Error Research Articles

Four New Patient-Reported Outcome Measures Examining Health-Seeking Behavior in Persons With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (REDD-CAT): Instrument Development Study.

The management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) includes mastery of complex care activities, self-management skills, and routine health care encounters to optimize glucose control and achieve good health. Given the lifelong course of T2DM, patients are faced with navigating complex medical and disease-specific information. This health-seeking behavior is a driver of health disparities and is associated with hospitalization and readmission. Given that health-seeking behavior is a potentially intervenable social determinant of health, a better understanding of how people navigate these complex systems is warranted. To address this need, we aimed to develop new patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures that evaluate health-seeking behavior in persons with T2DM. These new PROs were designed to be included in the Re-Engineered Discharge for Diabetes-Computer Adaptive Test (REDD-CAT) measurement system, which includes several other PROs that capture the importance of social determinants of health. Overall, 225 participants with T2DM completed 56 self-report items that examined health-seeking behaviors. Classical Test Theory and Item Response Theory were used for measurement development. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA; criterion ratio of eigenvalue 1 to eigenvalue 2 being >4; variance for eigenvalue 1 ≥40%) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA; criterion 1-factor CFA loading <.50; 1-factor CFA residual correlation >.20; comparative fit index ≥0.90; Tucker-Lewis index ≥0.90; root mean square error of approximation <0.15) were used to determine unidimensional sets of items. Items with sparse responses, low-adjusted total score correlations, nonmonotonicity, low factor loading, and high residual correlations of high error modification indices were candidates for exclusion. A constrained graded response model was used to examine item misfit, and differential item functioning was examined to identify item bias. Cronbach α was used to examine internal consistency reliability for the new PROs (criterion ≥0.70), and floor and ceiling effects were examined (criterion ≤20%). Four unidimensional sets of items were supported by EFA (all EFA eigenvalue ratios >4; variance for eigenvalue 1=41.4%-67.3%) and CFA (fit statistics all exceeded criterion values). This included (1) "Health-Seeking Behavior: PCP-Specific" (6 items); (2) "Health-Seeking Behavior: General Beliefs" (13 items); (3) "Health-Seeking Behavior: Family or Friends-Specific" (5 items); and (4) "Health-Seeking Behavior: Internet-Specific" (4 items). All items were devoid of differential item functioning for age, sex, education, or socioeconomic status factors. "Health-Seeking Behavior: General Beliefs" was developed to include both a computer adaptive test and a 6-item short form version; all other PROs were developed as static short forms. The psychometric reliability of these new PROs was supported; internal consistency ranged from acceptable to excellent (Cronbach α=.78-.91), and measures were free of significant floor or ceiling effects (floor effects range: 0%-8.9%; ceiling effects range: 0%-8.4%). The new REDD-CAT Health-Seeking Behavior PROs provide reliable assessments of health-seeking behaviors among those with T2DM.

A New Protection Design Prepaid Meter Based On Smart Relay Safety Equipment

A relay safety device on prepaid Kwh meters as a power limiting protection system to avoid damage to relays on prepaid Kwh meters caused by power consumption that is greater than the registered power. In the device that will be designed, the code safety method cuts the electric current automatically if the power used is greater than the registered power so that this method can reduce damage to the kwh relay for customers. Test results for tools designed with calculation results have different calculation percentages. For irons, the error percentage of the calculation results is 1.99%, while for testing water heaters, the error percentage is 0.53% due to the lack of sensitivity of the PZEM-004T sensor in reading the used load. The measured voltage at the output of the designed tool reaches 205 V. Measuring test of the designed tool Based on SNSU PK.P-02:2020 - National Standardization Agency The error tolerance in measuring digital measuring tools is - 5%, if it exceeds the predetermined regulations then the results cannot be used or are referred to inappropriately.

