Order Of Relative Abundance Research Articles

Mycoflora and fungal vector capacity of the parasitic mite Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) in honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies

Female adults of the honey bee mite, Varroa destructor, have fungi on their surfaces, and have the potential to disperse fungal spores (conidia) throughout the bee colony. Fungi present are typical of those associated with bees, their combs and provisions, and are common filamentous, soil saprophytes (listed in order of relative abundance): Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Alternaria, Rhizopus and Mucor. These fungi have no biological control implications (i.e., entomopathogenic) because none were recovered internally within the mites; absence of fungi internally also implies that this mite is not a fungivore. Our isolation of Aspergillus flavus, agent of stonebrood disease in honey bees, implicates Varroa as a potential fungal vector of stonebrood disease.

Composition, structure and distribution of the ichthyoplankton in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon

The species composition and assemblage structure of the ichthyoplankton from the Mar Menor Lagoon in south‐east Spain are given. The fish larvae were sorted from zooplankton samples collected at 20 stations with a plankton net (50 cm mouth diameter and 500 μm mesh) during 36 surveys between February and December 1997. A total of 39 575 fish larvae representing 14 families, 22 genera and 36 species were identified. Gobiidae was the most dominant family (77·0%) followed by Blenniidae (19·4%) and Atherinidae (1·3%). The most abundant species were Gobius niger and Gobius paganellus, which accounted for 42·7 and 19·3% of the total respectively. These species were followed in order of relative abundance by Pomatoschistus marmoratus(13·9%), Parablennius pilicornis(9·4%), Lipophrys pavo(7·7%), Atherina boyeri(1·3%) and Parablennius tentacularis(1·3%). The high species diversity (2·0–2·8 bits individual−1 for the annual diversity spectra at each sampling station) reflected a diverse assemblage of species. The main commercial species in the lagoon (Sparidae and Mugilidae) were poorly represented among the ichthyoplankton and they probably enter the lagoon on the bottom as recruits. Chlorophyll a concentration in the water column was the main factor explaining the seasonal variation in larval abundance. Spatial distribution of larvae was related to hydrographical circulation patterns in the lagoon and the movement of marine‐spawned larvae through the channels connecting the lagoon with the Mediterranean Sea.

Some geotechnical properties of the Claygate ‘Beds’ and Bagshot ‘Beds’ of south Essex

Abstract The Claygate Beds and Bagshot Beds are the uppermost formations of Eocene age in south Essex, the former resting on the London Clay. The Claygate Beds consist primarily of silts and clays with subordinate sands, whilst sands are more common in the Bagshot Beds. The paper describes the geotechnical properties of these two sedimentary units. The results form part of a larger study of the engineering geology of south Essex. The sands, particularly in the Bagshot Beds, are fine grained. All the sands are uniformly sorted and negatively skewed. Quartz is the principal minerals in these beds and in the fine material, mica, montmorillonite, kaolinite and chlorite figure in that order of relative abundance. The geotechnical properties of the silts and clays of both formations are generally similar. However, the plasticity of the Claygate Beds tends to decrease somewhat from the lower to the upper division and the range of plasticity is greatest in the upper division. This may be due to the greater variation in quartz content and montmorillonite content in the latter division than in the two others. The clays in both formations tend to have normal activity whilst that of the silts is both normal and active. The values of the undrained shear strength parameters, especially in the sandy material, are influenced by the amount of cement present, and the degree of interlocking of grains and the degree of compaction. The undrained shear strength of the silts and clays suggests that they range from soft to very stiff.

