports the implications of change orders on the project level and reports legislative changes as one of the contributing factors to change orders, but does not consider the implications on a program level. This study aims to close this knowledge gap by assessing the implications of change orders caused by legislative changes on program management in the construction industry during the construction phase, and explore what the possible mitigation strategies to manage change orders caused by legislative changes are. The objectives of the study include identifying the implications of change orders on construction projects in the UAE through a literature review using peer-reviewed journals and reliable industry sources. Additionally, we investigate the implications of change orders caused by legislative changes on construction programs through interviewing subject matter experts, evaluating the importance of the reported impacts, with possible mitigation strategies, through a structured questionnaire and Relative Importance Index (RII) and, finally, proposing a set of recommendations for key industry stakeholders. A mixed methods approach is adopted in this qualitative study, and the participants include clients, contractors and consultants from the construction industry, with a defined scope covering the construction stage only. The outcomes of the study can guide program managers, decision-makers and practitioners in the construction industry to successfully deliver all projects by directing proper resources to accommodate legislative changes.

Investigating construction delays in cold storage projects in the Philippines

Construction delays pose significant challenges affecting project timelines, budgets, and quality standards globally. This study focuses on bridging the knowledge between differences of construction between cold storage facility projects among other types of projects and identifying influential factors causing delays in cold storage construction projects in the Philippines. Through a questionnaire survey including 30 critical delay factors derived from comprehensive literature review and expert consultations, data was gathered from 100 stakeholders across diverse cold storage projects via simple random sampling. Analysis using the Relative Importance Index (RII) highlighted inadequate manpower, delays in the concrete slab construction, permit acquisition delays, quality-related rework, problems arising during testing and commissioning of the temperature-controlled room, and late procurement as the primary causes of construction delays in these projects. These findings underscore the critical need for improvements to pre-emptively manage risks leading to project overruns. The study recommends a concentrated effort by construction stakeholders targeting the top 10 critical delay factors identified, to mitigate future delays and ensure smoother project execution. This approach is very crucial for meeting the country’s reliance on timely completion of cold storage facilities which is vital for accommodating the increasing demands across diverse sectors including food, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture.

Comparative analysis of symptom burdens and influential factors among diverse terminally-ill patients.

The suffering experienced by terminally-ill patients encompasses physiological, psychosocial and spiritual dimensions. While previous studies have investigated symptom burden intensity for specific disease groups, such as cancer or heart failure patients, a research gap exists in understanding major distressing symptoms among diverse terminally-ill patients. This study assessed symptom burden intensity and explored its influential factors among diverse patient disease groups. This cross-sectional study utilized the baseline Integrated Palliative care Outcome Scale (IPOS) assessment data. The study participants were terminally-ill patients enrolled in an end-of-life care (EoLC) intervention in Hong Kong. Statistical methods including relative importance index (RII), one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and generalized linear regression (GLR) were employed. Final sample consisted of 1,549 terminally-ill patients (mean age =77.4 years, SD =11.6). The five top-rated distressing symptoms among these patients, revealed by the RII analysis, were poor mobility (RII =64.4%), family anxiety (RII =63.5%), sharing feelings with family/friends (RII =61.4%), weakness/lack of energy (RII =58.1%), and hardly feeling at peace (RII =50.7%). One-way ANOVA showed significant differences among the eight disease groups in perceived physical and emotional symptom burden intensity (P<0.05). Analysis of RII symptom scores for each disease group revealed that poor mobility was rated as the most distressing symptom (RII =85.1-62.9%) by patients with motor neurone disease, Parkinson's disease, heart failure, dementia, end-stage renal disease and other serious diseases (including stroke, hematological disease, multiple sclerosis and liver diseases). Perceived family anxiety (RII =66.1%) and shortness of breath (RII =63.8%) were the most distressing symptoms for cancer patients and those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, respectively. GLR analysis showed that illness type is the most significant factor influencing the perceived burden intensity in terms of the IPOS total and subscale scores of physical symptoms, emotional symptoms and communication/practical issues. Demographic characteristics such as age, gender, marital status and co-residing status were also identified as influential factors of various symptom categories. However, patients' educational level and relationship with primary caregiver did not significantly influence any perceived symptom burden. This study provides valuable insights into the symptom burdens experienced by diverse patient disease groups at end-stage of life. The findings highlight the major distressing symptoms of poor mobility, family anxiety, and shortness of breath. Addressing these symptoms is crucial in improving the quality of care for terminally-ill patients. Furthermore, the study identifies influential factors that can affect the perceived intensity of symptom burden, primarily the main type of terminal illness and patient's age. Tailored care support and improved clinical care should be implemented, particularly for high-risk groups such as patients with non-cancer terminal illnesses and older aged patients. These findings contribute to existing literature and emphasize the need for comprehensive and individualized care in EoLC.