Relative Abundance Of Prevotella Research Articles

Garlic skin induces shifts in the rumen microbiome and metabolome of fattening lambs

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) and its constituents have been shown to modify rumen fermentation and improve growth performance. Garlic skin, a by-product of garlic processing, contains similar bioactive components as garlic bulb. This study aimed to investigate the effects of garlic skin supplementation on growth performance, ruminal microbes, and metabolites in ruminants. Twelve Hu lambs were randomly assigned to receive a basal diet (CON) or a basal diet supplemented with 80 g/kg DM of garlic skin (GAS). The experiment lasted for 10 weeks, with the first 2 weeks serving as the adaptation period. The results revealed that the average daily gain and volatile fatty acid concentration were higher (P < 0.05) in lambs fed GAS than those in the CON group. Garlic skin supplementation did not significantly (P > 0.10) affect the α-diversity indices, including the Chao1 index, the abundance-based coverage estimator value, and the Shannon and Simpson indices. At the genus level, garlic skin supplementation altered the ruminal bacterial composition by increasing (P < 0.05) the relative abundances of Prevotella, Bulleidia, Howardella, and Methanosphaera and decreasing (P < 0.05) the abundance of Fretibacterium. Concentrations of 139 metabolites significantly differed (P < 0.05) between the GAS and the CON groups. Among them, substrates for rumen microbial protein synthesis were enriched in the GAS group. The pathways of pyrimidine metabolism, purine metabolism, and vitamin B6 metabolism were influenced (P < 0.05) by garlic skin supplementation. Integrated correlation analysis also provided a link between the significantly altered rumen microbiota and metabolites. Thus, supplementation of garlic skin improved the growth performance of lambs by modifying rumen fermentation through shifts in the rumen microbiome and metabolome.

Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus niger Co-Cultivation Extract Affects In Vitro Degradation, Fermentation Characteristics, and Bacterial Composition in a Diet-Specific Manner.

Simple SummaryThe rumen is a large fermentation chamber that enables dairy cows to utilize otherwise indigestible plant polymers and compounds for their nutrition, highlighting a crucial difference between ruminants and monogastrics. The key point in this process is the pool of enzymes secreted by microorganisms. Hence, exogenous enzymes from additives are important for high-production dairy cows to improve the utilization of feeds. In this study, we used the Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus niger co-cultivation extract (AOAN) to improve the digestibility of roughage and total mixed ration in vitro. Our results indicated that the digestibility of nutrients in feeds was significantly increased by AOAN supplementation, except for the digestibility of crude protein in the total mixed ratio (TMR). Furthermore, the diversity of the bacteria in TMR and oat hay was increased with AOAN supplementation. Although broad effectiveness of AOAN was established, regardless of roughage types, the mechanism may be different according to roughage types.AOAN may provide enzymes to improve the digestibility of feeds and enhance rumen fermentation. This study determined the effects of AOAN on digestibility, fermentation characteristics, and bacterial composition using in vitro gas recording fermentation system. A total of 30 mg of AOAN was supplemented into 500 mg of TMR, corn silage, oat hay, and alfalfa hay. Fermentation parameters and bacterial communities were determined after 48 h fermentation, and digestibility was determined after 7, 24, 30, and 48 h fermentation. Gas production and dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibility were significantly increased by AOAN supplementation at 48 h (p < 0.05), except for digestibility of CP of the TMR (p > 0.05). AOAN increased starch digestibility in corn silage (p < 0.05) and tended to increase that in TMR (0.05 < p < 0.10). AOAN supplementation increased total volatile fatty acid production (p < 0.05). The molar proportions of acetate and acetate to propionate ratio of oat hay and alfalfa hay were increased (p < 0.05). The 16S rRNA analysis revealed that the microbial richness of TMR and oat hay, and microbial evenness of TMR were increased (p < 0.05). AOAN did not affect the α diversity, β diversity, and bacterial composition of the corn silage. The relative abundance of Prevotella was increased and Ruminococcus was decreased in TMR, oat hay, and alfalfa hay. In conclusion, results suggest that AOAN has the potential to improve the utilization of diets differently, including providing enzymes with changing microbiota (TMR, oat hay, and alfalfa hay) or providing enzymes alone (corn silage).

Probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC53103 and Lactobacillus plantarum JL01 induce cytokine alterations by the production of TCDA, DHA, and succinic and palmitic acids, and enhance immunity of weaned piglets

Probiotics, including Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC53103 and Lactobacillus plantarum JL01, can improve growth performance and immunity of piglets, and relieve weaning stress-related immune disorders such as intestinal infections and inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of co-administration of the probiotics L. rhamnosus GG ATCC53103 and L. plantarum JL01 to stimulate immune responses and improve gut health during the critical weaning period in piglets. Forty-eight weaned piglets were randomly divided into four groups, and fed daily for 28 days either without, or with the two probiotics independently, or in combination. On day 28, we analyzed the cytokine and bacterial changes in intestinal mucosa and the hepatic portal vein blood metabolites of the weaned piglets. Our results showed that combined L. rhamnosus GG ATCC53103 and L. plantarum JL01 significantly increased (p < 0.05) the growth performance and expression of IL-10 and TGF-β1 mRNAs. In contrast, this treatment significantly decreased (p < 0.05) IL-1β mRNA level in the jejunum, ileum, and cecum. Furthermore, the secretion of IL-6 in the cecum, IL-1β in the jejunum, ileum, and cecum, and TNF-α in the jejunum and ileum was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Prevotella_9 and Enterococcus in ileum and cecum was significantly increased (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Ruminococcus_1 and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 in cecum was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Prevotella_9 and Enterococcus may increase the accumulation of (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TCDA) in portal vein blood, while Ruminococcus_1 and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 may decrease the accumulation of succinic and palmitic acids. These results indicate that L. rhamnosus GG ATCC53103 and L. plantarum JL01 may regulate cytokine levels by reducing the accumulation of succinic and palmitic acids and increasing the accumulation of TCDA and DHA, thereby enhancing the immunity of weaned piglets.

Characteristics of the gut microbiome in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes.

BackgroundGut microbiome has recently been identified as a new potential risk factor in addition to well-known diabetes risk factors. The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in the composition of gut microbiome in prediabetes(PreDM), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and non-diabetic controls.MethodsA total of 180 participants were recruited for this study: 60 with T2DM, 60 with PreDM and 60 non-diabetics (control group). Fecal samples were collected from the participants and genomic DNA was extracted. The composition and diversity of gut microbiome were investigated in fecal DNA samples using Illumina sequencing of the V3∼V4 regions of 16sRNA.ResultsThere were significant differences in the number of bacteria among patients with PreDM and T2DM and the control group. Compared with the control group, Proteobacteria bacteria were significantly higher in the PreDM group (P = 0.006). On the genus level, Compared with the control group, the relative abundance of Prevotella and Alloprevotella was significantly higher in the T2DM group (P = 0.016, P = 0.018), and the relative abundance of Paraprevotella in T2DM and PreDM groups was lower than that in the control group (P = 0.011, P = 0.045). Compared with the PreDM group and the control group, the relative abundance of Bacteroides in the T2DM group was significantly lower (P = 0.019, P = 0.002).ConclusionsThe present study found significant differences in the gut microbiome between PreDM, T2DM and non-diabetic individuals, specifically at the genus level, suggesting that early intervention in PreDM patients could have implications for gut flora transitioning to T2DM. In addition, these results may be valuable for developing strategies to control T2DM by modifying the gut microbiome.

Interactions between gut microbiota and metabolites modulate cytokine network imbalances in women with unexplained miscarriage

A dysregulation of cytokine networks has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of unexplained pregnancy loss. Gut microbiota affects host immune response and induces an imbalance in cytokine levels. However, how gut microbial dysbiosis disturbs cellular immune function in miscarriage remains inconclusive. Here we report that IL-2, IL-17A, IL-17F, TNF-α, and IFN-γ are significantly increased in serum of miscarriage patients. Fecal microbiome analyses indicate that microbial diversity and the relative abundances of Prevotella_1, Prevotellaceae_UCG_003 and Selenomonas_1 are significantly reduced in the cases. Correlation analyses indicate that some microbe-associated metabolites are positively associated with changes in levels of Th1/Th17 cytokines in the miscarriage group. Moreover, we identify that imidazolepropionic acid and 1,4-methylimidazoleacetic acid are associated with subsequent recurrent miscarriage. Our study highlights the network among gut microbiota, fecal metabolites and Th1/Th17-mediated immune response in miscarriage patients and explores the potential predictive values of two fecal metabolites for recurrent miscarriages.