Event-triggered consensus adaptive filters for target localization

Distributed filters show strong robustness by using certain resources of communications and calculations to collaboratively estimate or track an unknown dynamic process of interest over a sensor network. In this paper, an event-triggered mechanism (ETM) is introduced for least mean square (LMS)-based consensus adaptive filters to deal with applications with communication resource constraints. An upper bound of the estimation errors for the proposed event-triggered consensus adaptive filters is established under a cooperative information condition without independent or stationary signal assumptions. To verify the effectiveness and resource saving properties of the proposed event-triggered consensus LMS-based filters, numerical simulations for target localization using bearing-only measurements of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles are provided. It is proved that the ETM provides settable thresholds to artificially adjust the proportions between the estimation accuracy and the resource consumption. Finally, experimental results are given to further show the performance and applicability of the proposed algorithm in practical engineering.

Adaptive control of reaction–diffusion PDEs via neural operator-approximated gain kernels

Neural operator approximations of the gain kernels in PDE backstepping has emerged as a viable method for implementing controllers in real time. With such an approach, one approximates the gain kernel, which maps the plant coefficient into the solution of a PDE, with a neural operator. It is in adaptive control that the benefit of the neural operator is realized, as the kernel PDE solution needs to be computed online, for every updated estimate of the plant coefficient. We extend the neural operator methodology from adaptive control of a hyperbolic PDE to adaptive control of a benchmark parabolic PDE (a reaction–diffusion equation with a spatially-varying and unknown reaction coefficient). We prove global stability and asymptotic regulation of the plant state for a Lyapunov design of parameter adaptation. The key technical challenge of the result is handling the 2D nature of the gain kernels and proving that the target system with two distinct sources of perturbation terms, due to the parameter estimation error and due to the neural approximation error, is Lyapunov stable. To verify our theoretical result, we present simulations achieving calculation speedups up to 45× relative to the traditional finite difference solvers for every timestep in the simulation trajectory.

Predictive model for congenital heart disease in children of Pakistan by using structural equation modeling

BackgroundThe structural abnormality of the heart and its blood vessels at the time of birth is known as congenital heart disease. Every year in Pakistan, sixty thousand children are born with CHD, and 44 in 1000 die before they are a month old. Various studies used different techniques to estimate the risk factors of congenital heart disease, but these techniques suffer from a deficiency of capacity to present human understanding and a deficiency of adequate data. The current study provided an innovative approach by defining the latent variables to handle this issue and building a reasonable model.MethodData used in this study has been collected from mothers and hospital records of the children. The dataset contains information on 3900 children who visited the OPD of the Chaudry Pervaiz Elahi Institute of Cardiology (CPEIC) Multan, Pakistan from October 2021 to September 2022. The latent variables were defined from the data and structural equation modeling was used to model them.ResultThe results show that there are 53.6% of males have acyanotic CHD and 54.5% have cyanotic CHD. There are 46.4% of females have acyanotic CHD and 45.5% have cyanotic CHD. The children who have no diabetes in the family are 64.0% and children who have diabetes in the family are 36.0% in acyanotic CHD, the children who have no diabetes in the family are 59.7% and children have diabetes in the family are 40.3% in cyanotic CHD. The value of standardized root mean residual is 0.087 is less than 0.089 which shows that the model is a good fit. The value of root mean square error of approximation is 0.113 is less than 0.20 which also shows the good fit of the model.ConclusionIt was concluded that the model is a good fit. Also, the latent variables, socioeconomic factors, and environmental factors of mothers during pregnancy have a significant effect in causing cyanotic while poor general health factor increases the risk of Acyanotic congenital heart disease.

