Environment Relationships Research Articles

An exploration of ecoacoustics and its applications in conservation ecology

Our planet is facing unprecedented adversity due to the global impacts of climate change and an emerging sixth mass extinction. These impacts are exacerbated by population and industrial growth, where increased resource extraction is required to meet our insatiable demands. Yet, the tangible elements of our lone inhabited planet in the solar system are not the only things disappearing or being modified. The sounds of Earth are being altered in ways that may never be recovered. Indeed, we occupy a noisier world in this age of machines that comes at a great expense in the form of sonic extinctions. It is profoundly apparent, yet not widely recognized, that conservation efforts must consider the importance of the sonic environment (i.e., sonosphere). Although sound has been integral to life for millions of years, our understanding of its ecological role has only just begun. Sounds are one of the most important extensions of the organismic inner world, becoming testimonials of environmental complexity, integration, and relationships between apparently separated parts. From a semiotic perspective, sounds are signals utilized by many organisms to save energy in patrolling, defending, exploring, and navigating their surroundings. Sounds are tools that establish dynamic biological and ecological competencies through refined partitioning in the natural selection process of evolution. Ecoacoustics is a recent scientific discipline that aims to investigate the role of sound in ecological processes. Despite its youth, Ecoacoustics has had rapid theoretical and applied growth, consolidating a diverse array of research on the ecology of sounds across many disciplines. Here, we present how Ecoacoustics plays a significant role in conservation ecology by exploring the discipline's theoretical framework, new descriptors of sonic complexity, and innovative methods for supporting conservation efforts from singular species to entire landscapes across local and global scales. The combination of automated recording units and ecoacoustic indices present a very promising approach to the study of remote areas, rare species, and data rich analyses. While Ecoacoustics scientists continue to explore this new scientific horizon, we encourage others to consider Ecoacoustics in their conservation agendas because of its application to the study and management of terrestrial, marine, and freshwater habitats.

Peran Konseling Keluarga Dalam Memperbaiki Hubugan Orang Tua dan Anak di Lingkungan Keluarga

This research aims to explain research findings regarding the role of parents in instilling character values ??in children and the way families and people behave in educating children. Apart from that, this method can help families improve the relationship between parents and children in the family environment. This research is qualitative research that uses descriptive analysis to determine the role of counseling in improving parent-child relationships in the family environment. Research results are summarized based on research focus. According to research, the first is the cause of family conflict between parents and children, the second is the family counseling process, the first research is the cause of family conflict between parents and children, the second is the family counseling process which can identify basic problems in the relationship between parents and children, third namely the counseling approach most commonly used to improve the relationship between parents and children and finally the family counseling process which can help improve communication between parents and children.

Topography and soil variables drive the plant community distribution pattern and species richness in the Arjo-Diga forest in western Ethiopia.

Understanding plant community characteristics, distributions, and environmental relationships is crucial for sustainable forest management. Thus, this study examined the relationships between plant community composition and topographic and soil variables within the Arjo-Diga forest. Vegetation data were collected from 72 nested plots (30 × 30 m2 and 2 × 2 m2) systematically laid along nine transects spaced 300 to 700 m apart. Environmental variables, including soil properties and anthropogenic disturbance, were recorded within each main plot. Agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) using R software were employed to identify distinct plant community types and examine their relationships with environmental factors. The Shannon‒Wiener diversity index was calculated to quantify and compare species diversity among the identified community types. The analysis revealed five distinct plant community types: 1: Maesa lanceolata-Ehretia cymosa, 2: Trichilia dregeana-Flacourtia indica, 3: Acacia abyssinica-Millettia ferruginea, 4: Combretum collinum-Croton macrostachyus, and 5: Terminalia macroptera-Piliostigma thonningii. The CCA results highlighted the significant influence (p < 0.05) of altitude, CEC, TN, and disturbance on species distribution and plant community formation. The findings indicate that variation in plant communities is closely associated with altitude, TN, and CEC, as well as with disturbance factors such as human interventions, with elevation being the most influential factor. Based on these findings, it is recommended that conservation plans consider the effects of human interventions to address the challenges in conserving forests in the future. Additionally, further research efforts should focus on mitigating disturbance factors and understanding the environmental variables that affect forests to improve their protection.

