Relative Efficiency Research Articles

Trait Association Studies to Determine Selection Indices in F5 Segregating Populations of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The experiment consisted of 38 promising F5 breeding lines developed and evaluated for correlation coefficient, path coefficient and selection indices studies with four check varieties viz., NVSR-2435, Sardar, Lalkada Gold and GR-18 in RBD with three replications during kharif-2023 at RRRS, Vyara, Gujarat. Genotypic correlation analysis revealed that grain yield per plant appeared to be positively and significantly correlated with productive tillers per plant, plant height, panicle length, straw yield per plant and 100 grain weight, which suggested that these characters can be improved simultaneously towards higher grain yield per plant by direct selection. Genotypic path analysis revealed that positive and direct effects on grain yield per plant were exhibited by days to maturity, productive tillers per plant, panicle length, 100 grain weight and straw yield per plant. Among these traits, panicle length, productive tillers per plant, 100 grain weight and straw yield per plant exhibited direct effect along with highly significant and positive association with grain yield per plant. Therefore, selection for such traits may be considered as most important yield attributing characters. The negligible residual effect of 0.037 was observed in path analysis, indicates that the model explained large proportion of variance. Thirty-one selection indices were constructed in all possible combinations of grain yield per plant (X1) along with four components viz., productive tiller per plant (X2), panicle length (X3), 100 grain weight (X4) and straw yield per plant (X5) through equal weight method. Among all the selection indices, the relative efficiency (%) and expected genetic advance (GA) was noted maximum with four characters selection index (I1245) compared to grain yield per plant (I1).

Evaluating and Improving Relative Efficiency The Banking Sector in Iraq Using Data Envelopment Analysis of The Output-Oriented VRS Model With Application

The banking sector is one of the important sectors in Iraq, and the last stage witnessed the emergence of several private banks in the competition market, and in order to determine the efficiency of existing banks, the resources available to government and private banks were analyzed and compared with two international banks to determine their efficiency ratios for the surveyed banks using data envelopment analysis, the research problem was diagnosed in the lack of interest in measuring the efficiency of banks by exploiting the resources available to maximize profits, the aim of the research is to determine the efficiency of the banks studied according to the direction of outputs and to conduct continuous analysis of the results in order to come up with recommendations that contribute to improving the banking sector. The research focused on the direction of increasing outputs with constant inputs in order to maximize returns. The( Deap2.1) data analysis program was used, and the research adopted data for 2022 to measure efficiency. For 22 banks operating in Iraq (governmental and private) and two banks outside iraq, the variable volume returns (VRS) model was used, and the most prominent results achieved were the achievement of banks The following banks (Rasheed, industrial, TBI, Al-Ahli, Asia, National,trans-Iraq, Jordanian capital, Lloyds Banking Group London) achieved high efficiency100% as they used their resources optimally. The investment bank achieved 90.8%, which is a good percentage, with the ability to benefit from the expertise of industrial and national banks, Jordanian capital, and Lubd's Banking Group London to reach 100% efficiency in 2022.

Estimating the Effectiveness of Public Versus Private Distribution Systems: Insights from a Fertilizer Policy Reform in Malawi

Throughout much of the world, critical goods and services are provided by parallel public and private distribution systems. However, it is often difficult to causally differentiate the performance of these two channels. In this article, we utilize a policy change in Malawi to estimate the relative efficiency of public and private channels in distributing inputs to smallholder farmers. In the 2015/16 agricultural season, the government allowed a group of private-sector fertilizer dealers to distribute subsidized fertilizer in nine of the country’s 28 districts. We use a panel dataset and a difference-in-differences (DID) strategy to estimate the impact of the pilot reform on a set of variables encompassing the entire process of subsidized fertilizer acquisition and appropriate utilization. We find that households in districts where the private sector distributed subsidized fertilizer were 11 percentage points more likely to acquire it earlier in the planting season (p < 0.01). We also find that households in pilot districts were six percentage points more likely to apply inorganic fertilizer (p < 0.10), but this effect was no longer statistically significant after using household fixed-effects and correcting for multiple hypothesis testing. Additionally, the reform did not affect other outcomes such as timely fertilizer application or maize yields.