Effects of altitude on human oral microbes

Human oral microbes play a vital role maintaining host metabolic homeostasis. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is mainly characterized by a high altitude, dry, cold, and hypoxic environment. The oral microbiota is subject to selective pressure from the plateau environment, which affects oral health. Only a few studies have focused on the characteristics of oral microbiota in high-altitude humans. We collected saliva samples from 167 Tibetans at four altitudes (2800 to 4500 m) in Tibet to explore the relationship between the high altitude environment and oral microbiota. We conducted a two (high- and ultra-high-altitude) group analysis based on altitude, and adopted the 16S rRNA strategy for high-throughput sequencing. The results show that the alpha diversity of the oral microbiota decreased with altitude, whereas beta diversity increased with altitude. A LEfSe analysis revealed that the oral microbial biomarker of the high-altitude group (< 3650 m) was Streptococcus, and the biomarker of the ultra-high-altitude group (> 4000 m) was Prevotella. The relative abundance of Prevotella increased with altitude, whereas the relative abundance of Streptococcus decreased with altitude. A network analysis showed that the microbial network structure was more compact and complex, and the interaction between the bacterial genera was more intense in the high altitude group. Gene function prediction results showed that the amino acid and vitamin metabolic pathways were upregulated in the ultra-high-altitude group. These result show that altitude is an important factor affecting the diversity and community structure of the human oral microbiota.

Breast milk contains probiotics with anti-infantile diarrhoea effects that may protect infants as they change to solid foods.

Infants often experience complementary food-induced diarrhoea (CFID), which occurs when infants switch from breast milk to solid foods. The relative abundances of Prevotella and Rothia were higher in stools of infants with CFID, while the relative abundances of Enterococcus and Escherichia were higher in healthy infants. The abundance of Lactobacillus spp. normally found in breast milk fed to infants with CFID was significantly reduced, and Enterococcus spp. were less abundant when diarrhoea occurred. Furthermore, Lactobacillus and Enterococcus were present as shared bacteria in both mother and infant, and they were considered potential anti-CFID probiotics as their relative abundances in breast milk were negatively correlated to infant CFID. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) functional analysis showed that the function of amino acid metabolism differed between infants with CFID and healthy infants. Therefore, CFID might be related to the decomposition of proteins in food supplements. The screening revealed seven hydrolytic casein and five hydrolytic casein and rice protein isolates from 320 suspected Lactobacillus and Enterococcus isolates. The animal experiments demonstrated that a mixture of five isolates effectively hydrolysed the casein and rice protein and prevented diarrhoea in young rats. Thus, the occurrence of CFID was found to be closely related to the intestinal and breast milk microbiota, and bacteria that could assist in the digestion of cereal proteins were involved in CFID.

Salivary microbial changes during the first 6 months of orthodontic treatment.

BackgroundOrthodontic treatment is widely used to treat malocclusion. However, the influence of treatment on the oral microbiome remains unclear. In this study, we investigated salivary microbial changes in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.MethodsIn total, 19 orthodontic patients participated in this study. Saliva samples were collected at the following three timepoints: before (T0) and 3 months (T1) and 6 months (T2) after the placement of orthodontic appliances. High-throughput sequencing was performed based on the 16S rRNA gene V4 region.ResultsThe phyla of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Fusobacteria were predominant. Observed Species, Chao1 and ACE, which represent α diversity, were significantly decreased at T1 and subsequently increased at T2. In addition, the β diversity at T1 based on the Bray-Curtis distances differed from T0 and T2. The relative abundances of Prevotella, Porphyromonas and Peptostreptococcus were decreased with treatment, whereas those of Capnocytophaga and Neisseria exhibited the opposite results. In total, 385 of 410 operational taxonomic units were shared at T0, T1 and T2. The co-occurrence networks with hub nodes at T1 were the most complex.ConclusionOrthodontic treatment temporarily affected the saliva microbial community. This dynamic alteration in species did not induce deterioration in oral health. Oral hygiene instructions were necessary and should be emphasized during each visit. Further studies with longer observation periods and more participants are required.

PSII-6 Comparative effects of two multi-species direct-fed microbial products on rumen fermentation, bacterial community and metabolome of beef steers