Relationship among cancer treatment, quality of life, and oral function in head and neck cancer survivors: A cross-sectional study

PurposeTreatment for head and neck cancer (HNC), such as surgery and chemoradiotherapy, can reduce oral function and affect quality of life (QoL). However, whether HNC treatment affects QoL via the decline of oral function remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship among cancer treatment, QoL, and actual oral function in HNC survivors.MethodsA total of 100 HNC survivors who had completed definitive treatment for HNC at least 6 months prior to enrollment were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. QoL was evaluated using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30 summary score. Oral diadochokinesis (ODK), tongue pressure, moisture level on the mucosal surface, and mouth opening were measured. Information on age, sex, tumor site, tumor stage, history of HNC treatment, height, body weight, and lifestyle were collected from medical records. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted to analyze the indirect/direct associations among HNC treatment, QoL, and oral function.ResultsIn total, 100 HNC survivors (58 males and 42 females; age range, 30–81 years, median, 67 years) were analyzed. Overall, 63 patients (63.0%) were diagnosed as oral cancer, 66 (66.0%) developed advanced cancer (stage 3/4), and 58 (58.0%) underwent reconstruction surgery in 100 HNC survivors. The SEM results supported the hypothesized structural model (root mean square error of approximation = 0.044, comparative fit index = 0.990, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.986). Surgery with neck dissection and reconstruction for advanced cancer had indirect effects on lower QoL via ODK and mouth opening.ConclusionHNC treatment is indirectly associated with QoL via oral function in HNC survivors.

Rate coefficients for the gas‐phase reaction of OH radicals with the L4, L5, D5, and D6 permethylsiloxanes

AbstractRate coefficients, k(T), for the gas‐phase OH radical reaction with decamethyltetrasiloxane ((CH3)3SiO[Si(CH3)2O]2Si(CH3)3, L4, k1), dodecamethylpentasiloxane ((CH3)3SiO[Si(CH3)2O]3Si(CH3)3, L5, k2), and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane ([–Si(CH3)2O–]5, D5, k3), and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane ([–Si(CH3)2O–]6, D6, k4) were measured using a pulsed laser photolysis—laser induced fluorescence absolute method over the temperature range 270–370 K. The obtained room temperature rate coefficients, with quoted 2σ absolute uncertainties, and fitted temperature dependence are (cm−3 molecule−1 s−1): The 2σ absolute rate coefficient uncertainty, for all compounds included in this study, is conservatively estimated to be ∼10% over the entire temperature range. The cyclic permethylsiloxanes were found to be less reactive than the analogous linear compound, while both linear and cyclic compounds show increasing reactivity with increasing number of CH3‐ groups. A structure activity relationship (SAR) parameterization for the permethylsiloxanes is presented. The estimated atmospheric lifetimes due to OH reaction for L4, L5, D5, and D6 are 5.2, 4.4, 6.8, and 5.2 days, respectively.

Euclid preparation. LVII. Observational expectations for redshift z&lt;7 active galactic nuclei in the Euclid Wide and Deep surveys

We forecast the expected population of active galactic nuclei (AGN) observable in the Euclid Wide Survey (EWS) and Euclid Deep Survey (EDS). Starting from an X-ray luminosity function (XLF), we generated volume-limited samples of the AGN expected in the survey footprints. Each AGN was assigned a spectral energy distribution (SED) appropriate for its X-ray luminosity and redshift, with perturbations sampled from empirical distributions. The photometric detectability of each AGN was assessed via mock observations of the assigned SED. We estimate 40 million AGN will be detectable in at least one band in the EWS and 0.24 million in the EDS, corresponding to surface densities of $ and $. The relative uncertainty on our expectation for detectable AGN is 6.7&lt;!PCT!&gt; for the EWS and 12.5&lt;!PCT!&gt; for the EDS, driven by the uncertainty of the XLF. Employing colour selection criteria on our simulated data we select a sample of $) AGN in the EWS and $) in the EDS, amounting to 10&lt;!PCT!&gt; and 8&lt;!PCT!&gt; of the AGN detectable in the EWS and EDS. Including ancillary Rubin/LSST bands improves the completeness and purity of AGN selection. These data roughly double the total number of selected AGN to comprise 21&lt;!PCT!&gt; and 15&lt;!PCT!&gt; of the detectable AGN in the EWS and EDS. The total expected sample of colour-selected AGN contains 6.0\,times \,106 (74&lt;!PCT!&gt;) unobscured AGN and 2.1\,times \,106 (26&lt;!PCT!&gt;) obscured AGN, covering $0.02 z 5.2$ and $43 (L_ bol erg s 47$. With these simple colour cuts expected surface densities are already comparable to the yield of modern X-ray and mid-infrared surveys of similar area. The EWS sample is most comparable to the WISE C75 AGN selection and the EDS sample is most similar to the yield of the collated Spitzer cryogenic surveys when considering bands alone, or the XXL-3XLSS survey AGN sample when also considering selection with ancillary optical bands We project that 15&lt;!PCT!&gt; (7.6&lt;!PCT!&gt;) of the total detectable population in the EWS (EDS) will exhibit X-ray fluxes that could be detected in the XMM-COSMOS survey, showing that the vast majority of AGN would not be detectable in modern medium-depth X-ray surveys.