Surfing the Fra Mauro Shoreline: Highlands Crust at the Apollo 14 Site

Plutonic rocks at the Apollo 14 site may be grouped into four lithologic suites. In order of relative abundance these are—magnesian suite, alkali suite, evolved lithologies, and ferroan anorthosites (FAN). Most of the samples described to date occur as clasts in lunar polymict breccias or in regolith breccias; these clasts rarely are more than a few cm in diameter. The magnesian suite (63 clasts) includes troctolite, anorthosite, norite, dunite, and harzburgite, all characterized by plagioclase ≈An95 and mafic minerals with Mg#s from 82 to 92. Alkali-suite rocks (21 clasts) and evolved rocks (10 clasts) generally have plagioclase An90 to An40, and mafic minerals with Mg#s from 82 to 40. Lithologies include anorthosite, norite, quartz monzodiorite, granite, and felsite. Ferroan anorthosites (5 clasts) have plagioclase ≈An96 and mafic minerals with Mg#s from 45 to 70. Plots of whole-rock [Mg/(Mg+Fe)] versus whole-rock [Ca/(Ca+Na+K)] show a distinct gap between rocks of the magnesian suite and rocks of the alkali suite, suggesting distinct parent magmas or distinct physical processes of formation. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns show that rocks of both the magnesian suite and alkali suite have similar ranges, despite the large difference in major-element chemistry. Most magnesian-suite samples and all alkali anorthosites are cumulates with little or no trapped liquid component. Norites may contain significant trapped liquids, and some alkali norites may represent cumulate-enriched, near-liquid compositions, similar to KREEP basalt 15386. Evolved lithologies include evolved partial cumulates related to alkali-suite fractionation (quartz monzodiorite), immiscible melts derived from these evolved magmas (granites), and impact melts of pre-existing granite (felsite). Recent models for the origin of the magnesian suite envision a komatiitic parent magma derived from early magma-ocean cumulates; these melts must assimilate plagiophile elements to form troctolites at low pressures, and must assimilate a highly enriched KREEP component so that the resulting mixture has REE concentrations similar to high-K KREEP. As yet there are no plausible scenarios that can explain these unusual requirements. In contrast, alkali anorthosites and norites can be shown to form from crystallization of a KREEP-basalt parent magma similar to 15386, along with some magnesian norites and the evolved quartz monzodiorites. If the parent magma of the alkali suite and evolved rocks is related to the magnesian suite, then that magma must have evolved through combined assimilation-fractional crystallization processes to form the alkali-suite cumulates.

Geology, Geochemistry, and Petrology of the Alkaline Subvolcanic Trachyte-Hosted Iron Deposit in the Karakuz Area, Northwestern Hekimhan-Malatya, Turkey

The Karakuz iron deposit is hosted by Maastrichtian subvolcanic trachyte-trachyandesite, which has a total alkali content of 9-13 wt%, with Na2O less than 1% of the total alkalies. SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3, in order of relative abundance, are other common oxides, whereas the P2O5 concentration is less than 0.5% in all of the host-rock samples. The trachytic host rock has an indistinct flow structure in the field and a subvolcanic porphyritic texture in thin sections. The tectonomagmatic environment of the trachytic subvolcanic host rock is intraplate and is derived from alkaline basaltic magma in the Hasancelebi-Hekimhan area. The iron deposit at Karakuz occurs as stringers, stockworks, lenses, and less disseminated ores. A characteristic feature of the deposit is martitization. Dominant iron minerals in the paragenetic sequence are magnetite-hematite-martite-goethite ± lepidocrocite ± limonite. Quartz, calcite, and barite are the main gangue minerals in the ore zone. The ore zone proper is characterized by...

Occurrence of long and very long polyenoic fatty acids of the n-9 series in rat spermatozoa.

Dietary deficiency of essential fatty acids of the n-3 and n-6 series is known to promote a compensatory increase in polyenoic fatty acids of the n-9 series in the lipids of mammalian tissues. In the present study long-chain n-9 polyenes were found to be normal components of the epididymis and especially of sperm isolated from that tissue, in healthy, well-fed, fertile rats maintained on essential fatty acid-sufficient diets. The n-9 polyenes occurred in large concentrations in the choline glycerophospholipids (CGP), the major phospholipid class of spermatozoa in epididymal cauda, and were highly concentrated in plasmenylcholine, the major subclass of CGP. The uncommon polyene 22:4n-9 was found in the highest proportion, followed in order of relative abundance by 22:3n-9, 20:3n-9 and 24:4n-9. These polyenes were probably derived from oleate (18:1n-9) in much the same way as long-chain polyenes of the n-6 and n-3 series are derived from linoleate (18:2n-6) and linolenate (18:3n-3), respectively.