A comparison of mustard, household detergent and formalin as vermifuges for earthworm sampling

The efficiencies of three vermifuges (household detergent, mustard and formalin) in extracting earthworms were compared in a pasture in western Norway. Relative efficiency of detergent and mustard compared to formalin with respect to number of earthworms extracted, was 79% and 66%, respectively. No significant differences were found among the three treatments in proportion of juveniles, earthworm size, number of earthworms or biovolume of emerging earthworms. Two genera of earthworms were represented in the samples, Allolobophora spp. and Lumbricus spp. Genus composition differed among the three treatments, formalin extracting the highest percentage of Allolobophora spp. and mustard the lowest. The relative efficiency of the three vermifuges differed from what has been found in an earlier comparable study. Both mustard and household detergent are less detrimental to health of vegetation, earthworms and field workers than formalin, and given their relatively high efficiency as vermifuges, they might in many cases be preferable to formalin.

Performance-Based Efficiency and Effectiveness Analysis of Technology Companies Listed on Borsa Istanbul Using Data Envelopment and Logistic Regression Analysis

This study analyses the performance-based efficiency and effectiveness of technology companies listed on Borsa Istanbul using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Logistic Regression (LR). The research focuses on evaluating the relative efficiency of selected technology firms over the period 2015-2023. DEA, a non-parametric technique, is used to measure the efficiency of decision-making units, while logistic regression helps identify the factors influencing efficiency. The study aims to assess the impact of financial ratios, such as current ratio, net profit margin, accounts receivable turnover, and others, on the firms' technical efficiency. The results indicate that Net Profit Margin (NPM) and Accounts Receivable Turnover (ADH) have the most significant positive effects on efficiency, while the Fixed Assets to Equity ratio (MDVOZK) negatively impacts efficiency. This analysis provides insights into the financial health and operational performance of technology firms, offering actionable recommendations for improving efficiency and guiding investment decisions. Key Words: Data Envelopment, Logistic Regression, BİST JEL: C45, C88, G21

Post‐Mortem Analysis of Building‐Integrated Flexible Thin Film Modules

ABSTRACTFlexible, lightweight thin film (TF) photovoltaic (PV) modules offer a unique opportunity for integration into non‐planar surfaces unable to support heavy weights. While such applications increase the potential for PV in urban areas, the reliability implications are yet to be investigated. Here, prototypes of corrugated rooftiles with integrated Cu (In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) modules were investigated after 3 years of outdoor operation. Their performance before and after the outdoor exposure was compared and defects were localized. An unpackaging method was developed, allowing access to the solar cells for more detailed characterization of present defects without causing additional damage or changes to existing defects. To our knowledge, this was the first time such an unpackaging method was successfully applied to flexible TF PV modules. The relative efficiency loss ranged from 17% to 43%, mostly due to short‐circuit current (ISC) loss and series resistance (RS) increase. The predominant cause of the RS increase was the delamination at the interconnects, ascribed to thermomechanical stresses caused by outdoor temperature fluctuations. The ISC loss was mainly caused by localized delamination of CIGS from the molybdenum (Mo) back‐contact. The occurrence of such delaminated areas pointed to presence of high local stresses during outdoor operation, possibly due to thermal fluctuations, applied deformation and/or mechanical impact. Two other types of delamination defects were found with no observable impact on performance. These results show the necessity for further optimization in the material choice and processing of TF flexible modules, to avoid mechanical stress related failures upon integration into curved surfaces.

Costs, efficiency, and patient-reported outcomes associated with suture-mediated percutaneous closure for atrial fibrillation ablation: Secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.