Accuracy of an Activity Monitor in Assessing Physical Activity of Hospitalized Geriatric Rehabilitation Patients With Slow Walking Speed Using a Walking Aid.

Accurate assessment of physical activity is essential in hospital settings, but difficult for geriatric rehabilitation patients who have slow walking speed and rely on walking aids. This study conducted an external validation of the MOX activity monitor accuracy in distinguishing between sedentary (lying, sitting), standing, and dynamic activities among hospitalized geriatric rehabilitation patients. Additionally, the study assessed clinical tolerance and ease of use of the monitor. Inclusion criteria were being hospitalized on the geriatric rehabilitation ward, aged 70years or older, and using a walking aid. The monitor was placed on the upper leg, and remained in place for 1 week. In a test-session, four activities of 4min each (lying, sitting, standing, and walking) were filmed. Video analyses created a direct observation timeline. Daily skin irritation assessments were conducted and participants noted their discomfort level at the week's end. The study included 20 participants who relied on walking aids, with 10 requiring additional physical support while walking. The MOX activity monitor exhibited excellent accuracy in classifying the four activities, with a zero mean percentage error for sedentary activity, 2.2% for standing, and 2.7% for walking. Participants reported minimal hindrance, and the monitor proved user-friendly. The MOX activity monitor demonstrated remarkable accuracy in distinguishing between these four activities in a test-session and displayed strong clinical applicability. The monitor shows substantial promise as a valuable tool for assessing physical activity in hospitalized geriatric rehabilitation patients using walking aids.

Big Data Generation and Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Models in Predicting the Fundamental Period of Steel Structures Considering Soil–Structure Interaction

The computing of the fundamental period of structures during seismic design is well documented in design codes but is mainly dependent on the height of the structure, which is considered to be the most influential parameter. It is, however, important to consider a phenomenon called the soil–structure interaction (SSI), as this has been found to have a detrimental effect, especially for buildings founded on soft soils. A pilot research project foresaw the use of machine learning (ML) algorithms trained on relatively limited datasets for the development of a more accurate and objective fundamental period formula. Therefore, a dataset that consists of 98,308 fundamental period data points was created through the use of a High-Performance Computer (HPC), which is the largest dataset of its kind. The HPC results were then used to train, test, and validate different ML algorithms. It was found that XGBoost-HYT-CV with hyperparameter tuning performed the best with a correlation of 99.99% and a mean average percentage error (MAPE) of 0.5%. Furthermore, the XGBoost-HYT-CV model outperformed all under-study ML models when using an additional dataset that consisted of out-of-sample building geometries and soil properties, with a resulting MAPE of 9%. Finally, irregular buildings were also used to test the performance of the proposed predictive models.

