Relative Weight Of Abdominal Fat Research Articles

Dihydromyricetin Attenuates Metabolic Syndrome And Improves Insulin Sensitivity By Upregulating Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 (Y612) Tyrosine Phosphorylation In db/db Mice.

PurposeDihydromyricetin (DHM), the main bioactive flavonoid in vine tea, exerts multiple health beneficial effects. This work aimed to identify whether a naturally derived flavonoid product, DHM, can significantly attenuate metabolic syndrome and improve insulin sensitivity.Methods10-week-old db/db mice were randomly assigned to receive the antidiabetic agent metformin (Met, 50 mg/kg BW), DHM (1.0 g and 0.5 g/kg BW) or placebo and were simultaneously fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks. The general status of the animals was observed and recorded daily, body weight and blood glucose levels were measured weekly, during the experimental period. On day 55, the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. After OGTT, all animals were anesthetized and sacrificed by cervical decapitation. Blood samples were collected in tubes to detect plasma insulin and the biochemical parameters of lipid metabolism. Pancreas histological changes and islet fibrosis were demonstrated by H&E staining and Masson staining, respectively. Moreover, the expression of insulin receptor substrate-1 and phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate-1 in the insulin signaling pathway was detected by Western blot assay.ResultsThe oral administration of DHM (1.0 g and 0.5 g/kg BW) reduced the fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, and glycated hemoglobin levels and the insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index. Furthermore, DHM intervention decreased body weight and the serum lipid profile. In addition, DHM treatment also markedly decreased the relative abdominal fat weight. Western blot analysis indicated that DHM upregulated the IRS-1 (Y612) tyrosine phosphorylation, improving insulin resistance. Treatment with dihydromyricetin attenuated the progression of insulin resistance and pancreatic fibrosis in fatty db/db mice.ConclusionIn summary, we determined the antimetabolic syndrome effect of DHM in db/db obese mice. DHM upregulates the IRS-1 (Y612) tyrosine phosphorylation, improving insulin resistance. Therefore, DHM is a promising therapeutic candidate for the control of metabolic syndrome.

Effects of astaxanthin produced by Phaffia rhodozyma on growth performance, antioxidant activities, and meat quality in Pekin ducks

This study was conducted to determine the effect of astaxanthin (AX) produced by Phaffia rhodozyma (PR) on growth performance, antioxidant activities, relative organ weight, and meat quality in Pekin ducks. A total of 1,440 female one-day-old Pekin ducklings (52.3 ± 0.4g) were blocked based on body weight (BW), and randomly allotted to 3 treatments with 8 replicates of 60 birds each. The experiment lasted for 6 wk, and dietary treatments included corn-soybean meal-based diet supplemented with 0, 0.15, and 0.3% PR. The supplementation of AX increased (P<0.05) body weight gain (BWG) linearly and reduced (P<0.05) feed-to-gain ratio (F/G) linearly during days 22 to 42. BWG and final BW was increased (P<0.05) linearly by AX supplementation throughout the experiment. The inclusion of AX increased (P<0.05) superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidative capacity, and interleukin-6 in the serum linearly, as well as decreased (P<0.05) serum malondialdehyde linearly. The relative weight of abdominal fat was increased (P<0.05) linearly by AX supplementation. The inclusion of AX decreased (P<0.05) cook loss linearly, but increased (P<0.05) pH24h, water holding capacity and redness (a*) linearly. Taken together, the supplementation of AX (3.458 or 6.915mg/kg diet) from PR improved final BW, BWG during days 22 to 42 and 1 to 42 and reduced F/G during days 22 to 42, as well as caused positive effects on antioxidant function and meat quality.