The Relationship of Information Technology, School Environment, Emotional Intelligence, and Intellectual Intelligence on the Learning Achievement of Students

The Relationship of Information Technology, School Environment, Emotional Intelligence, and Intellectual Intelligence on the Learning Achievement of Students

BIRDS COMMUNITY AS A COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SYSTEM: SPATIO- TEMPORAL PATTERNS IN AN PERUVIAN ANDEAN AGROECOSYSTEM

The interpretation of biological communities as complex adaptive systems aims to demonstrate their ecological patterns at different scales and their environmental relationships. In this survey, we analyzed species diversity and alternative stable states patterns of the bird community in an Andean agroecosystem located on the central-western slope of the Peruvian Andes (Cajatambo District, Lima - Peru), on a temporal and spatio-temporal scale. We evaluated their bird community through 24 line transects, located in seven plant formations along two ecoregions, between 2 700 and 4 600 masl, during the dry and rainy seasons of 2015 and 2016. The temporal patterns did not show differences in species diversity between seasons. We determined the existence of a single temporary alternative stable states; however, we evidenced changes in their species composition between dry and rainy seasons, suggesting a greater functional redundancy in dry season than rainy season due to temporal variability of small granivore-insectivore species. Regarding the spatio-temporal patterns, the plant formations of Polylepis forests, some scrubs and agricultural lands presented high values of species diversity. In addition, we determined eight alternative stable states in relation to one or more plant formations and seasonality. Finally, a higher proportion of regime changes was found in the community alternative stable states located in the Meso-Andean ecoregion as opposed to the Puna-Humid ecoregion, which would suggest that this bird community has a greater self- organization and adaptability in the face of environmental stochasticity.

BIRDS COMMUNITY AS A COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SYSTEM SPATIO- TEMPORAL PATTERNS IN AN PERUVIAN ANDEAN AGROECOSYSTEM

The interpretation of biological communities as complex adaptive systems aims to demonstrate their ecological patterns at different scales and their environmental relationships. In this survey, we analyzed species diversity and alternative stable states patterns of the bird community in an Andean agroecosystem located on the central-western slope of the Peruvian Andes (Cajatambo District, Lima - Peru), on a temporal and spatio-temporal scale. We evaluated their bird community through 24 line transects, located in seven plant formations along two ecoregions, between 2 700 and 4 600 masl, during the dry and rainy seasons of 2015 and 2016. The temporal patterns did not show differences in species diversity between seasons. We determined the existence of a single temporary alternative stable states; however, we evidenced changes in their species composition between dry and rainy seasons, suggesting a greater functional redundancy in dry season than rainy season due to temporal variability of small granivore-insectivore species. Regarding the spatio-temporal patterns, the plant formations of Polylepis forests, some scrubs and agricultural lands presented high values of species diversity. In addition, we determined eight alternative stable states in relation to one or more plant formations and seasonality. Finally, a higher proportion of regime changes was found in the community alternative stable states located in the Meso-Andean ecoregion as opposed to the Puna-Humid ecoregion, which would suggest that this bird community has a greater self- organization and adaptability in the face of environmental stochasticity.

The Importance of Childrens Living Environment in Building Childrens Character

Children's psychology and behavior development are closely related to their family environment during childhood. Parental companionship and the relationship between the parents are pretty crucial to the development of the children. Existing a good family environment and favorable family relationships will give children a more well-rounded, harmonious, upbeat personality. This essay will use a literature review by collecting information to explore the importance of the family environment to the character and behavioral development of left-behind children in China. The author will analyze the importance of the family environment and children's self-perception to provide a reference to improving the focus of China's children's education. To promote the early integrated development of the children and ensure the development of the family, the children can grow up at the same time. This essay will show the reason causes the childs bad personality and the feasible methods to resolve these problems.