Müntz–Legendre wavelet collocation method for loaded optimal control problem

In this paper, a Müntz–Legendre wavelet collocation method is proposed for solving optimal control problems with constraints as the loaded differential equations, called loaded optimal control problems. Necessary optimality conditions as the two-point boundary value problem are derived for the loaded optimal control problem by using the method of calculus of variations and integration by parts formula. The left and right operational matrices of integration have been utilised to transform the necessary optimality conditions into a system of algebraic equations using the collocation method. Convergence of the approximated cost functional to the exact optimal cost has been proved, and the stability of the proposed algorithm has been investigated. Finally, four test problems have been taken to show the convergence of the proposed method to the true solution via the L 2 -errors in approximation, and the results have been compared with methods derived in previous literature.

Validation of a Service Behavior Measurement According to Emergency Medical Standards of Health Personnel: Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Emergency medical services are in pre-hospital health services. This is a critical time, important to the lives of emergency patients. Using a measure to assess the service behavior according to emergency medical standards (SB-EMS) will help medical personnel perform their work according to standards, resulting in emergency patients having more chances of survival and safety. Objective: To validate the measurement tool of SB-EMS for evaluating quality, accuracy, and reliability. Materials and Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional study executed between January and May 2024 designed by collecting data based on 205 health personnel, which consisted of professional nurses, paramedics, and emergency medical technicians working in the Bangkok emergency medical service system through stratified random sampling. The data were collected with a 6-rating scale questionnaire. An initial sampling from 30 participants gave a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.77 to 0.84 and item-total correlations of 0.55 to 0.79. Data was analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using LISREL version 8.72. Results: CFA confirmed the construct validity of measures with empirical data. The 16-item of service behavior according to the emergency medical standards scale achieved an overall Cronbach’s alpha of 0.93 and factor loading between 0.59 to 0.87. There was a chi-square value of 166.35 at 85 degrees of freedom. The probability was 0.000, comparative fit index (CFI) was 0.99, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) was 0.06, and standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) was 0.04. Conclusion: The developed scales serve as high-quality assessment tools for human resources specialists or academicians in screening or assessing SB-EMS of health personnel.

How good are the dynamical results obtained through different terminators of a continued fraction approach?

Extrapolation procedures for obtaining higher order recurrants within the Method of Recurrence Relation have been analyzed considering one-dimensional spin-1/2 quantum systems comprising the isotropic XY model, the random transverse Ising model, and the isotropic Heisenberg model. The first six recurrants have already been computed for the XY model, as well as nine recurrants for the random transverse Ising model, and fourteen recurrants for the Heisenberg model. Nevertheless, from the exact solution of the autocorrelation function and its spectral density, it has been possible here to exactly compute all orders of the moments and recurrants for the XY model. An analytical expression for the recurrants of the XY model has also been proposed, which is able to furnish all of the recurrants, of any order, to within only 0.03 percent error. An extrapolation process has then been employed to analyze the autocorrelation functions and their spectral densities for all three models. It has been noticed that, as expected, the more recurrants are estimated the longer is the timespan of the computed autocorrelation function. However, the timespan saturates and becomes insensitive as more recurrants are taken into accout. On the other hand, the autocorrelation function needs a high number of recurrants in order to obtain a quantitative account of the spectral function. Even so, the behavior of the spectral density still remains, in cases where just a few recurrants are exactly known, not completely clear in the low frequency region.

Abel transform of laser-induced plasma image: Overcoming challenges of noisy and insufficient data for reliable reconstruction

Reconstructing spatial distribution of emissivity is important for study of heterogeneous plasma sources. However, often used Radon and Abel transforms tend to amplify noise in the data. The small size and short lifetime of laser-induced plasma result in short exposures for signal acquisition, and, consequently limited number of points along the source available for measurements and noisy signals. We compared 14 Abel transform algorithms and various noise processing methods, focusing on both limited data points and high noise levels. All algorithms were presented in matrix form to ensure fair comparison, and we proposed a metric based on the largest singular value of matrix operator for error assessment. An error analysis is performed to show the contribution of approximation and noise errors to the overall reconstruction error. Our results indicate that at higher noise levels, the choice of noise reduction method is more critical than the inversion algorithm itself, with regularization proving to be the most effective for noise control. Given the minimal impact of algorithm choice on the final result, simple and easy-to-implement methods like “Onion Peeling” are recommended to be combined with regularization. Furthermore, transforms with regularization were the most stable for reconstructing complex profiles. Summarizing the results for all considered cases, “Hankel-Fourier” and “Cubic Spline” are the most accurate for noiseless data with limited number of spatial points, while for cases with a large amount of data, “Polynomial”, “Piessens-Verbaeten”, and “Minerbo-Levy” are better, especially for noisy data.