Use of emulsifier and lipase in feeds for broiler chickens

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of exogenous emulsifier and lipase in diets on performance, digestibility, and organ biometry of broiler chickens. A completely randomised design with seven treatments and seven replications was adopted. The treatments were as follows: T1 (positive control; PC): 3000, 3100, 3200, and 3250 Kcal of metabolisable energy (ME) kg-1 of diet for phases 1 to 10, 11 to 21, 22 to 31, and 32 to 37 days, respectively; T2: PC with reduction in ME of 30 Kcal kg-1 of diet; T3: PC with reduction in ME of 60 Kcal kg-1 of feed; T4 (negative control; NC): PC with reduction in ME of 90 Kcal kg-1 of feed; T5: NC with inclusion of exogenous lipase (10 000 U kg-1); T6: NC with inclusion of emulsifier (250 g t-1); and T7: NC with inclusion of lipase (10 000 U kg-1) and emulsifier (250 g t-1) in the period from 1 to 37 days of rearing. Performance characteristics (weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion (FC)), carcass yield, cut yield, the relative weight of abdominal fat and organs (small intestine, liver, and pancreas), and relative intestinal length, in addition to dry matter digestibility (CDADM), ethereal extract (CDAEE), crude metabolisable energy (CMACE), and apparent metabolisable energy (AME) of the diets, were evaluated. In the initial phase, the CDAEE was higher for the PC group than for the emulsifier + lipase group. The AME determined in the final phase for the group supplemented with an emulsifier was higher by approximately 50 Kcal (EM) than the NC group. The WG of the lipase group was similar to that of the PC group. However, the groups with emulsifier and emulsifier + lipase showed a lower WG than the PC group. The additives used did not recover the FC to the same level observed in the PC group. The reduction in ME of 90 Kcal kg-1 generated a lower WG and worse FC. The use of both an emulsifier and lipase together produced results like to the PC group. The biometrics of the organs and the carcass yield and cuts were not influenced by diets. Thus, it can be concluded that the inclusion of lipase and an emulsifier improves the performance of broilers given diets with reduced energy, although it does not improve the lipid utilisation of the diets.

Evaluation of effects of the dry-heat-processed sweet potato waste as broiler feed.

This study was conducted to examine the effects of feeding dry-processed sweet potato waste on the growth of broilers. Sweet potato waste was air-dried (A-SPW) or heat-dried (D-SPW). Twenty-four 14-d-old chicks were assigned to the following groups (14-28days): control, fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet; A-SPW, fed the basal diet with 55% of the corn replaced with A-SPW meal; D-SPW, fed the basal diet with 50% of the corn replaced with D-SPW meal. The feed conversion ratio (feed/gain) of the D-SPW group was greater than that of the A-SPW group. The relative weight of abdominal fat and the muscle lipid content of the D-SPW group were increased compared with those of the A-SPW group. The metabolizabilities of crude protein and gross energy of the D-SPW group were increased compared with those of the A-SPW group. The plasma α-tocopherol concentrations of the A-SPW and D-SPW groups were greater than that of the control group. Plasma malondialdehyde was decreased in the A-SPW and D-SPW groups, and muscle malondialdehyde was decreased in the D-SPW group, compared with the control group. Our results demonstrate that dry-heat processing improves the nutrient metabolizability of sweet potato waste and makes it into available feed for broilers.

Increased fat synthesis and limited apolipoprotein B cause lipid accumulation in the liver of broiler chickens exposed to chronic heat stress.

Chronic heat stress can enhance fat synthesis in broilers, and excessive triglyceride (TG) synthesized by the liver needs to be transported to extrahepatic tissues by very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) otherwise will accumulate in the liver, which may even result in hepatic steatosis. To investigate the molecular mechanisms by which chronic heat stress enhances fat synthesis and results in lipid accumulation in the liver of chickens, 144 broilers (Arbor Acres, 28-day-old) were randomly allocated to the normal control (NC, 22°C), heat stress (HS, consistent 32°C), or pair-fed (PF, 22°C) groups for a 14-D trial. The 7 D of heat exposure significantly increased the respiratory rate, relative weight of abdominal fat, the levels of glucose, TG, corticosterone, insulin, and VLDL in plasma, as well as the levels of TG, total cholesterol, acyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) in the liver, and mRNA expression levels of carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP), ACC, FAS, and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) in comparison with the other 2 groups. After 14 D of heat exposure, the relative weights of abdominal fat and liver and levels of TG and FAS in the liver were significantly higher in the HS group than in the other 2 groups, and there were no significant differences in the respiratory rate, plasma corticosterone concentration, apolipoprotein B (ApoB) level in the liver, and mRNA expression levels of key genes of fat synthesis among the 3 groups. In conclusion, chronic heat exposure activated LXRα pathway and enhanced fat synthesis in the liver after 7 D of heat exposure. After 14 D of heat exposure, heat-stressed broilers exhibited an adaptation to the high temperature in parameters of stress and fat synthesis gene expression levels. Moreover, chronic heat stress resulted in lipid accumulation in the liver of broilers, which is probably because the limited ApoB was not enough to transport the excessive TG synthesized by the liver in chronic heat-stressed broilers.