Multi-Parameter Prediction of Solar Greenhouse Environment Based on Multi-Source Data Fusion and Deep Learning

In the process of agricultural production in solar greenhouses, the key to the healthy growth of greenhouse crops lies in accurately predicting environmental conditions. However, there are complex couplings and nonlinear relationships among greenhouse environmental parameters. This study independently developed a greenhouse environmental acquisition system to achieve a comprehensive method for the monitoring of the greenhouse environment. Additionally, it proposed a multi-parameter and multi-node environmental prediction model for solar greenhouses based on the Golden Jackal Optimization-Convolutional Neural Network-Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit-Self-Attention Mechanism (GCBS). The GCBS model successfully captures the complex nonlinear relationships in the greenhouse environment and accurately predicts changes in carbon dioxide concentration, air temperature and humidity, and soil temperature at different location nodes. To validate the performance of this model, we employed multiple evaluation metrics and conducted a comparative analysis with four baseline models. The results indicate that, while the GCBS model exhibits slightly higher computational time compared to the traditional Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network for time series prediction, it significantly outperforms the LSTM in terms of prediction accuracy for four key parameters, achieving improvements of 76.89%, 69.37%, 59.83%, and 56.72%, respectively, as measured by the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) metric.

Leaf functional trait evolution and its putative climatic drivers in African Coffea species.

Leaf traits are known to be strong predictors of plant performance and can be expected to (co)vary along environmental gradients. We investigated the variation, integration, environmental relationships and evolutionary history of leaf functional traits in the genus Coffea, typically a rainforest understorey shrub, across Africa. A better understanding of the adaptive processes involved in leaf trait evolution can inform the use and conservation of coffee genetic resources in a changing climate. We used phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate the evolution of six leaf traits measured from herbarium specimens of 58 African Coffea species. We added environmental data and data on maximum plant height for each species to test trait-environment correlations in various (sub)clades, and we compared continuous trait evolution models to identify variables driving trait diversification. Substantial leaf trait variation was detected across the genus Coffea in Africa, which was mostly interspecific. Of these traits, stomatal size and stomatal density exhibited a clear trade-off. We observed low densities of large stomata in early-branching lineages and higher densities of smaller stomata in more recent taxa, which we hypothesize to be related to declining CO2 levels since the mid-Miocene. Brownian motion evolution was rejected in favor of white noise or Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models for all traits, implying these traits are adaptively significant rather than driven by pure drift. The evolution of leaf area was likely driven by precipitation, with smaller leaves in drier climates across the genus. Generally, Coffea leaf traits appear to be evolutionarily labile and governed by stabilizing selection, though evolutionary patterns and correlations differ depending on the traits and clades considered. Our study highlights the importance of a phylogenetic perspective when studying trait relationships across related taxa, as well as the consideration of various taxonomic ranges.

Climate change, community well-being, and consumption: Reconsidering human-environment relationships in Greenland under global change

We reassess the research on the impact of climate change on society and propose examining the social dimensions of climate change from a perspective of community well-being. We argue that to better understand community dynamics in the Arctic, it is helpful to shift the research focus from the environment and view the environment and climate change as a backdrop to social phenomena. Specifically, we consider the increasing living standards and expanding basic needs that fall under consumption, one of the three domains of economic activity. This represents a shift from the conventional anthropological perspective, which focuses solely on production (food procurement, subsistence) and distribution, to a more balanced consideration of the three economic domains and their intricate relations. This shift also involves moving away from the conventional anthropological theory, which posits that the relationship to the environment influences, organizes, and shapes people's lives, to the reverse: people's increasing needs reshape, rearrange, or alter the human–environment relationship. The perspective of community well-being considers the interplay between the environment, social (local assets), and economic domains (consumption and increasing needs) of community dynamics. To illustrate this perspective in Arctic studies, we draw on two examples from our experience in Greenland: sheep farming in South Greenland and Greenland halibut fisheries in North Greenland.

Design Transformation of The Industrial Relations Peace : Towards A Prosperous, Harmonious and Fair Work Relations Model In The Karawang Industry

The minimum wage is one of the national strategic policies whose regulations are determined by the central government through laws and derivative regulations. The business problem faced by business actors in Karawang is the disruption of business operations due to the freeze that occurred during the minimum wage period at the district level. Even though discovery is a right as an Indonesian citizen, this research aims to initiate an industrial relations peace strategy for companies in Karawang to be able to carry out promotional, preventive, overcoming, and rehabilitative steps. This research focuses on the period 2019–2024 and analyzes the district minimum wage policy, which is accommodated by the Apindo Karawang Regency Leadership Council. The research methods used include literature studies, policy analysis, and interviews with relevant stakeholders such as business leaders, human resources managers, Government and Union Leaders . The results of the analysis highlight significant developments in the industrial relations paradigm in Karawang by identifying factors that influence welfare, harmony, and justice in work relations. The findings of this research provide in-depth insight into the impact of implementing minimum wages on the dynamics of industrial relations in companies in Karawang. This research provides a positive contribution to business as well as a better understanding of the strategies that can be used to achieve prosperous, harmonious, and fair working relationships in an industrial environment. It is hoped that the policy implications resulting from this thesis can provide guidance for stakeholders in developing steps that support the positive development of industrial relations in Karawang.