Lipids of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris.

The lipid composition of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris has been reexamined under conditions intended to avoid enzymatic and chemical alterations during storage, extraction, and fractionation procedures. The simple lipids included aliphatic hydrocarbons, steryl esters, glycerides, and at least nine different sterols, all thought to be derived from the diet. Free fatty acids, previously considered to be major components of worm lipids, comprised only 0.3% of the total lipid weight. Phospholipids included (in order of relative abundance) phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol, as well as sphingomyelin. Glycolipids included cerebrosides and sulfatides containing both glucose and galactose, and gangliosides containing glucosamine and sialic acid. The fatty acid compositions of these lipid classes appeared to be a mixture of what are considered typical plant, bacterial, and animal acids. Several fatty acids found in the worms, including cis-vaccenic and eicosapentaenoic acids, were essentially absent from the dietary components, and it is concluded that these acids were synthesized in the worms. The earthworm derives much of its lipid adventitiously, but exerts at least some control over its tissue lipid composition.

Polycyclic aromatic and organochlorine compounds in the atmosphere of northern Ellesmere Island, Canada

In February–April 1988 we collected air samples at Alert in the Canadian Arctic (82.5°N, 62.3°W) to determine the types, concentrations, and vapor‐particle relationships for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and oxygenated compounds, Organochlorine (OC) pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). Samples were taken using a glass fiber filter‐polyurethane foam train and were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography using mass selective and electron capture detection. PAH and oxygenated compounds included dibenzofuran, biphenyl, fluorene, phenanthrene, 9‐fluorenone, fluoranthene, benzofluoranthenes, pyrene, chrysene, benzopyrenes, indeno[cd]pyrene, benzo[ghi]perylene, 2‐methyl phenanthrene, benz[a]anthracene, and anthracene (given in order of relative abundance, highest to lowest). OC compounds included hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH), hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorobenzene, PCB, polychlorocamphenes, chlordanes, and the dichlorodiphenyl‐trichloroethane (DDT) group (given as above). The concentration ratios of α‐HCH/γ‐HCH (5.2–9.8) and trans‐ to cis‐chlordane (0.78–1.29) are reported. Compounds having estimated liquid‐phase saturation vapor pressure (pL0) ≥ 10‐3 Pa at the average sampling temperature (245 K) were almost entirely gaseous. Those from 10‐6 ≤ pL0 ≤ 10‐3 Pa were distributed between the particle and gas phases, whereas little or no gaseous component was evident for compounds having pL0 ≤ 10‐6 Pa. The particle‐vapor distribution of PAH and OC compared favorably to the Junge‐Pankow model.

Airborne organochlorines in the Canadian High Arctic

In 1984, the Canadian Polar Continental Shelf Project established a research camp on a floating ice island in the Beaufort Sea. The 7 × 4 km island is presently located about 50 km off Ellesmere Island at about 81°N, 100°W. Air samples of 1400–3000 m 3 were collected on the island in August-September 1986 and June 1987, using a filter-solid adsorbent train. Organochlorines in melted snow and Arctic Ocean surface water were preconcentrated using solid adsorbent cartridges. Samples were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection, and by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the negative ion and electron impact modes. Compounds quantified included hexachlorocyclohexanes, hexachlorobenzene, polychlorinated camphenes, chlordane, polychlorinated biphenyls, and DDT compounds (given in order of relative abundance, highest to lowest). Air-sea partitioning of HCH isomers relative to their equilibrium distribution calculated from Henry's Law constants is discussed. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1989.tb00304.x

Nutrient Movement in Litter Fall and Precipitation Components for Central Himalayan Forests