Effects of dietary supplementation of betaine and sepiolite supplementation on performance and intestinal health in broilers

The aim of the study was to explain the effects of betaine and sepiolite in diets on performance, carcass characteristics, some blood parameters and some intestinal health parameters in broilers. A total of 192 daily Ross 308 male broiler chicks were divided into one control group and three experiment groups each containing 48 chicks. Betaine and sepiolite was added as top dressed to the diets of experimental groups at the level of 0.15% betaine (1st group), 1.5% sepiolite (2nd group) and 0.15% betaine + 1.5% sepiolite (3rd group). Sepiolite and betaine were not added to the diet of control group. The experimental period was 6 weeks. No differences were observed in body weight, overall body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, carcass yield and the relative weights of gizzard, heart, liver, spleen and bursa of Fabricius among groups. The relative weight of abdominal fat decreased with betaine usage. Supplemental betaine increased relative percentage of kidney weight. Dietary supplementation of betaine with sepiolite had some positive effects on intestinal histomorphology characteristics. The level of serum triglyceride was reduced with 0.15% betaine inclusion in the diet. Albumin, cholesterol, protein, uric acid, AST, ALP and ALT levels of blood serum were not affected by betaine with and without sepiolite supplement. Blood serum IgG level was increased by dietary supplementation of betaine with and without sepiolite. It is concluded that the dietary usage of betaine with sepiolite in broilers can be useful in the field due to having some improvements in intestinal histomorphology and immunity.

Effects of Montmorency Tart Cherry Supplementation on Metabolic Parameters and Short-chain Fatty Acid Production in Mice Fed a Western Diet (P06-059-19)

ObjectivesTart cherries (TC) are rich source of phenolic compounds such as anthocyanins and flavonoids that can influence the gut microbiota and promote health. This study investigated the effects of TC supplementation on metabolic parameters and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production in mice fed a western diet (WD). MethodsSix week old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to dietary treatment groups in a 2x3 factorial design with diet (control [AIN-93 M] or WD, 45% fat kcal and 26% sucrose kcal) and TC (0, 5, 10% wt/wt) as factors for 12 wks. At the end of dietary treatment, body composition was assessed and blood and tissue samples were collected. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), plasma clinical chemistry parameters and cecal SCFAs were assessed. Additionally, plasma glucagon-like peptide 1, insulin, leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, and resistin were measured by the Bio-Plex array system (Bio-Rad). Data were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA (SAS, Version 9.4). ResultsAs expected, WD has significant main effect of increasing body weight (P = 0.002), % body fat (P = 0.045), and relative weights of abdominal fat (P = 0.001) and perirenal fat (P = 0.03), which was not modulated by TC. However, TC has a main effect of increasing (P = 0.022) bone mineral density. WD reduced relative cecum weight (P = 0.028) while TC increased (P = 0.011) cecum weight. Similarly, the weight of cecal contents was increased by TC (P < 0.0001) while WD (P = 0.67) has no main effect on this parameter. Consistent with the effects of TC on the cecum, TC also has main effect of increasing (P < 0.05) the SCFAs n-heptanoic, n-valeric, i-valeric, i-butyric, and propionic acids. WD increased fasting glucose (P = 0.001) and area under the curve (P = 0.018) after IPGTT but was not affected by TC. Similar pattern was observed of increased levels in hormones [leptin (P = 0.001), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1(P = 0.034), and resistin (P = 0.001)] and lipids [cholesterol (P < 0.0001) and triglycerides (P < 0.001)] with WD but no main effects of TC. ConclusionsOur preliminary findings indicate that TC has modest effects in modulating changes in metabolic parameters due to WD. However, TC has significant effects on the gut and enhanced the production of SCFAs. Further investigation of TC’s effects on gut microbiota, morphology and markers of gut integrity are warranted. Funding SourcesCherry Marketing Institute.