Abstract We examined the effects of two direct-fed microbials (DFM) containing multiple microbial species and their fermentation products on ruminal fermentation, bacterial community and metabolome of beef steers. Nine rumen-cannulated Holstein steers were assigned to 3 treatments arranged in a 3 × 3 Latin square design with three 21-d periods. Dietary treatments were (1) CON (basal diet without additive), (2) PROB (basal diet plus 19 g/d of Commence), and (3) SYNB (basal diet plus 28 g/d of RX3). Commence is a blend of active S. cerevisiae, Enterococcus lactis, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecium, and L. casei, and their fermentation products. RX3 is a blend of active S. cerevisiae and the fermentation products of S. cerevisiae, Enterococcus lactis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Bacillus subtilis. Daily dry matter intake was calculated. On d 21 of each period, ruminal contents were sampled at 3, 6, 12, and 18 h after feeding for analysis of VFA, bacterial community via 16S rRNA sequencing, and metabolome via chemical isotope labeling liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. There was no effect on DMI. Compared to CON, supplementation of either PROB or SYNB increased or tended to increase (P ≤ 0.10) total VFA, propionate, and valerate concentrations. Compared to CON, PROB reduced (P ≤ 0.05) the relative abundance of Prevotella 1 and Prevotellaceae UCG-001, but increased those of Rikenellaceae RC9, Succinivibrionaceae UCG-001, Succiniclasticum, Ruminococcaceae UCG-014, and Ruminococcaceae UCG-002, whereas SYNB decreased (P ≤ 0.05) the relative abundance of Prevotella 1 and Prevotellaceae UCG-001, and increased those of Prevotella 7, Succinivibrio, Succiniclasticum, and Ruminococcaceae UCG-014. Metabolome analysis revealed that 8 ruminal metabolites, including some amino acids, were increased (P ≤ 0.05) by PROB, whereas no differences were found for SYNB. This study demonstrated that supplemental PROB or SYNB altered the ruminal bacterial community and metabolome differently to achieve a similar ruminal fermentation pattern.

Transformation of bacterial community structure in rumen liquid anaerobic digestion of rice straw.

Rumen liquid can effectively degrade lignocellulosic biomass, in which rumen microorganisms play an important role. In this study, transformation of bacterial community structure in rumen liquid anaerobic digestion of rice straw was explored. Results showed that rice straw was efficiently hydrolyzed and acidified, and the degradation efficiency of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin reached 46.2%, 60.4%, and 12.9%, respectively. The concentration of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) reached 12.9 and 8.04gL-1. The high-throughput sequencing results showed that structure of rumen bacterial community significantly changed in anaerobic digestion. The Shannon diversity index showed that rumen bacterial diversity decreased by 32.8% on the 5th day of anaerobic digestion. The relative abundance of Prevotella and Fibrobacter significantly increased, while Ruminococcus significantly decreased at the genus level. The Spearman correlation heatmap showed that pH and VFA were the critical factors affecting the rumen bacterial community structure. The function prediction found that rumen bacteria mainly functioned in carbohydrate transport and metabolism, which might contain a large number of lignocellulose degrading enzyme genes. These studies are conducive to the better application of rumen microorganisms in the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass.

The gut microbiome can be used to predict the gastrointestinal response and efficacy of lung cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.

Lung cancer has the highest incidence and mortality rate of any cancer worldwide. Platinum-based combination chemotherapy is still the standard treatment for advanced lung cancer. However, the clinical efficacy of this treatment can be affected by its adverse reactions, especially gastrointestinal mucositis. The adverse reactions often lead to delayed and reduced medication. The role played by gut microbiome in the treatment of cancer is becoming clearer, and evidence suggests that regulation of the gut microbiome may affect the response to multiple types of cancer treatment. Sixty lung cancer patients who received chemotherapy for the first time and 17 healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. A metagenomic analysis of 137 fecal samples was performed using next-generation sequencing technology. The relative abundance of Eubacterium, Ruminococcus, and Faecalibacterium was higher in the lung cancer patients than in the healthy subjects; however, the relative abundance of Prevotella, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Roseburia showed the opposite result. The relative abundance of each gut microbiome changed significantly during chemotherapy. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Euryarchaeota was dramatically increased after chemotherapy. Lung cancer patients with a higher relative abundance of a particular bacterial genus, such as Prevotella, Megamonas, Streptococcus, Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Parabacteroides, Coprococcus, Oscillibacter, Dorea, or Chlamydia, at baseline were more likely to experience gastrointestinal reactions. These results show that the intestinal flora can play a role in predicting the effect of chemotherapy in lung cancer patients. The gut microbiome of patients with lung cancer differs from those of healthy people. The results of this study suggest that Ruminococcus and Eubacterium may be related to the occurrence and development of lung cancer. The gut microbiome of lung cancer patients changes significantly after treatment with cytotoxic drugs, which may be associated with the gastrointestinal reaction caused by chemotherapy. The gut microbiome also can be used to predict the efficacy of chemotherapy in lung cancer patients.

Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue Affects Rumen Microbiota in Grazing Ewes at Gestation and Lactation.

Tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus) is a cool-season perennial grass that is widely used as a forage for many livestock species including sheep. An endophyte (Neotyphodium coenophialum) in tall fescue produces ergot alkaloids that enhance plant survival but produce toxicosis in animals. The objective of this study was to investigate the rumen microbiota from gestation and lactation in ewes grazing tall fescue pastures with high (HA) or moderate (MA) levels of endophyte infection, and their relationship with serum parameters. Data were collected at the beginning of the study (d1), the week before initiation of lambing (d51), and at the end of the trial (d115). The rumen microbiota was evaluated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Ewes grazing HA had greater serum non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) (P = 0.024) levels compared with ewes in MA pasture at d115. Both the number of observed OTUs and Shannon diversity index tended (P = 0.08, P = 0.06) to be greater for HA than for MA on d115. At the genus level, Prevotella relative abundance increased with time in both MA and HA (on d1, d51, and d115: 15.17, 25.59, and 24.78% in MA; 14.17, 18.10, and 19.41% in HA). Taxa unclassified at the genus level including (unclassified) Lachnospiraceae, Coriobacteriaceae, and Veillonellaceae exhibited higher abundances in HA at d51 (3.72, 2.07, and 11.22%) compared with MA (2.06, 1.28, and 7.42%). The predictor microbiota for HA and MA were identified by a random forest classification model. The HA predictors included bacteria associated with unclassified Coriobacteriaceae and Ruminococcaceae. Other OTUs classified as Prevotella and Clostridiales could be microbial predictors for MA. The OTUs classified as Prevotella and Lachnospiraceae were negatively correlated with serum concentration of prolactin. Negative correlations with NEFA were observed in the microbiota such as species affiliated to unclassified Clostridiales and Prevotella. OTUs classified as Bacteroidetes and Coriobacteriaceae exhibited a positive correlation with NEFA. Our study confirmed that the rumen microbiota populations were affected by high levels of toxins in endophyte-infected tall fescue and were associated with host hormone and energy metabolism.

Effect of high-concentrate diets on microbial composition, function, and the VFAs formation process in the rumen of dairy cows

Although numerous studies have revealed the effects of high-concentrate (HC) diets on rumen microbial composition and metabolism, information regarding changes in the volatile fatty acids (VFAs) formation process under HC feeding is still limited. In the present study, we used a metagenomics approach to compare the effects of low-concentrate (LC) diets and high-concentrate (HC) diets on alterations to the rumen microbiota and their functions, particularly the functional genes involved in the metabolic routes of VFAs. The results showed that the HC diets increased (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Eubacterium spp., Clostridium spp., Ruminococcus spp., Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium spp. and decreased (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Prevotella spp., Fibrobacter succinogenes, and Bacteroides spp. The changes in rumen microbial composition further resulted in corresponding alterations in microbial function. Results regarding the carbohydrate-active enzymes revealed that the HC diets increased (P < 0.05) the abundance of glycoside hydrolases 13 (GH13; α-amylase activity), carbohydrate-binding module 26 (CBM26; starch-binding function), and CBM34 (starch-binding function) and simultaneously decreased (P < 0.05) the abundance of cellulases (GH5, GH9 and GH51). During the process of starch–pyruvate–VFAs, the HC diets increased (P < 0.05) the abundance of genes encoding pyruvate kinase (PK), pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR), and L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which may be a reason behind the accumulation of rumen butyrate and propionate in the present study. Overall, these results clarified the mechanism behind how HC diets affect the formation process of rumen VFAs and provided new insight into the effect of HC diets on rumen microbiota.

Lythrum salicaria L. herb and gut microbiota of healthy post-weaning piglets. Focus on prebiotic properties and formation of postbiotic metabolites in ex vivo cultures.