To evaluate the cost and efficiency of suture-mediated percutaneous closure (SMC) compared to manual compression (MC) after atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. SMC has been demonstrated to be efficacious in reducing hemostasis and bedrest times after AF ablation. To date, randomized data comparing the direct and indirect cost between the two techniques have not been described. We conducted a 1:1 randomized trial comparing SMC to MC following AF ablation. The primary endpoints have been previously published. However, secondary endpoints pertinent to indirect cost including complication rates, hospital utilization (i.e., delays in discharge, additional patient encounters, nursing utilization), pain, patient reported outcomes, as well as the direct costs of care associated with AF ablation were collected. We also performed secondary analysis of the primary endpoint to evaluate for a learning curve, and subgroups analysis comparing efficacy across different numbers of access sites and compared to those in the MC group with a figure-of-eight suture (Fo8), that could potentially have impacted the relative efficiency of the procedure. A total of 107 patients were randomized and included: 53 in the SMC group and 54 in MC. A learning curve was observed in the SMC group between the first and second half of the study group (p = 0.037), with no such difference in the MC group. After accounting for the number of access sites, time to hemostasis remained shorter in the SMC Group (p = 0.002). Compared to those in the Fo8 arm (n = 37), the time to hemostasis remained shorter in the SMC group (p = 0.001). Among those planned for same-day discharge, there were more delays in the MC group (31.5% vs. 11.3%, p = 0.0144). Rates of major and minor complications were similar between SMC and MC groups at discharge (p = 0.243) and 30 days (p = 1.00), as were nursing utilization, self-reported pain, and overall patient reported outcomes. The overall cost of care related to the procedure was similar between the MC and SMC groups ($56 533.65 [$45 699.47, $66 987.64] vs. $57 050.44 [$47 251.40, $66 426.34], p = 0.601). SMC has been shown to decrease time to hemostasis and ambulation and facilitate earlier same-day discharge after AF ablation without an increase in direct or indirect costs.

An integrated simulation-data envelopment analysis approach for impact of line-seru conversion

This study aims to design an innovative method to evaluate the effects of line-seru conversion in terms of various environmental and economic performance criteria. For this purpose, an integrated approach using simulation and data envelopment analysis (DEA) assisted with various performance criteria is proposed for the first time. The simulation studies involve diverse scenarios for the production of a circuit breaker on assembly lines balanced with RPW and COMSOAL heuristic algorithms, and seru production systems. The simulation results indicate a significant increase in labour effectiveness and station/yatai utilization ratios, complete removal of WIP inventories, which led to a growth in productivity up to 43.29%. The number of workers, carbon-dioxide emission, required work-space, training costs of workers and equipment cost data were incorporated in the results to evaluate the applicability and relative efficiency of the developed scenarios by use of the CCR and BCC models of DEA. The calculated scale efficiency shows that the scenarios for assembly lines balanced with COMSOAL and the seru-based scenarios were both fully effective. The seru production system scenario with 6 yatais was the most effective scenario due to reduced task times after conversion. Also, line-seru conversion proved to be advantageous despite the high training costs.

Accurate measurements of delayed neutron data for reactor applications: methodology and application to 235U(nth,f)

Large inconsistencies still exist in nuclear data libraries regarding the kinetic parameters of delayed neutron (DN) precursors. As an example, there is a 17% gap between ENDF-B/VIII.0 and JEFF-3.3 on the average lifetime T1/2 of DN precursors from thermal fission of 235U. This parameter is of major importance for reactivity predictions of nuclear reactors in nominal or accidental configurations. In this context, CEA is actively participating to the ALDEN project (Average number and Lifetime of DElayed Neutrons) which aims at providing the nuclear data community with new data sets of DN from thermal and fast neutron induced fission of various actinides. A dedicated experimental setup was designed and optimized for that purpose and is presented in this paper. It consists of a “long counter” detector containing 16 proportional counters filled with 3He, embedded in a high density polyethylene matrix. The detector surrounds a fissile target prepared in the form of a miniature fission chamber, containing a few hundreds of micro-grams of fissile material. This set-up is connected to fast and efficient neutron shutters that can produce step-irradiations of variable durations. The equations driving the DN counting following step-irradiations of the fissile target are established and discussed in the perspective of DN yield or group parameter measurement. A comprehensive analysis of the different steps of data reduction is detailed: dead time characterization, Region of Interest (ROI) determination, absolute and relative efficiency calibration, fission rate estimation, irradiation time and background determination, DN decay curve production and physical parameter fitting. Following a prototype experiment performed in 2018 at the PF1b cold neutron beam line of Institute Laue Langevin (ILL, Grenoble, France), we discuss here the analysis of two campaigns occurring in 2019 and 2021 in which significant improvements were achieved in terms of background minimization, counting statistics and fission rate determination. The achievements of this work are the measurement of the delayed neutron emission per fission for the thermal neutron induced fission of 235U, estimated at (1.625 ± 0.010) % and the group parameters leading to an estimated lifetime of T1/2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${T}_{1/2}$$\\end{document} = (8.87 ± 0.10) s. Those results are consistent with the values recommended by the IAEA/CRP work and they come with reduced uncertainties compared with previously published results.