The annual total litter fall in six Central Himalayan forests ranged from 2.1 to 3.8 t C ha −1 , of which 54 to 82 per cent was leaf litter, 9-20 per cent wood litter and 6-14 per cent other litter. In all forests the order of relative abundance of nutrients (kg ha −1 year −1 ) in litter fall was Ca (50.8-91.6) > N (47.7-72.2) > K (22.8-37.1) > P (4.1-6.4). Leaf litter accounted for 63-95 per cent of the total nutrients returned through litter fall. In these forests throughfall ranged from 71.3 to 81.4 per cent, stemflow from 0.50 to 2.16 per cent and canopy interception from 17.7 to 28.2 per cent of the gross rainfall. In the incident rainfall the concentration and annual input of Ca was the greatest and of P the least. Canopy precipitation was richer in all nutrients compared to incident rainfall. Net gain of nutrients from the canopy ranged from 0.16 kg ha −1 year −1 , for P, to 17.77 kg ha −1 year −1 for K. Leaching was greatest for K and least for N. Of the total quantity of nutrients returned to the soil, 11 to 46 per cent was accounted for by precipitation components. Thus precipitation inputs play a significant role in nutrient cycling of these forests.

Bile pigment composition and hepatic UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity in the fetal and adult dogfish shark, Squalus acanthias

1. 1. Bile pigments from adult and fetal spiny dogfish ( Squalus acanthias) were separated and quantitated by high pressure liquid chromatography. 2. 2. In order of relative abundance, bilirubin monoglucuronide, unconjugated bilirubin, bilirubin diglucuronide and bilirubin monoglucoside were present in adult bile and in fetal bile and meconium. 3. 3. All bile pigments were of IX α configuration. 4. 4. Specific hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronate glucuronosyl transferase activity towards bilirubin and p- nitrophenol were comparable in fetal and adult dogfish.

Seasonal distribution and abundance of the Chaetognatha in the lower Chesapeake Bay

Five species of Chaetognatha occurring within the lower Chesapeake Bay during a 2-year, monthly survey were, in order of relative abundance: Sagitta tenuis, S. elegans, S. enflata, S. hispida and S. tasmanica. Two seasonal groups were evident; S. elegans and S. tasmanica were winter-spring inhabitants, while S. tenuis, S. enflata and S. hispida occurred during summer-fall. Principal peaks of abundance were caused by S. tenuis in September of each year and S. elegans in February or May. An annual incursion of S. enflata was observed each fall, with peak abundance in November. Only a single generation of S. elegans was produced during its abbreviated tenure in the Bay, whereas S. tenuis was observed to breed continuously through the summer and early fall. Stage III S. tenuis disappeared from collections in November, when lower temperatures terminated maturation. Further temperature decreases through December eliminated S. tenuis from the Bay. S. elegans appeared first in January or February as Stages I–III. Stages II and III were replaced in April by their Stage I progeny. More developed stages occurred again in May, but were reduced in size. This winter-spring species was eliminated as water temperatures approached and exceeded 20 °C in June. Seasonal abundance, species composition and distribution of the Chaetognatha within Chesapeake Bay most likely depend on availability of shelf chaetognaths, hydrographic conditions both on the shelf and in the Bay, and on tolerance of individual species to reduced salinity.

Seasonal and diel periodicity in the drift of aquatic insects in a subtropical Florida stream

SummaryA study of insect drift was conducted in a small, subtropical Florida stream from December 1971 to December 1972 to describe the seasonal and diel periodicity and to determine factors influencing behavioural drift. Paired samples of 2 h duration beginning 15 min after sunset were taken biweekly, and hourly collections over a 24‐h period were made quarterly. Benthic invertebrates were collected on each date from three habitats (riffle, pool and aquatic vegetation) and temperature, dissolved oxygen and current velocity were measured.Drift rates ranged from 100 to 2125 organisms/m2. h (0·03 to 0·49 organisms/m3) and were greatest in winter and early spring; minimal rates occurred in the summer months. The following six taxa, in order of relative abundance, comprised 87% of the drift: Baetis intercalaris, Cheumatopsyche sp., Stenonema exiguum, Chironomidae, Stenelmis fuscata and Simulium sp. Total drift showed no significant correlation with temperature, dissolved oxygen or mean benthic abundance and only slight correlation with current velocity (r=0·34). Stepwise, multiple regression analyses indicated that riffle density and mean size of drifting organisms were important factors influencing the drift rates of B. intercalaris (R=0·67) and S. exiguum (R=0·82); mean size, riffle density and water temperature influenced the drift of Cheumatopsyche sp. (R=0·78). The other taxa of drifting insects showed no significant correlation with the variables measured.Diel (24 h) studies of the major taxa showed marked differences in the periodicity, both within and between taxa, indicating the need for long‐term studies with frequent sample intervals in subtropical habitats. A new drift pattern for the family Chironomidae, alternans type, was observed for late instars of Polypedilum halterale.