Measurement Invariance and Cohort Trends for Social and Emotional Learning Measures Across Four Statewide Administrations: Conventional Fit Statistics Versus the RMSEAD

We assessed measurement invariance (MI) and cohort trends for five social and emotional learning (SEL) measures across four administrations (2013, 2016, 2019, 2022) of a statewide student survey including grades 5, 8, 9, and 11 ( n = 626,082). The MI models were compared using conventional fit statistics and the root mean square error of approximation based on the chi-square difference test (RMSEAD) for nested model comparisons with ordinal items. We found that MI held for all measures across years for each grade using both criteria. We then computed standardized mean differences to identify SEL trends for the 2013 and 2016 cohorts for each measure. Overall, there were declines in SEL skills across administrations for both cohorts. Specifically, commitment to learning, family/community support, and teacher/school support SEL measures had notable declines (i.e., large effect size) from 2019–2022 (i.e., before and after the COVID-19 pandemic) for the 2016 cohort. Education implications and directions for future research for evaluating MI and measuring SEL skills and supports were also discussed.

High Frequency Inverter with Fuzzy Logic Controller for Portable Induction Heater

The development of technology today makes humans strive to save natural resources and switch to alternative energy. For reasons of saving energy, saving costs, easy to use, and having a high level of safety, induction heaters can be used as an alternative to overcome these problems. Induction heaters can generate heat through the process of electromagnetic induction when cookware made of metal is brought closer. In this process the coil is supplied with alternating electric current from a high frequency inverter which then induces the cookware with metal material to cause heat. The heat in the induction heater will be regulated through the switching frequency of the high-frequency inverter which gets its voltage source from a 24V battery and increases the voltage to 48V. This induction heater is designed to maintain the setpoint temperature 70°C and 100°C using fuzzy logic control. From the test results it can be seen that the fuzzy logic control can reach a setpoint temperature of 70°C within 20 minutes and after being disturbed the fuzzy logic control can maintain the setpoint temperature with an error percentage of around 0.14% - 0.29%. Meanwhile, the setpoint temperature of 100°C can be achieved within 35 minutes and after being disturbed the fuzzy logic control can maintain the setpoint temperature with an error percentage of around 0.14% -0.9%.

Validation of the scale compassion fatigue inventory in health professional Spanish-speaking: a cross-sectional study.

To validate the Compassion Fatigue Inventory in Spanish-speaking health personnel, its psychometric properties were tested, and the influencing factors were investigated. This was a cross-sectional validation study. Information was collected through a survey of 733 nurses, physician and medical residents using the Compassion fatigue Inventory (CFI), Secondary Traumatic Stress Questionnaire (CETS), The physician burnout syndrome scale (PhBS), the quality-of-life index (SQL -sp) and the reduced Moral Stress Scale (MMDHPr). The psychometric properties of the CFI were tested via exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and internal consistency analysis. The final version of the translated CFI was correlated with other scales. An EFA was performed to evaluate the translated CFI, resulting in 15 items in three dimensions, as reported in the literature: reduced compassion, social life, and workplace. The CFA showed good fit indices and psychometric values (Cronbach´s alpha = 0.87, Omega = 0.87, Comparative Fit Index = 0.99, Tucker Lewis = 0.99, root mean square error of approximation = 0.045, Standardized Root Mean Square Residual = 0.05). The CFI had a negative correlation with the SQL-sp and a positive correlation with the other subscales. Work experience is predictive of a small reduction in CFI scores. The adaptation of the CFI in a sample of Latino health professionals shows satisfactory psychometric indices in the evaluation of compassion fatigue and can be proposed as a specific inventory to differentiate compassion fatigue from other occupational syndromes.