Dietary supplementation of Aspergillus oryzae meal and its effect on performance, carcass characteristics, blood variables, and immunity of broiler chickens

This study investigated the effect of different levels and consumption periods of Aspergillus oryzae meal on performance, carcass characteristics, blood variables, and immunity of broiler chickens. A total of 270 (male and female) Ross 308 chicks were randomly assigned to 9 treatment groups. Two levels (2 g/kg diet and 4 g/kg diet as-fed) of Aspergillus oryzae meal (AO) and 4 consumption periods of AO (starter, grower, finisher, and entire period) in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement were used. Compared with control, AO used during the entire rearing period increased weight gain, reduced relative weight of abdominal fat, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) serum levels, and increased antibody titers against influenza and Newcastle disease vaccination and sheep red blood cells injection. Few differences in the variables considered were found if AO was added to broiler diets only during specific consumption periods, and between the two supplementation levels of AO. In conclusion, the addition of AO to the broiler diet can have beneficial effects in terms of performance, carcass composition, and health, but these positive effects were mainly reached adding AO for the entire rearing period.

Curcumin supplementation regulates lipid metabolism in broiler chickens

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether dietary curcumin affects lipid metabolism in the liver of broiler chickens. Four treatment groups were formed from 1200 1-day-old broiler chickens, including a base diet (control, supplemented with 0mg/kg curcumin), 500mg/kg, 1,000mg/kg, and 2,000mg/kg dietary curcumin, for 49 d. At the end of experiment, each group of 50 chickens were sampled and analyzed. Compared with the control group, the results have showed that body weight, average daily weight gain, absolute and relative liver weight significantly decreased in the 1,000 and 2,000mg/kg curcumin groups (P < 0.05). The absolute and relative abdominal fat weight were significantly decreased in the 2,000mg/kg curcumin group (P < 0.05). The concentrations of plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.05) and plasma and hepatic triglyceride concentrations (P < 0.01) were markedly decreased in the 2,000mg/kg curcumin group. The hepatic nonesterified fatty acid concentration (P < 0.05) and the hepatic glycogen (P < 0.05) and liver hepatic lipase activities (P < 0.01) were significantly increased in the 1,000 and 2,000mg/kg curcumin groups. The plasma-free triiodothyronine and thyroxine concentrations were significantly increased in the 2,000mg/kg curcumin group (P < 0.05). The gene expression levels of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) were significantly decreased in all curcumin groups (P < 0.05), but the gene expression levels of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) and ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) were significantly decreased only in the 2,000mg/kg curcumin group (P < 0.05). The expression levels of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor α (PPARα) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I (CPT-I) were significantly increased in the 1,000 and 2,000mg/kg curcumin groups (P < 0.05). These results indicated that curcumin plays an important role in reduction abdominal fat deposition by decreasing the hepatic and plasma lipid profile and affecting the expression levels of genes related to lipogenesis and lipolysis including ACC, FAS, SREBP-1c, ACLY, PPARα, and CPT-I.

Effects of dietary synbiotic supplementation on growth performance, lipid metabolism, antioxidant status, and meat quality in Partridge shank chickens

ABSTRACT This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of incorporating a synbiotic into diet on growth performance, lipid metabolism, antioxidant status, and meat quality in Partridge shank chickens. A total of 128 1-day-old male Partridge shank chicks were randomly divided into 2 groups, and each group consisted of 8 replicates with 8 birds each. Birds in the 2 treatments were fed a basal diet supplemented with or without 1.5 g of a synbiotic per kg of feed consisting of prebiotics (xylooligosaccharide and yeast cell wall) and probiotics (Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, and Clostridium butyricum) for 50 days. Compared with control group, supplementation with synbiotic significantly decreased feed to gain ratio during days 1–21, absolute and relative abdominal fat weight, and hepatic malondialdehyde concentration as well as plasma triglyceride concentration at 50 days of age. In addition, dietary supplemented with synbiotic had lower 24-h postmortem drip loss, cooking loss of breast muscle, whereas higher plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol level, 24-h postmortem redness, and pH of breast muscle. Dietary synbiotic supplement could promote growth performance, regulate lipid metabolism, and improve antioxidant capacity and meat quality in Partridge shank chickens.