생태 체계론적 관점에서 본 청소년 자살위험 유발 변인

Objectives The purpose of this study was to explore the factors affecting adolescent suicide risk and to compare middle and high school students as a basis for developing targeted programs. Methods Based on the results of the safety perception survey of 527 adolescents in Ilgae-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, relevant variables were measured and used in the analysis. The suicide risk for individual system, environmental system, and social system factors were analyzed using t-test and analysis of variance. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to compare the risk factors in Model 1, Model 2, and Model 3. Results The risk factors for suicide among adolescents that included individual, environmental, and social system factors were depression, school maladjustment, experience of sexual violence, and experience of being victimized by violence. In middle school students, depression, sexual violence, victimization, and school maladjustment were the most important risk factors for suicide, followed by negative relationships with teachers. For high school students, depression, victimization of violence, school maladjustment, victimization of sexual violence, and negative peer relationships, in that order, and perpetration of school violence were negative predictors of suicide risk. Conclusions The environment and social relationships are more influential than individual deviance as risk factors for suicide in youth. Depression and sexual victimization were major risk factors for both middle and high school students, but were particularly strong in middle school. In high school, relationship conflicts at school were identified as a major risk factor for suicide, with victimization of school violence and school maladjustment being high, along with negative peer relationships. As sexual violence factors were high risk factors in both middle and high school students, it is suggested that gender sensitivity education for adolescents is necessary.

Does industry 4.0 and environmental quality asymmetrically affect South Africa’s manufacturing sector? A fresh insight from nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model

Owing to recent developments and implications inspired by fourth industrial revolution (4IR) technologies in the global manufacturing sector through the Industry 4.0 (I4.0) concept, this study was conducted to discover the impacts of I4.0 and environmental quality on the South African manufacturing sector, considering governance quality. To the best of our knowledge, no study has analysed the long-run and short impacts of I4.0, environmental quality and governance quality on the South African manufacturing sector integrating the bound test cointegration, Fully-Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) & Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) estimations techniques. Therefore, this study attempts to bridge this gap using different econometric approaches. The data used spans from 2000Q1 to 2020Q4. The principal component analysis was used to create Industry 4.0 (I4.0) and governance quality components. In this study, utilising the dynamic NARDL, it is seen that the LCO2, representing environmental quality, possesses positive and significant relationship with the LMVA, but when in interaction with the governance quality variables (GOV, INS, POL & ECO), there exists a positive and insignificant relationship with the LMVA showing there exists a dearth of green innovative technologies in the South Africa manufacturing sector respective of its significance. Utilising the FMOLS and DOLS, the GOV, INS, POL & ECO which represents governance quality, mostly possesses negative but significant relationships with the LMVA, even when in interaction with the I4.0 variable proving the I4.0 technologies have not yet started to be impactful to the South African manufacturing industry at large.

Traditional culture of settlements associated with the natural environment: the case of Yi minority Southwest China

ABSTRACT Traditional culture of settlement is an important medium to record the process of balance between human and nature, and it was passed down from generation to generation in different forms (e.g. sacrificial culture, social structure, belief worship). With the intensification of global multicultural integration, the integration relationship between culture and nature has become an important approach for the protection and inheritance of traditional culture. Now, the relationship between artistic creation and ecological environment has been extensively studied. The scientific consensus regarding the influence of ecological environment on artistic creation has gained widespread recognition. Nevertheless, previous research neglects the relationship of traditional culture and natural environment, as well as different spatial characteristics, which are closely related to agricultural production and living. Based on the in-depth investigation of 23 traditional settlements of Yi minority in Southwest China, this paper conducted spatial analysis based on aerial photography, satellite maps and field investigation to analyze the relationship of culture-environment-space. Our results showed that there are significant differences in settlement space (e.g. landscape pattern, landscape space, architectural form) of Yi minority distributed in different areas. Under the same cultural background, the dispersed layout appears in Liangshan with high altitude and cold climate; the mountain foot layout appears in Central Yunnan and Northwest Guizhou with flat terrain and mild climate; the centralized layout appears in Honghe with narrow valleys and hot climate. These results shows that traditional culture comes from the natural environment, and the settlement space built under the guidance of the traditional culture must be in harmony with the natural environment. Therefore, protecting the traditional culture plays an important role in the sustainable development of urban and rural settlements. In addition, our findings may serve to inheritance and protection of traditional culture in other area all over the world.

