Patronage Relationships Research Articles

Cultural Interests of a Sustainable City in the Context of Regional Welfare: Novo­uralsk Urban District

The article considers the problems of cultural development of the region (Novouralsk Urban District), interests of the elite and achieving sustai­nability in interaction of the social groups in cultu­ral sphere. They are in line with the broad and relevant problem of implementation of the concepts of “sustainable” (“smart”) city, formed in the early 2000s. The article pays particular attention to the sociocultural po­licy of regions, which is considered in a broad sense, in the context of relations, norms and values cultivated in society and penetrating all fields of its life. The authors focus on the relationship of culture and quality of life. There are analyzed the assessment of factors and barriers to the implementation of positive practices of public-private and social partnership, which are gi­ven by officials of local government and business leaders. The authors give the data of the study conducted in the Novouralsk Urban District in 2017 — 2018, which reveals cultural interests of the municipal elite. People responsible for making decisions in the deve­lopment and implementation of the state cultural poli­cy until 2030 relate to this social category. The article summarizes the answers of 106 respondents belon­ging to this circle. The study results reflect such important characteristics as responsibility of the elite, influence of professionalism on the level of decision-making, human qualities, family and community relations, relations of personal devotion and patronage (which can influence on decision-making) in the organizations where the elite representatives work. More than 1,000 answers of the responding residents of the Novouralsk Urban District demonstrate the relative satisfaction of the closed city’s population with the activities of its cultural institutions.The article substantiates the potential opportunities to ensure a consensus of interests of civil society, go­vernment and business in the formation of corporate policy strategies, as well as the elaboration and implementation of sustainable city development tactics.

Rethinking Idris-i Bidlisi: An Iranian Bureaucrat and Historian between the Shah and the Sultan

A bureaucrat and historian of Iranian origin, Idris-i Bidlisi (b. Ray/Iran 1457–d. Istanbul 1520), is undoubtedly one of the most original and important intellectual figures in the Ottoman‒Iranian borderland in the sixteenth century. He lived in a very turbulent period and established different relationships with Iranian and Ottoman dynasties at the end of the fifteenth century and at the beginning of the sixteenth century. He and his works have been the focus of long-standing historical debates in Turkey that have continued to the present day. Until now, most modern scholarly works on Bidlisi have failed to provide a proper, in-depth textual and historical analysis. As a result, such modern works have come to present a skewed, romanticized image of Bidlisi, largely detached from the nature and dynamics of the historical context in which Bidlisi lived and evolved as an intellectual and writer. This paper provides a realistic appraisal of Bidlisi and discusses the shortcomings of modern historiography on him. By looking at Bidlisi and his corpus, and more specifically at the ways in which the latter was shaped by Bidlisi’s patronage relationships, the paper aims to open up a window into Bidlisi’s evolving mindset and worldview. In other words, through an in-depth analysis of his corpus and new archival sources the paper strives to unveil the intellectual life and career of an Iranian bureaucrat and historian positioned between Ottoman‒Iranian borderland and provide a glimpse into the nature of patronage in the sixteenth century.

Conscription by Capture in the Wa State of Myanmar: Acquaintances, Anonymity, Patronage, and the Rejection of Mutuality

AbstractCapturing people, sometimes by taking relatives hostage, is a common practice for purposes of conscription and law enforcement in the Wa State of Myanmar. Given the unreliability of the local census, as well as the relative weakness of civil government, and registration in a de facto state governed by an insurgent army, the personal politics of capture provides a functional equivalent to state legibility. This personal politics operates based on the reorganization of personal networks between representatives of the military state and ordinary people: first, circles of acquaintances within the military state that provide access to local knowledge, and second, relationships of patronage formed on the basis of those new acquaintanceships, as well as connections of kinship and co-residence. Conscription by capture, however, also requires anonymity; that is, the passive non-recognition of mutuality with strangers and the active refusal of mutuality with acquaintances. This article describes the historical emergence of networks of acquaintances and relationships of patronage as a combination of Maoist state-building and local institutions of war capture and adoption. It demonstrates how conscription by capture relies on relationships of acquaintances and non-recognition, as well as on patronage and the refusal of mutuality. The politics of conscription by capture are contrasted with conscription in imperial states and contemporary nation-states.