Effect of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Oil as an Antibiotic Substitute on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Commercial Broiler Chicken

A biological trial was carried out to study the antibiotic efficacy of turmeric oil (TO) in commercial broiler chicken. One hundred and forty four day old broiler chicks were randomly grouped into six dietary treatments having four replicates in each. The experimental diets were basal diet (CON), basal diet plus antibiotic (500 ppm oxytetracycline-OTC), basal diet plus 0.025% TO (TO-1), 0.050% TO (TO-2), 0.075% TO (TO-3) and 0.100% TO (TO-4), respectively. Antibiotic supplementation had no significant effect on body weight gain (BWG) during different growth phases. In prestarter phase, TO at 0.075 and 0.100% levels led to significant reduction in BWG compared to antibiotic supplemented group. However, during starter, finisher and overall growth phases, the BWG of turmeric oil fed groups were comparable to antibiotic supplemented group. TO at 0.025 and 0.050% levels resulted in comparable feed intake during prestarter and starter phase, however, in finisher phase, the feed intake was markedly higher (P<0.01) than antibiotic fed group. No significant difference was observed in feed efficiency between antibiotic and turmeric oil supplemented groups during prestarter and starter phase. However, in the finisher phase, the feed efficiency markedly improved (P<0.01) in 0.025 and 0.100% TO groups. TO had no significant effect on dressing percentage, relative weights of liver, heart, gizzard, giblets and abdominal fat. But, 0.025% TO resulted in significantly higher weight (P<0.01) of spleen, whereas at higher levels, the relative weight of spleen was comparable to antibiotic group. It could be concluded that, supplementation of TO at 0.025% level instead of antibiotic feed additive would produce similar effect on production performance and carcass characteristics in broiler chicken.

Betaine improves the growth performance and muscle growth of partridge shank broiler chickens via altering myogenic gene expression and insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling pathway

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of betaine on growth performance, carcass characteristics, myogenic gene expression, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling pathway in partridge shank broiler chickens. A total of 192 one-day-old partridge shank broiler chickens were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates of 8 chickens for a 52-d feeding trial. Broilers were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 250 (B250), 500 (B500), or 1,000 (B1000) mg/kg betaine. Compared with the control group, the B500 and B1000 groups had higher (P < 0.05) body weight gain (BWG), and the B500 group had a lower (P < 0.05) feed/gain ratio (F:G) during the whole trial period. Moreover, the B1000 group increased (P < 0.05) the breast muscle yield and decreased (P < 0.05) relative abdominal fat weight. The mRNA expression of myocyte enhancer factor 2B (MEF2B) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and mTOR phosporylation were higher (P < 0.05) in both breast and thigh muscles in the B500 and B1000 groups than those in the control group. The higher (P < 0.05) concentration and mRNA expression of IGF-1 were also observed in breast muscle in the B500 and B1000 groups. Additionally, the B1000 group up-regulated (P < 0.05) the mRNA level of myogenic differentiation factor 1 (MyoD1) in breast muscle and myogenin (MyoG) in thigh muscle. In conclusion, diets supplemented with 500 or 1,000 mg/kg betaine improved the growth performance of partridge shank broiler chickens during the whole trial period, and the B1000 group significantly improved the breast muscle growth. These improvements might result from increased mRNA expression of MyoD1 and MEF2B in breast muscle and MyoG and MEF2B in thigh muscle, and through alterations in IGF-1/mTOR signaling pathway.

Changes in hormone profiles, growth factors, and mRNA expression of the related receptors in crop tissue, relative organ weight, and serum biochemical parameters in the domestic pigeon (Columba livia) during incubation and chick-rearing periods under artificial farming conditions.

The present study was conducted to determine the changes in concentrations of hormones and growth factors and their related receptor gene expressions in crop tissue, relative organ weight, and serum biochemical parameters in male and female pigeons during incubation and chick-rearing periods under artificial farming conditions. Seventy-eight pairs of 60-week-old White King pigeons with 2 fertile eggs per pair were randomly divided into 13 groups by different breeding stages. Serum prolactin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations in crop tissue homogenates were the highest in both male and female pigeons at 1 d of chick-rearing (R1), while epidermal growth factor (EGF) in female pigeons peaked at d 17 of incubation (I17) (P < 0.05). mRNA expression of the prolactin and EGF receptors in the crop tissue increased at the end of incubation and the early chick-rearing stage in both sexes. However, estrogen, progesterone, and growth hormone receptor expression each decreased during the early chick-rearing stage (P < 0.05). In male pigeons, IGF-1 receptor gene expression reached its peak at R7, while in female pigeons, it increased at the end of incubation. The relative weight of breast and abdominal fat in both sexes and thighs in the males was lowest at R7, and then gradually increased to the incubation period level. Serum total protein, albumin, and globulin concentrations increased to the highest levels at I17 (P < 0.05). Total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein reached their highest values at I17 in male pigeons and R25 in female pigeons (P < 0.05). In conclusion, hormones, growth factors, and their receptors potentially underlie pigeon crop tissue development. Changes in organs and serum biochemical profiles suggested their different breeding-cycle patterns with sexual effects.