Herb of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L. from Lythraceae family) (LSH) was used in Europe since ancient times till early-20th century in the therapy of diarrhea and dysentery in human and veterinary medicine. Post-weaning diarrhea is a main problem affecting global piglet production, which leads to significant economic losses because of increased morbidity and mortality, reduced average daily gain, and high antibiotic consumption. Post-weaning diarrhea has various causes, all of which have been linked to imbalances of intestinal microbiota. The aim of the present study was to determine the interaction of LSH with the gut microbiota of healthy post-weaning piglets in order to evaluate its influence on microbiota composition and metabolism as well as production of potentially bioactive postbiotic metabolites from the extract constituents. Ex vivo anaerobic cultures of piglets intestinal microbiota obtained from jejunum, ileum, caecum and distal colon were conducted in various culture media supplemented with LSH. The production of postbiotic metabolites was determined using UPLC-DAD-MSn method. Bacterial genomic DNA was extracted and examined by sequencing by amplification of the 16S rDNA V3-V4 hypervariable regions followed by bioinformatic analysis. The production of SCFA in cultures was determined by GC analysis. Only the caecal and distal colon microbiota was able to hydrolyze and metabolize ellagitannins present in LSH to urolithins. Urolithin M6, M7, urolithin C, A and iso-urolithin A were detected together with a previously not described metabolite originating from the flavogalloyl moiety of C-glucosylic ellagitannins. LSH had no significant influence on microbiota diversity and metabolic activity, but was able to modulate its composition by significant decrease in Collinsella, Senegalimassilia, uncultured bacteria belonging to Porphyromonadaceae, Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, Mogibacterium, Dorea, Lachnoclostridium, Lachnospiraceae UCG-004 group, Moryella, [Eubacterium] coprostanoligenes, Intestinimonas, Ruminococcaceae UCG-005, uncultured bacteria belonging to Ruminococcaceae, Acidaminococcus and Allisonella, while the relative abundance of Prevotella, Agathobacter, [Eubacterium] hallii group, Lachnospiraceae NK3A20 group, [Ruminococcus] torques group, Catenibacterium, Catenisphaera and Megasphaera increased. Significant correlations between taxa abundance and production of urolithins were determined. In the present study we have shown, that Lythrum salicaria herb fulfills the criteria of a potential candidate for antidiarrheal agent, which could be applied as therapy or prevention of post-weaning diarrhea in piglets. It not only modulates the gut microbiota composition without causing the dysbiosis and impairing metabolic activity, but is also a source of postbiotic metabolites, namely urolithins, which anti-inflammatory properties can be beneficial for gut health of piglets during the weaning period.

The Bacterial Gut Microbiota of Schoolchildren from High and Low Socioeconomic Status: A Study in an Urban Area of Makassar, Indonesia.

To understand the relationship between the gut microbiota and the health profile of Indonesians, it is important to elucidate the characteristics of the bacterial communities that prevail in this population. To this end, we profiled the faecal bacterial community of 140 Indonesian schoolchildren in urban Makassar. The core microbiota of Indonesian schoolchildren consisted of Bifidobacterium, Collinsella, and multiple members of the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminicoccaceae families, but the relative abundance of these taxa varied greatly among children. Socioeconomic status (SES) was the main driver for differences in microbiota composition. Multiple bacterial genera were differentially abundant between high and low SES children, including Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Prevotella, and Escherichia-Shigella. In addition, the microbiota of high SES children was less diverse and strongly associated with body mass index (BMI). In low SES children, helminth infection was prevalent and positively associated with Olsenella, Enterohabdus, Lactobacillus, and Mogibacterium abundance, while negatively associated with relative abundance of Prevotella. Protozoa infection was also prevalent, and positively associated with Rikenellaceae, while it was negatively associated with the relative abundance of Romboutsia and Prevotella. In conclusion, Indonesian schoolchildren living in urban Makassar share a core microbiota, but their microbiota varies in diversity and relative abundance of specific bacterial taxa depending on socioeconomic status, nutritional status, and intestinal parasites infection.

4167 Peri-transplant Lung Microbiome Reveal Oral Bacteria, Pepsin And Inflammatory Markers Co-associate With Primary Graft Dysfunction, Implicating Aspiration As A Potential Contributor

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) is acute lung injury in the first three days after lung transplant. Patients that experience PGD have increased mortality and an increased risk of chronic lung allograft dysfunction. The pathogenesis is thought to be an ischemia-reperfusion injury but is incompletely understood and there are no specific therapies. We investigated the role of the microbiome in PGD and associations with inflammation and markers of aspiration. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We collected airway lavage samples from lung transplant donors before procurement and recipients after reperfusion. We extracted DNA, amplified the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, and sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform. QIIME2 and Deblur were used for bioinformatic analysis. R packages were used for downstream analysis and visualizations. The host response was quantified using the Milipore 41-plex Luminex and an ELISA for pepsin. Clinical data was collected by the Penn Lung Transplant Outcomes Group. PGD was assessed by degree of hypoxemia and chest X-ray findings in the 72 hours after transplant. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: There was no significant difference in alpha diversity (Shannon index, p = 0.51), biomass (via comparison of 16S amplicon PicoGreen, p = 0.6), or beta diversity (Weighted UniFrac, p = 0.472, PERMANOVA) between subjects with PGD grade 3 (n = 36) and those that did not (n = 96). On taxonomic analysis, we found an enrichment of Prevotella in donor and recipient lungs that went on to develop PGD (p = 0.05). To follow up this finding we measured immune response and pepsin concentrations in recipient lungs. We found elevated levels in 35/41 cytokines measured in subjects that developed PGD as well as an elevation in pepsin and a correlation between pepsin concentration and Prevotella relative abundance (Figure 1). Additionally, Prevotella relative abundance had statistically significant positive correlations with multiple cytokines such as IL-6 (Pearson’s = 0.26, p = 0.009) and eotaxin (Pearson’s = 0.24, p = 0.016). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: There is an enrichment of oral anerobes in lung allografts that eventually develop PGD. This is associated with elevated levels of pepsin and markers of inflammation. These lines of evidence suggest aspiration contributes to priming the allograft for PGD.