Effects of the extrusion process on the physical properties of micro pellets and the growth performance of juvenile Nile tilapia

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different extrusion processes on the physical properties of micro pellets and how the alterations affect the growth performance of juvenile Nile tilapia. Four experimental diets were produced with the same formulation, but with different extrusion processes: CE: cold extrusion (18 ºC); HE: hot extrusion (100 ºC); D1: double extrusion, first a hot extrusion (100 ºC) of all the ingredients followed by cold extrusion (18 ºC); D2: double extrusion, first a hot extrusion (100 ºC) of the plant-based ingredients followed by mixing with the animal-based ingredients and milling, then cold extrusion (18 ºC). Juvenile tilapia (0.83 ± 0.01 g; 3.68 ± 0.19 cm) were distributed in 20 experimental units (60 L; n=5; 20 fish per unit) in a completely randomized design for four weeks. The micro pellets of the experimental HE diet presented a positive expansion rate (2.86 ± 0.45 %) and a lower bulk density (465.9 ± 3.45 g/L). The D1 and D2 micro pellets presented higher bulk density (671.0 ± 2.98 and 612.8 ± 4.99 g/L, respectively). All the micro pellets showed high durability (>95 %). The D2 micro pellets showed low water resistance (24.4 ± 3.51 %), resulting in a high leaching rate of nutrients (>68 %). The HE and D1 micro pellets showed a higher absorption rate in water (3.65 ± 0.29 and 3.66 ± 0.21 g water/g, respectively). The water solubility index of the micro pellets was not influenced by the different extrusion processes (P > 0.05), nor were survival and feed consumption. The fish fed with the HE diet showed greater weight gain (3.84 ± 0.44 g), and the lowest weight gain was in the fish fed with the CE diet (3.05 ± 0.39 g) (P < 0.05). Feed conversion was lower in fish fed the HE (1.06) and D1 (1.11) diets (P < 0.05). Fish fed the HE diet had the highest values for relative growth rate (9.08 ± 0.62 %/d), protein retention (30.6 ± 2.61 %) and protein efficiency (2.26 ± 0.22 %) (P < 0.05). Fish fed the CE diet had the lowest values for relative growth rate (7.82 ± 0.51 %/d), protein retention (21.4 ± 2.72 %) and protein efficiency (1.55 ± 0.23 %) (P < 0.05), though the values are in line with those in the literature. In conclusion, hot extrusion resulted in micro pellets with better physical properties and fish with higher growth performance. Double extrusion, first a hot extrusion of the plant-based ingredients followed by mixing with the animal-based ingredients and milling, then cold extrusion is not recommended due to high levels of nutrient leaching. Cold extrusion and double extrusion, first a hot extrusion of all the ingredients followed by cold extrusion processing can be considered for producing micro diets for juvenile tilapia, especially when less investment in the extrusion process is desired.

A comparison of measurement properties between EORTC QLU-C10D and FACT-8D in patients with hematological malignances

ObjectiveTo perform a comparison of the measurement properties of two cancer-specific Multi-Attribute Utility Instruments (MAUIs), EORTC QLU-C10D and FACT-8D, in Chinese patients with hematologic malignancies (HM).MethodsWe conducted a longitudinal study on patients with HM in China, using QLU-C10D and FACT-8D at baseline and follow-up (3–4 months from baseline). We assessed: (i) convergent validity using Spearman’s rank correlation test (r) with EQ-5D-5L; (ii) clinical-groups validity by differentiating cancer stages, overall health assessment (OHA), Eastern Cancer Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status, and mental health status. We also examined clinical validity with effect size (ES) and relative efficiency (RE); (iii) responsiveness to changes in patient self-perception using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves and area under the curves (AUC); and (iv) agreement using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and visualized with Bland-Altman plot.ResultsAmong the 308 patients with HM at baseline, 131 completed the follow-up survey. Agreement between the two measures was high (ICC = 0.76). Both measures were highly correlated with EQ-5D-5 L and significantly differentiated (p < 0.001) among groups categorized by cancer stage, OHA performance status, and mental health. ESs for QLU-C10D were numerically higher for cancer stage, OHA, and performance status (ES = 0.53–1.49), whereas ES was higher for FACT-8D and mental health status (ES = 1.35). Responsiveness was higher for QLU-C10D (AUC = 0.84) compared to FACT-8D (AUC = 0.78).ConclusionBoth QLU-C10D and FACT-8D are valid cancer-specific MAUIs for evaluating patients with HM. However, scholars should consider their slight differences in focus when choosing between the two measures.