JL-TFMSFNet: A domestic cat sound emotion recognition method based on jointly learning the time–frequency domain and multi-scale features

There is a close biological relationship between cats and humans. Emotion recognition of domestic cat meows plays an essential role in human–animal relationships, animal–environment relationships, and animal conservation. This study proposed a deep learning network named JL-TFMSFNet. It jointly learns the time–frequency domain information and multi-scale features to recognize the sound emotions of domestic cats. Firstly, the Mel feature of the domestic cat’s sound was extracted based on the Mel filter, using the proposed Multi-scale Feature Extraction Module (MFEM) to extract weighting information to generate a deeper one. Secondly, the semantic information in the spectrogram was learned from the time–frequency domain using the Time–Frequency Attention Mechanism (TFAM) proposed in the backbone network. Then, the Diverse Branch Block (DBB) module with the different receptive fields was added to improve the recognition performance. Finally, validation experiments were conducted on the self-built dataset Cat_Emotion_Sound (CES) nd the public dataset Urbansound8K. The experiments demonstrated that JL-TFMSFNet outperformed the state-of-the-art sound classification models. The average accuracies of the proposed model in this paper on these two datasets are 94.43% and 96.14%, and the F1-score are 94.01% and 95.65%.

Meso-scale environmental heterogeneity drives plant trait distributions in fragmented dry grasslands

Environmental heterogeneity shapes the patterns of resources and limiting factors and therefore can be an important driver of plant community composition through the selection of the most adaptive functional traits. In this study, we explored plant trait–environment relationships in environmentally heterogeneous microsite complexes at the meso-scale (few meters), and used ancient Bulgarian and Hungarian burial mounds covered by dry grasslands as a model habitat. We assessed within-site trait variability typical of certain microsites with different combinations of environmental parameters (mound slopes with different aspects, mound tops, and surrounding plain grasslands) using a dataset of 480 vegetation plots. For this we calculated community-weighted means (CWMs) and abundance models. We found that despite their small size, the vegetation on mounds was characterized by different sets of functional traits (higher canopy, higher level of clonality, and heavier seeds) compared to the plain grasslands. North-facing slopes with mild environmental conditions were characterized by perennial species with light seeds, short flowering period, and a high proportion of dwarf shrubs sharply contrasted from the plain grasslands and from the south-facing slopes and mound tops with harsh environmental conditions. Patterns predicted by CWMs and abundance models differed in the case of certain traits (perenniality, canopy height, and leaf dry matter content), suggesting that environmental factors do not necessarily affect trait optima directly, but influence them indirectly through correlating traits. Due to the large relative differences in environmental parameters, contrasts in trait composition among microsites were mostly consistent and independent from the macroclimate. Mounds with high environmental heterogeneity can considerably increase variability in plant functional traits and ecological strategies at the site and landscape levels. The large trait variation on topographically heterogeneous landscape features can increase community resilience against climate change or stochastic disturbances, which underlines their conservation importance.