Comparative effects of powder, aqueous and methanolic extracts of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) on growth performance, antioxidant status, abdominal fat deposition and plasma lipids in broiler chickens

This study was performed to evaluate the comparative effects of dietary supplementation of dried purslane powder (PP), purslane aqueous extract (PAE) and purslane methanolic extract (PME) on performance, antioxidant status, carcass traits and selected plasma lipid parameters in broiler chickens. In total, 420 1-day-old male broiler chicks were divided into seven treatments for 49 days as follows: control (basal diet), basal diets plus 1500 or 3000 mg/kg of PP (PP1500 and PP3000 respectively), basal diets plus 150 or 300 mg/kg of PAE (PAE150 and PAE300 respectively) and basal diets plus 150 or 300 mg/kg of PME (PME150 and PME300 respectively). During the total period of the experiment (0–49 days of the experiment), birds receiving the PP3000 diet had higher (P &amp;lt; 0.05) bodyweight gain and a lower feed conversion ratio compared with those fed other diets. At 24 and 49 days of the experiment, birds receiving the PP3000 diet showed greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) plasma and liver activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and lower (P &amp;lt; 0.05) plasma and liver levels of malondialdehyde compared with other dietary treatments. Additionally, at 24 days of the experiment, birds receiving the PP3000 diet had a greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) liver catalase activity than those receiving other dietary treatments. In addition, groups receiving the PP1500, PAE300 or PME300 diets showed greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) plasma and liver activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, as well as lower (P &amp;lt; 0.05) plasma and liver levels of malondialdehyde compared with the control group. At 24 days of the experiment, birds receiving the PP1500 or PP3000 diets showed greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) jejunal activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase than other groups. At 49 days of the experiment, birds receiving the PP3000 diet showed greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) jejunal activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase compared with the control group. Additionally, at both 24 and 49 days of the experiment, groups receiving the PP3000 diet had lower (P &amp;lt; 0.05) jejunal levels of malondialdehyde compared with the control group. At 49 days of the experiment, birds receiving the PP3000 diet had a lower (P &amp;lt; 0.05) relative weight of abdominal fat compared with those receiving the other dietary treatments. Moreover, groups that consumed the PP1500, PAE300 or PME300 diets showed lower (P &amp;lt; 0.05) relative weights of abdominal fat compared with the control group. Groups fed PP, PAE or PME treatments showed lower (P &amp;lt; 0.05) plasma levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and higher (P &amp;lt; 0.05) plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol than the control group at 24 and 49 days of the experiment, with the most pronounced effects observed in those receiving the PP3000 treatment. In conclusion, PP showed more beneficial effects than PAE and PME, and 3000 mg/kg was the best inclusion level of PP in broiler chicken diets.

Effect of microbial proteases on the performance and carcass traits in commercial broilers fed maize-soy bean meal -meat cum bone meal based diets

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effective combinations of proteases (acid, neutral and alkaline) and their concentrations on performance and carcass traits in commercial broilers fed on diets containing sub-optimal protein levels. A total of 320 broilers were used in completely randomized design with eight treatments with eight replicates in each treatment and 5chicks in each replicate. Maize-soybean meal (CD) and maize-soybean-meat cum bone meal (BD) based diets were formulated to contain 23, 21 and 19.5% crude protein (CP) and 19.5,18 and 17.5% CP, respectively during pre-starter (1-11 d), starter (12-28d) and finisher (29-42d) phases. All the diets were fed adlibitum from 1d to 42 d of age. The low protein BD were supplemented with two different combinations of proteases (1:1:1 and 2:1:1 acidic, neutral and alkaline proteases, respectively) with total activity of 2000, 4000 and 6000u/kg.The results revealed that the broilers fed CD had significantly higher body weight gain compared to those fed BD. Supplementation of proteases to the BD significantly (P LESS THAN 0.05) improved the body weight gain and feed efficiency during 21 d of age, but not during the latter phase ( 42 d of age) of growth. The broilers fed on CD had significantly (P less than 0.05) higher ready to cook and breast yields compared to those fed the BD or BD with protease supplementation. The relative weight of abdominal fat was significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced in broilers fed BD with 1:1:1 (acidic, neutral and alkaline proteases) at 4000 u protease / kg diet as compared to BD. It is suggested that addition of proteases to low protein diets had a significant positive effect in young chicken fed on maize-soybean meal and -meat and bone meal based diets.