The Global Authoritarian Moment and the Revolt against Empire

This article sheds light on the history of anti-imperialism in the years of the global authoritarian surge of the 1930s and 1940s, looking at the evolving relations between anticolonial nationalists and the Nazi regime. At the height of the Second World War, scores of anticolonial revolutionaries flocked to Germany from North Africa, the Middle East, and Central and South Asia, turning wartime Berlin into a hub of global anti-imperial revolutionary activism. Driven by the contingencies of war, German officials made increasing efforts to mobilize anti-imperial movements, reaching out to the subjects of the British and French empires and the minorities of the Soviet Union. The history of Berlin’s anticolonial nationalists illuminates the broader phenomenon of right-wing authoritarian anticolonialism that emerged in the shifting political landscape of the interwar years and reached its peak during the Second World War. In this global authoritarian moment, many anticolonial nationalists, in search of an alternative to (Wilsonian) liberalism and socialism, turned to the rising authoritarian states, which stood for the primacy of the nation and a new world order based on the nation, not multiethnic empires. Cultivating bonds across imperial, national, and ethnic boundaries, they formed a nationalist international against empire, marked by anticolonial militancy and reactionary cosmopolitanism. The article also addresses broader questions of exile politics and international patronage relations in modern history.

The Role of Patronage in early nineteenth-century science, as evidenced in letters from Humphry Davy to Joseph Banks

The recently published Collected edition of Davy's letters throws new light on the importance and modus operandi of Banksian patronage as a means of organizing and promoting science. It demonstrates how dependent on, and manipulative of, Banks's favour Davy's careerism was, despite his later fame as an original genius. Here, I select from the edition some examples that offer new perspectives on how the patronage relationship worked—how Davy fashioned himself to be patronized, as well as how Banks operated as patron. Discussing Davy's activities at the Royal Institution, at the Royal Society and for the Board of Agriculture, I show that his public success allowed him to shift the power balance in this relationship, so that he was able to call upon Banks's support over issues of his choice, and, during the safety lamp affair (1815–18), to cause Banks to take the rare step of entering a scientific controversy in the newspapers. This shift to a highly public medium heralded a significant change: in a new era of widespread industrialization, in which engineers operating outside scientific institutions had increasing scope to put their inventions into production, priority—and the general reputation of scientific knowledge—increasingly needed demonstration before a wider court of public opinion than hitherto. Davy pulled Banks into a new, exposed, position in an expanded and oppositional public sphere. After Banks died, and Davy was no longer a protégé of a powerful patron but was himself in a position to distribute patronage—Banks's successor as President of the Royal Society and Commissioner of the Board of Longitude—the letters reveal the strengths and limitations of Banksian governance in an era in which science was specializing and was increasingly discussed in the national press. Davy rejected some of his predecessor's policies but essentially retained Banks's method of directing science by privately exerting influence and controlling patronage. I suggest that this method was relatively successful at the Royal Society, where Davy managed (uneasily) to incorporate a generation of mathematical savants excluded by Banks; at the Board of Longitude it failed: Davy's efforts to emulate Banks as the promoter of exploration fell foul of institutional intransigence that he had neither power nor influence enough to shift.

ПРОФОРИЕНТАЦИОННАЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ НЕФТЕГАЗОВОГО КОМПЛЕКСА САРАТОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ (1960-1980-Е ГГ.)

The article analyses the basic forms and methods of cooperation of oil and gas enterprises of Saratov district with educational institutions of the region under the conditions of the 1960-1980s. On the basis of archival materials an attempt is made to identify the features, problems and achievements of career guidance. It is shown that close patronage relationship established between enterprises and schools helped to attract school-leavers to work directly in oil and gas fields or to become students of educational institutions of the relevant specialty.