FloraVeg.EU — An online database of European vegetation, habitats and flora

AbstractThis article describes FloraVeg.EU, a new online database with open‐access information on European vegetation units (phytosociological syntaxa), vegetated habitats, and plant taxa. It consists of three modules. (1) The Vegetation module includes 149 phytosociological classes, 378 orders and 1305 alliances of an updated version of the EuroVegChecklist modified based on the decisions of the European Vegetation Classification Committee. Vegetation units dominated by vascular plants are characterized by country‐based distribution maps and data on the dominant life forms, phenology, soil properties, relationships to vegetation regions, elevational vegetation belts and azonal habitats, successional status, and degree of naturalness. A list of diagnostic taxa is also provided for each class. (2) The Habitats module includes vascular‐plant‐dominated terrestrial, freshwater, and marine habitat types from the first to the third or fourth highest hierarchical levels of the EUNIS classification. Of these, 249 vegetated habitats are characterized by a brief description, a point‐based distribution map, diagnostic, constant, and dominant taxa, and a list of the corresponding alliances. (3) The Species module provides information on 37 characteristics of European vascular plant species and some infrageneric or infraspecific taxa, including functional traits (habitus and growth type, leaf, flower, fruit and seed traits, and trophic mode), taxon origin (native vs alien), and ecological information (environmental relationships, Ellenberg‐type indicator values, disturbance indicator values, and relationships to vegetation units and habitat types). Values for at least three variables are available for 36,404 species. Individual taxa, vegetation units, and habitats in these three modules are illustrated by more than 34,000 photographs. The Download section of FloraVeg.EU provides open‐access data sets in a spreadsheet format that can be used for analyses. FloraVeg.EU is a new resource with easily accessible data that can be used for research in vegetation science, ecology, and biogeography, as well as for education and conservation applications.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ADVANCED TRAINING COURSES FOR TEACHERS IN FIELD OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the effectiveness of advanced training courses for teachers aimed at developing emotional intelligence, as well as to assess their impact on the professional growth of teachers and improve practical skills in managing emotions and interpersonal relationships in an educational environment. The study was conducted using diagnostic and final testing, as well as feedback from course participants. Diagnostic testing was conducted before the start of the course to assess the initial level of knowledge about emotional intelligence, and final testing was conducted at the end of the course to measure changes in the level of knowledge. Feedback from the trainees was used to assess the satisfaction with the courses and their perception. The test results showed a statistically significant improvement in the level of teachers' knowledge about emotional intelligence after completing the course. Diagnostic testing revealed that initially a significant part of the teachers lacked basic information on this topic. The final testing demonstrated a significant increase in awareness and understanding of the concepts of emotional intelligence. Feedback from the course participants confirms the positive perception of the material and its practical significance for professional activity. The refresher course has demonstrated its high effectiveness in improving teachers' knowledge of emotional intelligence and their practical skills in managing emotions and interpersonal relationships. The results of the study emphasize the importance of including emotional intelligence topics in educational programs for teachers, which contributes to their professional growth and improving the quality of the educational process.

The niche through time: Considering phenology and demographic stages in plant distribution models

Abstract Species distribution models (SDMs) are widely used to infer species–environment relationships, predict spatial distributions and characterise species' environmental niches. While the importance of space and spatial scales is widely acknowledged in SDM applications, temporal components of the niche are rarely addressed. We discuss how phenology and demographic stages affect model inference in plant SDMs. Ignoring conspicuousness and timing of phenological stages may bias niche estimates through increased observer bias, while ignoring stand age may bias niche estimates through temporal mismatches with environmental variables, especially during times of rapid global warming. We present different methods to consider phenology and demographic stages in plant SDMs, including the selection of causal, spatiotemporally explicit predictors and the calibration of stage‐specific SDMs. Based on a case study with citizen science data, we illustrate how spatiotemporal SDMs provide deeper insights on the coincidence of range and phenological shifts under climate change. The proliferation of digitally available biodiversity and citizen science data increasingly allows considering time explicitly in SDMs. This offers a more mechanistic understanding of plant distributions, and more robust predictions under global change, especially if the reporting of phenological stages and age is facilitated and promoted by relevant data portals.

건강도시 활성화를 위한 N분 도시 전략 활용 필요성

In recent years, as a sustainable urban development idea, the ‘N-minute city’ concept, which seeks to create services and urban facilities necessary for daily life in a short distance and accessible within a short period of time, is emerging. Policy attempts to create a self-sufficient N-minute living area through walking and cycling, rather than focusing on cars, such as Paris’ ‘15-minute city’ and Melbourne’s ‘20-minute city’ are being actively pursued. In addition to compact spatial planning, the N-minute city can promote healthy activities (walking, cycling, public transportation, etc.) and increase social communication in daily life. Accordingly, we raise the need to introduce urban plans and implementation strategies that have been proposed as a way to realize various ‘N-minute cities’ as a way to revitalize a healthy city to create a healthy urban environment and form cooperative relationships between various entities in Si Heung city.