Garnets from the Upper Swat Hornblendic Group, Swat District, Pakistan. Part I: Garnets from gneisses and pegmatites

SummaryChemical analyses of eleven garnets from orthogneisses and related pegmatites, belonging to the Upper Swat Hornblendic Group, Pakistan, are presented along with the petrographic descriptions of the host rocks. The garnets show dominant almandine content, followed by grossular pyrope, spessartine, and andradite, in order of relative abundance. One garnet sample is different from the rest in having higher andradite and spessartine contents and higher refractive index, and is also different in habit. This is the first detailed study of garnets from Pakistan.

Petrography of Composite Vertical Section of Cincinnatian Series Limestones, Southwestern Ohio and Adjacent Areas: ABSTRACT

An offshore, shallow-water environment was in existence during the accumulation of the major part of the Cincinnatian Series, Eden to Saluda. The upper part of the section, Saluda and Whitewater, was formed under nearshore, subtidal, and lagoonal conditions. The average limestone, Eden to Saluda, is a biocalcirudite, an autochthonous coquinoid rock. It is coarse-grained, poorly sorted and contains approximately 38% fossil allochems which were originally deposited with ooze. The carbonate mud of the limestones has been recrystallized almost completely and many fossil allochems have undergone recrystallization as well. Coarse pseudospar forming 40% of the rock is about equal in abundance to allochems with microspar (5-30µ) forming the remaining 20%. Chemically precipitated sparry calcite is uncommon and apparently exists only in fossil cavities and under umbrellas. Bryozoa are slightly more abundant than brachiopods through all of the units and each of these phyla exceeds echinoderms by 3 to 2 and trilobites by 3 to 1. Pelecypods, gastropods, and ostracods are minor constituents. The relative order of abundance of phyla holds through all of the formations. Allochems average about 28% of the upper part of the series; microspar forms about 55% of the average rock and pseudospar forms about 15%. Micrite is minor but more abundant than in the lower, thicker part of the series. The major fossil phyla have the same relative order of abundance, but bryozoans exceed brachiopods by 10%. Ostracods, algal products, and coral become very conspicuous and are the only allochems in some beds. Dolomite is abundant in many beds of the upper Cincinnatian. End_of_Article - Last_Page 351------------

Preliminary Report on Some Pennsylvanian Reefs from Northwest Ellesmere Island: ABSTRACT

Pennsylvanian reefs as thick as 2,000 feet crop out nearly 10 miles along strike at Hare Fiord, Northwest Ellesmere Island. The reef flanks slope as much as 45°. There is no interfingering between the reefs and the overlying silty limestones. Stratification within the reefs is confined to planes parallel with the reef sides. In order of relative abundance, the reef fauna consists of crinoids, brachiopods, bryozoa, corals, gastropods, ammonites, trilobites, and fusulinids. Fenestellid bryozoans may have provided a reef framework, but no clear zonation into reef barrier and lagoon is apparent. A fore-reef is present, characterized by reef-derived conglomerates. A strange internal conglomerate, not readily explained as solution-breccia, is common. Recrystallization is widespread, particularly along intrusive dike margins. Porosity of the main reef rock is low, but the conditions leading to the formation of internal conglomerate may have produced porous localities in parts of the reef area other than the accessible cross section. The reefs probably formed in a climate not only warmer but also with more sunlight hours than that at the present latitude of northern Ellesmere Island. End_of_Article - Last_Page 518------------