Hukum Islam dan Patronase dalam Penentuan 1 Ramadhan di Bungong Keumang

<p>In 2017, people in Bungong Keumang village started fasting on Thursday, and they did not follow the government's decision to start fasting on Saturday. They prefer to follow the decisions of religious leaders who often overtake fasting, up to 2-3 days. This difference with the government has been going on for a long time, and almost every year has happened. This paper answers the question of why people in Bungong Keumang prefer to follow the decisions of religious leaders in starting Ramadhan fasting rather than following government decision? With in-depth interviews, answers were obtained that the choice of the community was more due to longstanding social patronage relations based on the exchange of values between religious leaders (patrons) and worshipers (clients) that are mutually beneficial to each other. The determination of 1 Ramadhan which is an area of Islamic law is an 'important arena' to strengthen patronage relations. However, at present the client's obedience to patrons is also shifting. The community is increasingly rational in making choices, access to information is also getting easier, and power relations are also decreasing, so the determination of 1 Ramadhan will become stronger into the area of astronomy and Islamic law.</p>

POLA HUBUNGAN PATRONASE DALAM BIROKRASI PEMERINTAHAN DAERAH KOTA BANDUNG

Judul penelitian ini adalah �Pola Hubungan Patronase Dalam Birokrasi Pemerintahan Daerah Kota Bandung.� Tujuannya, 1) mengetahui keberadaan pola hubungan patronase dalam birokrasi pemerintahan daerah Kota Bandung, 2) mengetahui latar belakang keberadaan pola hubungan patronase tersebut, dan 3) mengetahui dampak pola hubungan patronase terhadap kinerja pemerintah daerah.
 Penelitian ini dirancang dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Hasilnya yaitu: 1) terdapat pola hubungan patronase dalam birokrasi pemerintahan daerah Kota Bandung antara walikota dengan para pejabat tertentu; 2) keberadaan pola hubungan patronase dalam birokrasi pemerintahan daerah Kota Bandung tersebut dilatar-belakangi faktor kesamaan almamater, faktor politik berupa penyelenggaraan pilkada langsung, dan faktor kinerja pegawai; 3) keberadaan pola hubungan patronase dalam birokrasi pemerintahan daerah Kota Bandung tidak berdampak negatif terhadap pencapaian kinerja pemda.
 Beranjak dari kesimpulan tersebut, peneliti mengajukan konsep berupa: "pola hubungan patronase dalam birokrasi pemerintahan daerah tidak berdampak negatif terhadap capaian kinerja pemerintah daerah, jika kepala daerah dapat mengelolanya secara hati-hati dan normatif."

Syrian diaspora mobilization: vertical coordination, patronage relations, and the challenges of fragmentation in the pursuit of transitional justice

ABSTRACTThe 2011 Syrian uprising saw the rise of several Syrian diaspora organizations seeking transitional justice (TJ). In this article, we ask why these organizations have been unable to present a coherent and unified TJ agenda. We show how a sequence of mechanisms (transnational brokerage, vertical coordination, and patronage relations) have led to fragmentation in the pursuit of justice. The analysis is divided into two sections. First, we discuss the onset of patronage relations made possible by brokered alliances and vertical coordination. Fuelled by differing conceptions of justice and confidence that the regime would quickly fall, organizations proliferated and fragmented. Second, we show how the entrenchment of patronage relations has largely precluded horizontal coordination, even as groups shifted strategy in the wake of changing conditions in Syria. We then argue that collaborative efforts among diaspora groups have largely failed to overcome the rigid patronage relations established early in the mobilization phase.

«Saint Parthenope»: Naples in Lope de Vega's Drama, an Approach Based on Genres

This paper explores how the representation of Naples in Lope de Vega’s drama varies significantlydepending on the genre of the play. In the historic works, the appearance of the city is linked to campaigns of war and Spanish presence. It causes frequent exaltation of political and military figures, which should be understood as an effort by the Fenix to establish or enhance patronage relationships. This component can also be observed in Amor con vista, an urban comedy, or in Los esclavos libres, a comedy of captivity with byzantine characteristics. Naples turns out to be the optimal place for the picaro to carry out his deceit of pretending to be a knight in El caballero de Illescas, as a distant city in the universe of unreality of palatine comedies, and as a mythical city in El ganso de oro.

Roads to Inequality: Infrastructure and Historically Grown Regional Differences in the Markham Valley, Papua New Guinea

ABSTRACTRoads are one of the most salient symbols of development and modernity for rural citizens of Papua New Guinea (PNG). Multinational corporations, members of parliament, and villagers frequently point to roads as a key to development. However, while roads routinely improve the incomes of those connected, many of their effects are far less scrutable. Here, we examine the economic and social consequences of two roads, the Wau‐Bulolo Highway and Highlands Highway, for two villages in PNG's Morobe Province, and consider the processes that make their outcomes so different. Tracing the history of the two highways and considering a contrasting pair of case‐studies, we explore how roads simultaneously bolster income and drive interregional economic divergence. We demonstrate how the spatial and historical contexts the Highways run through, coupled with the relationships of patronage and dependence they rely on, produce contingent social outcomes and shape local ambivalence towards the outcomes of roads.