Effect of replacing conventional feeds with tropical agricultural by‐products on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and ruminal microbiota of water buffaloes

This study investigated the effect of replacing corn grain, soybean meal and wheat bran with tropical agricultural by-products, such as palm kernel cake (PKC), cassava residue and dried distiller's grain with solubles (DDGS), on the dry matter intake (DMI), growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, ruminal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and ruminal microbial communities of water buffaloes. Thirty healthy 15-month-old crossbred water buffaloes with a similar initial body weight of 353.1±23.7kg were randomly allocated into three dietary experimental groups, and they were fed with same forage but three different concentrates for 50days fattening. The dietary treatments were as following: typical concentrate (TC, 65% corn+15% wheat bran+15% soybean meal), partial replacement concentrate Ⅰ (PRC I, 50% corn+22.5% corn gluten+22.5% PKC) and partial replacement concentrate Ⅱ (PRC II, 50% corn+22.5% cassava residue+22.5% DDGS). The results showed that the average daily gain of the PRC II group was the highest, and the DMI, acid detergent fibre digestibility and neutral detergent fibre digestibility value of the three groups were different and in the following order: PRC II group>TC group>PRC I group. The crude protein digestibility of PRC II was higher than that of the TC and PRC I groups (p<.05). The ruminal concentrations of total SCFA, acetate, propionate and butyrate of TC group were higher than the other two groups (p<.05). The PRC I group had the highest Bacteroidetes-to-Firmicutes ratio (B/F) and relative abundance of the genus Prevotella, while the PRC II group had the lowest B/F and relative abundance of Prevotella. In conclusion, using PKC and corn gluten to completely replace common feed ingredients in the buffalo concentrate ration decreased, while using cassava residue and DDGS increased animal growth performance, mainly due to the different combination influenced nutrient digestibility and ruminal microbial community composition was shifted.

Abstract A04: Effects of aspirin intervention on health and disease-associated oral bacterial taxa

Abstract Background: Several bacterial taxa that are consistently enriched in the gut microbiome of CRC cases are also found in the oral cavity. They exhibit phenotypic traits such as adherence to host epithelial cells, mucus degradation, and biofilm formation, which promote bacterial survival in the colon and may play a role in both oral disease and colorectal carcinogenesis by stimulating an inflammatory response. We evaluated the effect of a 6-week aspirin intervention on the relative abundance of oral bacterial taxa in a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Methods: Fifty healthy subjects, 50-75 years old, were randomized to receive either aspirin (N=30) or placebo (N=20) for 6 weeks. Oral samples were collected at baseline and after treatment (6 weeks) and amplicon sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was done using Illumina MiSeq technology. The data were analyzed using the standard DADA2 workflow. We used linear regression analysis, PERMANOVA, and negative binomial regressions (DESeq2 package) to assess the association between intervention assignment (aspirin vs. placebo) and α-diversity, β-diversity, and fold change in specific taxa, after adjustment for age, gender, and BMI at baseline and postintervention. Intervention assignment was hypothesized to influence the following bacterial taxa a priori: Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Gemella, Neisseria, Streptococcus, Haemophilus, Campylobacter, Veillonella, Actinomyces based on previous studies. We estimated the association between aspirin use and the changes in the relative abundance of the specified taxa from pre- to post-treatment (baseline to week 6) using a mixed-effect regression model (lme4 package) with a binomial distribution in which the log of odds ratio (β estimate) for the interaction term compared aspirin to placebo intervention for post- versus pretreatment. Results: Aspirin treatment was not associated with α- or β- diversity at baseline or postintervention. However, the change in relative abundance of 8 out of the 10 prespecified taxa over time differed between the aspirin and placebo groups. In the aspirin group, there were greater increases in the relative abundances of Neisseria, Streptococcus, Actinomyces, and greater decreases in the relative abundance of Prevotella, Veillonella, Fusobacterium, and Porphyromonas. Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest that aspirin may change the relative abundance of oral taxa associated with oral dysbiosis or CRC. Further studies are needed to understand the impact that the duration and dosage of the aspirin intervention may have on the oral microbiome. Citation Format: Guillaume C. Chinedu, Christopher M. Staley, Ryan T. Demmer, Shaukat Aasma, Tim R. Church, Anna E. Prizment. Effects of aspirin intervention on health and disease-associated oral bacterial taxa [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Microbiome, Viruses, and Cancer; 2020 Feb 21-24; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(8 Suppl):Abstract nr A04.