Development and validation of an Arabic tool for assessment of post-vaccination confidence in COVID-19 vaccines (ARAB-VAX-CONF)

BackgroundVaccine confidence is described as a belief that vaccines are effective, safe, and part of a trustworthy health system. The objective of this study was to develop and validate an Arabic tool to evaluate confidence in the received coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines (ARAB-VAX-CONF).MethodsThe research team developed the ARAB-VAX-CONF based on three areas specified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): confidence in vaccine effectiveness, confidence in vaccine safety, and confidence in the healthcare system. The analysis includes data from 406 eligible vaccinated persons (≥ 18 years). Cronbach’s alpha was used to measure internal consistency, while convergent, discriminant, exploratory, and confirmatory factor analyses were used to verify construct validity.ResultsA total of 406 adults were recruited, with a mean age of 33.0 ± 12.2 years. A total of 63.1% were males, 56.7% were married, 21.9% had chronic conditions, 93.3% were nonsmokers, and 39.6% were obligated to obtain vaccines. The three domains of the scale met the criterion of internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha > 0.7). Convergent validity was identified by the significant inter-item and item-mean score of the domain correlation (P < 0.001). Discriminant validity was reported as the inter-factor correlation matrix (< 0.7). The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin sampling adequacy measure was 0.80, and Bartlett’s sphericity test was significant (P < 0.001). Exploratory factor analysis indicated that the scale could be summarized into three factors. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the adequate psychometric properties and fit with observed data (root-mean-square error of approximation = 0.08, comparative fit index = 0.945, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.924, standardized root-mean-square residual = 0.086, normed fit index = 0.918, and goodness-of-fit index = 0.909).ConclusionsThe ARAB-VAX-CONF developed in this study is valid and reliable for assessing confidence in vaccine effectiveness, safety, and confidence in the healthcare system. The ARAB-VAX-CONF can support decision-makers in addressing the gap in vaccine confidence among various populations.

Approximate Quantum Error Correcting Codes from Conformal Field Theory.

The low-energy subspace of a conformal field theory (CFT) can serve as a quantum error correcting code, with important consequences in holography and quantum gravity. We consider generic (1+1)D CFT codes under extensive local dephasing channels and analyze their error correctability in the thermodynamic limit. We show that (i)there is a finite decoding threshold if and only if the minimal nonzero scaling dimension in the fusion algebra generated by the jump operator of the channel is larger than 1/2 and (ii)the number of protected logical qubits k≥Ω(loglogn), where n is the number of physical qubits. As an application, we show that the one-dimensional quantum critical Ising model has a finite threshold for certain types of dephasing noise. Our general results also imply that a CFT code with continuous symmetry saturates a bound on the recovery fidelity for covariant codes.

Direct moment estimation of intensity distribution of magnetic fields with quantum sensing network

Abstract A quantum sensing network is used to simultaneously detect and measure physical quantities, such as magnetic fields, at different locations. However, there is a risk that the measurement data is leaked to the third party during the communication. Many theoretical and experimental efforts have been made to realize a secure quantum sensing network where a high level of security is guaranteed. In this paper, we propose a protocol to estimate statistical quantities of the target fields at different places without knowing individual value of the target fields. We generate an enanglement between L quantum sensors, let the quantum sensor interact with local fields, and perform specific measurements on them. By calculating the quantum Fisher information to estimate the individual value of the magnetic fields, we show that we cannot obtain any information of the value of the individual fields in the limit of large L. On the other hand, in our protocol, we can estimate theoretically any moment of the field distribution by measuring a specific observable and evaluated relative uncertainty of k-th (k=1,2,3,4) order moment. Our results are a significant step towards using a quantum sensing network with security inbuilt. &amp;#xD;