Sulla, i Caecilii Metelli e Lanuvium

This article aims at throwing light on the connection between the municipal elite of Lanuvium and some members of Rome’s senatorial aristocracy. In particular, from the examination of the sources, a picture of a close tie between the Caecilii Metelli and the gentes Lanuvinae becomes apparent, allowing one to suppose that a patronage relationship existed between the powerful family and the municipium already in the 2nd century BC. At the beginning of the following century, the city of Lanuvium openly supported Silla. The attitude of the Lanuvian community is characterized by the involvement of the Licinii Murenae in the Mithridatic War alongside the dictator. Further indications of the presence in the municipium of the Caecilii Metelli, particularly devoted to the poliadic goddess Iuno Sospita Mater Regina, can be found in the background of these events.

Caudillismo Masked and Modernized: The Remaking of the Nicaraguan State via the Guardia Nacional, 1925-1936

This article examines the formation of the Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua before and during the period of the Sandino rebellion, US military intervention, and its aftermath (1927-1936). Focusing on the radically abrupt upward displacement of coercive capacities in these eight years of war, we emphasize the agency of Nicaraguans in shaping the kind of institution the Guardia became. We argue that the process of war against a homegrown nationalist insurgency most profoundly shaped Guardia identity and that the Somocista state represented a masked and modernized form of caudillismo, as a political system within which political authority and power resided in personal and patronage relations.

Centurions in roman epigraphy of Hispania : social relationships

El centurión era la espina dorsal del ejército romano. A través del estudio de los monumentos epigráficos hallados en el territorio peninsular analizamos las relaciones sociales establecidas por los centuriones durante el Alto Imperio. La creación de núcleos familiares o la formación de relaciones clientelares son indicadores sociales a tener en cuenta entre los individuos que ocuparon este cargo.

Renting legality: How FLEGT is reinforcing power relations in Indonesian furniture production networks

Over the past few decades, transnational and supranational market-based forest governance systems have been developed to address the complex problems associated with deforestation, by improving the legality and sustainability of timber traded in global markets. This is catalysed by the increasing global production and consumption of timber products and increasing sensitivity of interest groups to how timber products are produced. A broad range of actors is involved in global production networks. This paper discusses how hierarchies and networks of power across the timber production network are encountered and negotiated. More specifically, it investigates the power constellations of wood furniture actors in Indonesia, nested within global production networks: who holds the power, how power is gained and maintained, and who wins and loses over time. Using the case of the timber legality assurance system in the context of the European Union Forest Law Enforcement Governance and Trade (FLEGT) initiative, we demonstrate that legality verification in Indonesia is both entrenching pre-existing inequitable power relations while producing new modes of elite capture. Legality verification requires new knowledge and additional costs that are sometimes beyond the capacity of certain (particularly smaller) furniture manufacturers operators. This has driven a new practice of renting out FLEGT licenses by larger producers/manufacturers to smaller ones in the country. Although the practice implies potential risks (e.g. fines), large companies in Indonesia manage risk by drawing from pre-existing patronage relations. They also appear to find the risk worthwhile, as it produces financial gain but moreover, a new form of control over the market. Meanwhile, small operators and artisanal producers that still aspire to global markets face disproportionate challenges to engage in legality and are becoming more vulnerable as a result of new legality measures.

Beyond Encomium or Eulogy

The relationship between Simon II (220–c. 195 B. C. E.) and Ben Sira bears much upon the context and dating of the Book of Ben Sira. The setting of patronage and reciprocity in the Mediterranean world raises problems with the common interpretation of Sir 50:1–24 as a eulogy for Simon II. The label of encomium for Sirach 44–50, and the identification of Simon the Righteous, are likewise considered. This article explores reciprocity in Ben Sira’s text, as well as Greek, Roman, and Second Temple examples of patronage, including Tobias in the Zenon archive, Jewish funerary inscriptions, Herod the Great, Aristeas, and 1 Maccabees 12. It is argued that a more fitting way of understanding Sir 50:1–24 and the importance of reciprocity in Ben Sira’s text is that Simon II might be considered as alive at the time of writing, and a probable patronage relationship can be posited. An earlier dating of around 198 B. C. E. is proposed for Sir 50:1–24, if not the entire Book of Ben Sira.