Efficient optimization of the multi-response problem in the taguchi method through advanced data envelopment analysis formulations integration

This study introduces an innovative strategy to address the multi-response challenge inherent in the Taguchi Method, frequently encountered in the enhancement of production processes and productivity indices. By integrating the Taguchi Method with Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), experimental trials are transformed into Decision Making Units (DMUs), with response variables categorized as inputs and outputs. Advanced DEA models, including simultaneous DEA and super-efficiency models, are employed to determine the DMUs’ relative and cross efficiencies, thus retaining the advantages of the Taguchi Design of Experiments (DoE) while offering an optimal solution for enhancing multiple quality responses. The superiority of this approach is validated by the Addictive Model for Factor Effects, demonstrating enhanced outcomes and reduced computational effort compared to existing empirical and scholarly solutions. These findings have significant implications for advancing manufacturing practices that require multi-response optimization, marking a notable contribution to the field.

Study on the refrigeration performance of a miniature pulse tube cryocooler driven by a gas bearing compressor

Recent advancements in long-term space exploration, maintenance-free miniature-satellites and drone infrared detections have created a large demand for highly reliable and miniaturized cryocoolers working at 77–150 K. The pulse tube cryocooler (PTC) has no moving part at the cold end, and if driven by a gas bearing linear compressor which has no mechanical fatigue risk, a refrigeration system with high reliability and compactness will be generated. However, very few researches on the cooling performance of PTC driven by gas bearing linear compressor have been reported. In this study, a miniature PTC and gas bearing compressor are developed, with a weight of the whole refrigeration system about 0.97 kg. The maximum cooling capacity reaches 1.73 W at 77 K with input electric power of 66 W. The cooling capacity per unit weight for this cryocooler is 1.78 W/kg at 77 K, which is the highest compared to those of the existing typical miniature cryocoolers, showing its remarkable lower mass for refrigeration. In addition, the influence of the hot end heat dissipation temperature on the cooling performance is studied. It is found that the heat dissipation temperature of the hot end has a significant effect on the cooling performance. For every 10 K decrease in the hot end temperature, the maximum cooling capacity at 77 K increases by 3.45 % to 13.28 %, the relative Carnot efficiency rises by 4.38 % to 12.59 %. Besides, in the miniature PTC, the cooling performance is very sensitive to the length of the inertance tube, even a small change of 10–20 mm on the length of the inertance tube will lead to obvious effect on the optimum frequency and cooling performance of the system. These results will be helpful for the further research and development of the miniature pulse tube cryocoolers.

Beam tests of SNSPDs with 120 GeV protons

We report the test results for a 120GeV proton beam incident on superconducting nanowire particle detectors of various wire sizes. NbN devices with the same sensitive area were fabricated with different wire widths and tested at a temperature of 2.82K. The relative detection efficiency was extracted from bias current scans for each device. The results show that the wire width is a critical factor in determining the detection efficiency and larger wire widths than 400nm leads to inefficiencies at low bias currents. These results are particularly relevant for novel applications at accelerator facilities, such as the Electron-Ion Collider, where cryogenic cooling is readily available.