Effect of inclusion of lysolecithin or multi-enzyme in low energy diet of broiler chickens

ABSTRACTA total of 672 one-d-old Ross 308 (mixed gender) broiler chicks with an average initial body weight of 34.1 ± 0.2 g were used in a 28-d feeding trial to investigate the effect of supplementing low energy diets with an emulsifier or multi-enzyme complex on broiler. Chickens were allocated to one of six treatments with seven pens/treatment and 16 birds/pen. Treatments were (1) PC (basal diet), (2) NC (PC-100 kcal ME/kg), (3) L05 (NC + 0.05% emulsifier), (4) L10 (NC + 0.10% emulsifier), (5) E05 (NC + 0.05% multi-enzyme), and (6) E10 (NC + 0.10% multi-enzyme). Results showed that supplementing low energy diet with 0.10% multi-enzyme or 0.10% emulsifier improved (P < .05) overall body weight gain. The relative weight of breast meat decreased (P < .05) by adding 0.10% multi-enzyme compared to chickens fed E05 diet. Feeding the chickens with E10 diet increased relative weight of abdominal fat. Chickens fed NC or L10 diets had the lowest (P < .05) relative weight of liver. The addition of emulsifier or multi-enzyme to the diets decreased drip loss (P < .05). Results indicated that supplementing low energy diet with multi-enzyme or emulsifier improved growth performance and alleviated negative effects of lowering dietary ME level on meat quality of broilers.

Addition of phytogenic blend in different nutrient density diets of meat-type ducks

ABSTRACTA total of 160 1-d-old ducklings (mixed gender) were used to evaluate the effects of dietary phytogenic supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and nutrient digestibility. Each treatment consisted of eight replications and five birds/replication. Treatments were: (T1) high nutrient diet; (T2) T1+phytobiotics; (T3) low nutrient diet; (T4) T3+phytobiotics. The results indicated that inclusion of phytobiotics and nutrients’ density of diets influenced body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (P < .05). Feeding low nutrient diets had a negative effect on drip loss percentage. Cooking loss percentage increased (P < .05) by reducing nutrient density. Relative weights of breast muscle, abdominal fat and body organs, pH value, and colour of breast muscle were not affected by treatment diets. Supplementing the diets reduced TBARS value on d 14 post-slaughter (P < .05). Density of nutrients and phytogenic blend (P < .05) improved the digestibility of dry matter and energy, but the digestibility of calcium and phosphorous were not affected by treatments.

Effects of supplementation level and feeding schedule of butyrate glycerides on the growth performance and carcass composition of broiler chickens

Mixed mono- and tributyrate glycerides have been used for effective delivery of butyrate to the gut to benefit broilers. However, limited information is available on the efficacy of butyrate glycerides individually and in combination with different levels and feeding schedules. The present study has first investigated the effects of monobutyrin at inclusion levels of zero, 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 3,000 ppm on the performance of broilers, and second, the effects of its combination with tributyrin. In the monobutyrin trial, there were no overall significant differences in average daily gain or feed efficiency. However, 2,000 ppm birds had significantly decreased abdominal fat deposition compared to controls (P ≤ 0.05), and the breast muscle deposition increased in a dose-response manner to the supplementation of monobutyrin (P ≤ 0.05). The combination trial tested 5 treatment groups: control, 500 ppm tributyrin + 500 ppm monobutyrin (5T5M), 500 ppm tributyrin + 500 ppm monobutyrin staggered (5T5Ms), 500 ppm tryibutyrin + 2,000 ppm monobutyrin (5T20M), or 500 ppm tributyrin + 2,000 ppm monobutyrin staggered (5T20Ms). In staggered groups, birds were fed tributyrin for one wk followed by 2 wk of monobutyrin, after which the feed was butyrate glyceride free. The non-staggered groups had constant inclusions levels through the 5 weeks. There were no significant differences in average daily gain or feed efficiency among groups. At 5 wk of age, all treatment groups except for 5T5Ms had significantly lower relative abdominal fat weight compared to control birds (P ≤ 0.05), although 5T5Ms birds demonstrated a trend for a decrease (P = 0.095). Relative breast muscle weight was significantly increased only in 5T5M birds over control birds at 5 wk of age (P ≤ 0.05). Serum biochemistry revealed significant changes in factors relating to muscle growth and fat deposition (P ≤ 0.05). These results indicate a consistent shift in lipid metabolism with the addition of butyrate glycerides and that the deposition of breast muscle may be highest with the incorporation of butyrate glycerides at a moderate level for the duration of development.