Modulation of gut microbiota in rats fed whole egg diets by processing duck egg to preserved egg

Pidan, as the preserved duck egg, is a traditional alkaline-pickled food in China. Previous studies have suggested preserved egg white has an anti-inflammatory effect, though the mechanism of action was unclear. In this work, the difference of peptides distribution in the digestive products was identified from those of duck egg. The effects of preserved egg diet on the modulation of gut microbiota as well as the alteration in fecal metabolites were further investigated. Minor variations of gut microbiota in phylum level were observed between preserved and fresh duck egg diet groups, even though, preserved egg diet intake attributed to increases in the relative abundance of Prevotella and Phascolarctobacterium (p < 0.05), while Ruminococcaceae and Allobaculum were quantitatively decreased (p < 0.05). In terms of metabolites, the contents of acetic acid (p < 0.01) and propionic acid (p < 0.05) were significantly increased in the preserved egg diet group. It was speculated that the preserved egg diet might alter the proportion of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the gut of rats by modulating specific intestinal bacteria, and subsequently play an active role in anti-inflammatory effects. Compared to the fresh egg group, the bacterial produced SCFAs of preserved egg group were increased in abundance (p < 0.05), which may have potential anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects. The results provide a novel insight into the relationship between preserved egg intake, gut microbiota and potential positive effects on host health.

Abstract P5-06-26: Gut microbiome profiling of patients with metastatic breast cancer undergoing immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy

Abstract Background: Collection of fecal samples is non-invasive, and DNA sequencing of microorganisms can provide a profile of the gut microbiome which may be an indicator of general health and disease, including inflammation, digestive inefficiencies, and the presence of pathogens. The gut microbiome has been associated with response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in patients with solid tumors. We aim to study the association of gut microbiome and response to therapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer (BC) undergoing ICI therapies. Methods: 50 fecal samples from two ICI clinical trials (NCT02971761, N=22; NCT02778685, N=28) were collected at baseline, on treatment and at the end of treatment. DNA was extracted, and 16S rRNA gene libraries were generated targeting the variable region 4 (V4) region of the bacterial and archaeal rRNA gene. Libraries were sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq and sequence reads were analyzed using QIIME2. Results: A total of 22 dominant taxa (present ≥5% in any one sample) were identified in samples from 12 triple negative BC patients treated with pembrolizumab + GTx-024 (Enobosarm) and 17 dominant taxa were identified taxa 10 ER+ BC patients treated with pembrolizumab, letrozole, and palbociclib. As is true for most microbiome studies, inter-subject variation was much greater than intra-subject variation. However, in some patients there was a significant change in the composition of the microbial communities over time. In the first study, two patients had partial response (PR) to treatment and both had relatively “healthy” gut microbiota dominated by Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and other short chain fatty acid producers like Ruminococcus bromii or Roseburia faecis. Most of the patients who progressed had dysbiotic gut microbiomes and four had very high (≥20%) relative abundance of Prevotella copri, an organism associated with inflammation. In the second study, four patients had PR, and as before, these patients had “healthy” gut signatures dominated by Bacteroides and short chain fatty acid-producing Firmicutes. In one of these patients, a high level of Prevotella stercorea (57%)at baseline was replaced by Bacteroides and Lachnospira as treatment proceeded. Three additional patients had very high levels of P. copri (≥34%); one resolved during treatment, the others did not. Shannon’s diversity index was used to measure abundance and evenness in the fecal communities. Several samples in both studies had very low diversity at baseline. In most cases, the diversity increased following treatment. Conclusion: Most patients who progressed on ICI had dysbiotic gut microbiomes present at baseline and later time points, such as a high relative abundance of Prevotella (implicated in inflammatory processes); this often resolved during therapy. Our observations provide promise for future use of the gut microbiome as a predictor of response to immunotherapy for BC and the potential for modulating the gut microbiome to improve responses in patients with dysbiosis. Citation Format: Yuan Yuan, Sarah Highlander, Susan E Yost, Kim Robinson, Simran Padam, Aileen Tang, Norma Martinez, John Gillece, Lauren Reining, Mina Sedrak, Joanne Mortimer, James Waisman. Gut microbiome profiling of patients with metastatic breast cancer undergoing immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-06-26.