Efficiency of night shifts in Primary Healthcare Centers, Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia: Data envelopment analysis

BACKGROUND: Efficient allocation of healthcare resources is essential for meeting the increasing demand for healthcare services. This study aimed at exploring the performance of both one- and two-shift Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCCs) and examining the efficiency of healthcare centers to discover how efficiency is affected by the levels of resource allocation and staffing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted at 31 PHCCs assigned to cover extended hours, from 4:00 PM to 8:00 AM during May-October 2023. Study employed a quantitative approach and the data envelopment analysis technique to assess the efficiency of PHCCs, specifically focusing on night shift performance. Data were collected through interviews and surveys with primary healthcare staff including 99 doctors, 119 nurses, and 139 support staff using structured questionnaire. The DEA technique was utilized to measure the relative efficiency of the PHCCs by comparing the inputs and outputs. RESULTS: Out of 31 PHCCs, 45.2% run two shifts. Over the reported period, a total of 126,619 patient visits were recorded; 81.7% came to the two-shift PHCCs and 18.3% to the one-shift PHCCs. On average, each two-shift PHCC received approximately 161 visits/ shift, and the one-shift received 123 visits. Upper respiratory tract infections accounted for 30% of morbidities and chronic diseases for more than 20%. The performance of the two-shifts PHCCs revealed varying levels of efficiency with a score of 1.00 for the most efficient PHCC and 0.31 for the least efficient PHCC. CONCLUSION: This study underscores the importance of data-driven decision-making for healthcare administrators. Ongoing assessments and benchmarking are essential for continuously improving the quality of healthcare service and optimizing utilization of resources. Future research in this field can further explore the factors that contribute to healthcare efficiency and provide deeper insights into healthcare resource management and optimization of service delivery.

Multi-criteria evaluation of slurry fuels based on coal and organic waste

The applicability of slurry fuels for power generation by direct combustion was assessed using multi-criteria decision making (MCDM). Slurry fuels based on coal slime and water with 5% additive of biomass waste (rice husk, sawdust and sewage sludge) were studied. was experimentally established that the use of biomass waste in the composition of slurry fuel improves the characteristics of sedimentation stability by 2.5–4.2 times, atomization parameters by 1.5–2.0 times and environmental indicators of the combustion process by 1.5–2.4 times. A multi-criteria assessment of the efficiency of using slurry fuels in comparison with widely used solid fossil fuels in thermal power engineering was carried out based on the obtained experimental results. The indicators of the highest relative efficiency for slurry fuels with additives of sewage sludge and rice husk in the temperature range of 700–900 °C are 10–12% higher than for the composition without additives.

Assessment of care provision integration in a community-based mental health system: balanced care model implementation in Andalusia (Spain)

BackgroundAndalusia is the second largest region in Spain, and it has developed a comprehensive mental health (MH) plan that encourages the consolidation of the balanced care model. However, its geographical and socioeconomic disparity is a great challenge for a community-based MH system. Both the assessment of the implementation of the MH plan and the development of new tools to support decision-making can be considered critical.ObjectivesThe present study aims (i) to assess how the integration of different types of MH care may influence system performance and (ii) to check the performance evolution of the integration process geographically regarding the small MH areas of Andalusia.MethodsThe performance of the Andalusian MH system was assessed by combining Monte Carlo simulation, fuzzy inference and data envelopment analysis. The relative technical efficiency was the main performance indicator.ResultsA correct integration of appropriate types of MH care, according to population needs, increases the performance of the Andalusian MH system both from global and regional perspectives. The spatial representation (based on small MH areas) of the results highlights how the performance depends on specific geographical characteristics. By analyzing the identified spatial clusters, defined by different management patterns depending on user and socioeconomic characteristics, benchmark areas and areas for improvement can be studied to design evidence-informed policies and interventions.ConclusionsA global analysis of MH system performance was carried out, including both the successive integration of different types of care and its spatial evolution. Although an appropriate integration of different types of MH care has a positive effect on the Andalusian MH system, this process has different profiles depending on specific geographically based user and socioeconomic characteristics. The balanced care model can be considered the paradigm for assessing the performance of a large and populated territory such as Andalusia, which has a community-based MH system. This methodological approach (performance assessment and spatial analysis) may be used as a guide for developing future evidence-informed policies and managerial interventions.