Reflexiones sobre la figura de Eric Boman y su lugar en la antropología argentina

En este artículo mi intención es discutir y poner en dialogo las prácticas y la trayectoria científica del arqueólogo Eric Boman (1867-1924) y los modos que ha sido recordado por la historia disciplinar. Primero, reflexiono sobre cómo su trayectoria científica se vio condicionada por; su propia posición socio-económica; el funcionamiento de redes intra y extra institucionales de la época; y las relaciones de amistad, patronazgo y enemistad entabladas con algunos científicos de su entorno tanto en Argentina como en Europa. En segundo lugar, considero necesario desplegar y discutir el lugar ambiguo y marginal que ocupa y que ha ocupado Eric Boman en la arqueología argentina a la luz de una “canonización disciplinar” de Juan B. Ambrosetti. Presento algunas reflexiones sobre la rivalidad y las discusiones teóricas y metodológicas entre Boman y Ambrosetti en vida y como esta disputa fue enfatizada y construida con posterioridad. Al abordar y analizar los escritos de época y también la bibliografía secundaria en la cual Boman y sus aportes a la disciplina son mencionados, identificamos una operación de polarización entre los dos científicos cuando en realidad las prácticas de ambos investigadores en algunos casos convergían. Sostengo que esta polarización está ligado, entre otras cosas, al peso de la especificidad metodológica en la confección de tradiciones disciplinares.

On the Function of Dedications in Early Modern Scientific Books

Abstract Historians of science have studied book dedications mostly as an expression of patronage relationships, but this was not their only reason of existence. In the first part of the article, the general functions of book dedications are analyzed. As a starting-point, the article uses one specific, fairly homogenous genre, the academic disputation. Dedicatees fall into three broad categories: parents and relatives, regents and nobles, and professors. The corresponding functions can be defined as: maintaining an existing relationship, asking for specific favors, and enhancing the author’s credibility. The same functions can be recognized in other genres, although with many exceptions and deviations. In the second part of the article, two concrete examples are analyzed in detail, Rheticus’ Narratio prima and Galileo’s Sidereus Nuncius. As it appears, rather than follow a consistent strategy, their authors had to navigate between conflicting demands and considerations.

Charles Blagden's diary: Information management and British science in the eighteenth century.

This paper examines the diary of Charles Blagden, physician and secretary of the Royal Society between 1784 and 1797. It argues that the form and content of Blagden's diary developed in response to manuscript genres from a variety of contexts, including the medical training that Blagden undertook at the start of his career, the genre of the commonplace book, and contemporary travel narratives. Blagden was interested in the workings of memory and in the association of ideas. This paper reveals the diary's nature as an aid to memory and an information management tool. It argues that the diary assisted Blagden's attempts to secure the patronage of key figures in the eighteenth-century scientific world, including Joseph Banks, the Royal Society and a London-based network of aristocratic women. In exploring the development of the diary, the paper uncovers the role of a material object in aiding the management of patronage relationships central to the career of a significant but little-studied secretary of the Royal Society.

Beyond Encomium or Eulogy

The relationship between Simon II (220–c. 195 B. C. E.) and Ben Sira bears much upon the context and dating of the Book of Ben Sira. The setting of patronage and reciprocity in the Mediterranean world raises problems with the common interpretation of Sir 50:1–24 as a eulogy for Simon II. The label of encomium for Sirach 44–50, and the identification of Simon the Righteous, are likewise considered. This article explores reciprocity in Ben Sira’s text, as well as Greek, Roman, and Second Temple examples of patronage, including Tobias in the Zenon archive, Jewish funerary inscriptions, Herod the Great, Aristeas, and 1 Maccabees 12. It is argued that a more fitting way of understanding Sir 50:1–24 and the importance of reciprocity in Ben Sira’s text is that Simon II might be considered as alive at the time of writing, and a probable patronage relationship can be posited. An earlier dating of around 198 B. C. E. is proposed for Sir 50:1–24, if not the entire Book of Ben Sira.