Effects of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate on growth performance, fatty liver, intestine morphology, and serum parameters of overfed geese

In geese, overfeeding induces hepatic steatosis and makes the liver functions enhanced. Aluminosilicate absorbs toxins created by moulds in animal feeds and enhances nutrient absorption. In the present study, the effects of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (Improved HSCAS, Jumpstar) on the growth performance, fatty liver, serum parameters, and intestinal morphology of overfed Landes geese were evaluated. The study included two Control groups, a non-overfed Control (Control I) and an overfed Control (Control II), as well as a treatment group. The results showed that compared with the Control I group, liver weight, relative liver weight, abdominal fat weight, intestinal fat weight, villus height, total cholesterol, very low density lipoproteins, lipoprotein lipase, aspartate aminotransferase, IgM, and IgG in the HSCAS treatment group all significantly increased (P &lt; 0.05) at Days 10 and 20. The villus height/crypt depth, triglycerides, cholinesterase, alanine aminotransferase, and serum IgA levels were higher than those in the Control I (P &lt; 0.05) after 20 days of overfeeding. Compared with the Control II group, the relative abdominal fat weight, relative intestinal fat weight, and crypt depth in the HSCAS treatment group were significantly increased (P &lt; 0.05) after 10 days of overfeeding, whereas villus height/crypt depth decreased (P &lt; 0.05). Relative liver weight and IgA were higher in HACAS group after 20 days’ overfeeding (P &lt; 0.05). HSCAS treatment also led to higher cholinesterase, very low density lipoproteins and decreased lipase, alanine aminotransferase (P &gt; 0.05), and decreased aspartate aminotransferase levels than those in the Control II group (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, HSCAS treatment had a beneficial effect on fatty liver production, intestinal development, and serum parameters in overfed Landes geese, which could enhance the health status of these geese.

Effect of elevated dietary amino acid levels in high canola meal diets on productive traits and cecal microbiota population of broiler chickens in a pair-feeding study

A pair-feeding study was conducted to determine if reduced feed intake (FI) in broiler chickens fed high canola meal (CM) diets per se accounts for reduced growth performance and whether this lower growth rate can be mitigated by increasing dietary amino acid (AA) levels. Five experimental wheat-based diets were formulated as follows: soybean meal (SBM) diet, high CM diet with normal AA concentration, and high CM diets with 3, 6, or 9% additional AA concentration (Lys, Met+Cys, Thr, Ile, Arg, and Val). Another group of birds was pair-fed with SBM diet to the consumption levels of birds fed CM diet with normal AA. There were 6 replicates of 17 male 10-day-old Ross 308 chicks per treatment over grower and finisher periods. Birds fed the CM diets had reduced FI and BWG, but improved FCR (P < 0.01) compared to SBM ad libitum fed birds. The SBM pair-fed birds gained the same weight and exhibited similar FCR compared to CM fed birds. Additional 9% AA improved FCR (P < 0.01) compared to SBM and CM diets with normal AA. No significant differences were observed in ileal digestibility of DM, energy, crude protein, and AA between CM with normal AA and SBM diets. The additional 6 and 9% AA in CM diets increased digestibility of crude protein and some AA (P < 0.05). SBM ad libitum and CM + 6 and 9% AA fed birds had the highest and lowest relative weight of abdominal fat, respectively (P < 0.05). Addition of 6 and 9% AA in CM diets increased relative carcass and breast yields (P < 0.01). Serum triglyceride level was higher in SBM ad libitum fed birds (P < 0.05). The composition of microbiota in the ceca was not affected by treatments. This study showed that reduced growth of birds fed high CM diets is primarily mediated through reduced FI. This growth depression could partially be ameliorated by increasing dietary AA levels.