An optimal estimation approach in non-response under simple random sampling utilizing dual auxiliary variable for finite distribution function

Auxiliary data needs to be incorporated into survey sampling in order to create a precise population parameter estimator. This study investigates improving the efficiency of these estimators, the researchers use study variable [cumulative distribution function, (CDF)] and auxiliary variable (CDF, mean and ranks) to achieve this goal in the condition of non-response. The researchers suggest two ideal families of exponential estimators to obtain an enhanced population (CDF) estimators in simple random sampling under non-response, by utilizing the data from dual auxiliary variable. The first-order approximation is used for the bias, mean squared error (MSE), and minimal mean squared error of the new and existing estimators. Using dual auxiliary information, the new families of exponential estimators turn out to be precise and efficient while estimating the distribution function, whenever non-response is contained within three Situation such as (Situation-I when non-response occurs in both study and auxiliary variables, next to it Situation-II when non-response occurs only in study variable and Situation-III when non-response occurs only in auxiliary variable). We employ a single population to assess the effectiveness and suitability of the suggested family estimators; varying values of k = 2 and 3 produce varying mean square error and percentage relative efficiency values. The suggested families of estimators have lower (MSE) and higher (PRE) values for the population which showed in tables 2–13 The percentage relative efficiency (PRE) of proposed families of estimators when k = 2 for all the three situation of non-response is 183.52715, 189.78448, 184.82791, 185.49885, and 223.06144 and when k = 3 for all the three situation of non-response is 223.06144, 119.32556, 165.89993, 166.29598, 112.90767 and 113.25086.

Sustainable energy practices and cryptocurrency market behavior

We examine the effects of energy usage on the return, volatility and jump processes in the Bitcoin (BTC) and Ethereum (ETH) markets. Our main finding indicates that while BTC returns respond significantly to changes in electricity consumption, the effect of electricity consumption on ETH returns is negligible. We attribute this discrepancy to BTC's relative energy inefficiency, which contrasts with ETH's commitment to transitioning to a more energy-efficient mining protocol over our sample period. Additionally, we show that the effect of electricity consumption on cryptocurrencies is mitigated by media coverage and policy uncertainty regarding the state of the economy, environment, and cryptocurrency markets. Our results suggest that when trading cryptocurrencies, investors consider their relative energy efficiency and price electricity consumption differently, highlighting the influence of the transition towards more sustainable energy practices on investor preferences and investment decisions in cryptocurrency markets.

Validation of the Generic Version of China Health Related Outcomes Measures (CHROME-G) among individuals with type 2 diabetes in China.

The Generic Version of China Health Related Outcomes Measures (CHROME-G) was a new preference-based health-related quality of life (HRQoL) instrument designed specifically for the Chinese population. This study aimed to validate and compare measurement properties of CHROME-G with EuroQol-5 Dimensions-5 Levels (EQ-5D-5L), Short Form-6 Dimensions version 2 (SF-6Dv2), and Diabetes-Specific Quality of Life (DSQL) scales among the elderly Chinese population with type 2 diabetes. A representative sample population was recruited across the country. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Hypotheses testing including convergent validity and known-groups validity were evaluated using Spearman's rank correlation and effect sizes, respectively. Sensitivity was examined using relative efficiency and receiver operating characteristic curve. A total of 131 individuals with type 2 diabetes (54.20% male; mean age 69.03 years) were enrolled. Cronbach's alpha was 0.94 for DSQL, 0.93 for CHROME-G, 0.87 for EQ-5D-5L, and 0.88 for SF-6Dv2. For the convergent validity of CHROME-G, 24/29 (82.76%) correlations met the predefined hypotheses, with Spearman's rank correlation coefficients ranging from 0.51 to 0.96. Among the different health subgroups, the effect sizes for CHROME-G, DSQL, EQ-5D-5L, and SF-6Dv2 were 0.19-1.26, 0.36-1.62, 0.22-1.06, and 0.49-0.87, respectively. CHROME-G, DSQL, and SF-6Dv2 had higher efficiency compared with EQ-5D-5L in detecting differences in self-reported health status, with relative efficiency of 3.18 and 1.76, 4.38 and 6.52, and 1.56 and 2.09, respectively. CHROME-G demonstrates relatively good measurement properties compared with EQ-5D-5L and SF-6Dv2 for measuring the HRQoL among the elderly Chinese population with type 2 diabetes. The sensitivity of DSQL appears to be better than that of the three generic instruments.