Community Relations Research Articles

The Impact of JD.coms Business Model Innovation on Corporate Performance in the Context of ESG

This study aims to explore the impact of ESG factors on the overall development of JD.com in depth by analyzing the annual report and ESG report released by JD.com. The author studied JD.com's annual and ESG reports of specific years in detail, extracted data and information about ESG indicators (such as energy conservation and emission reduction initiatives in environmental aspects, employee welfare and community relations in social aspects, etc.), and made a comprehensive analysis. In terms of environment, this paper found that JD.com not only built energy-saving and environmentally friendly logistics parks, but also continuously optimized the structure of diversified employees, and continued to increase employees' salaries. After the implementation of ESG, JD.com's profitability has been greatly improved, leading the industry, winning many awards at home and abroad, and being recognized by investors. To sum up, ESG factors play a crucial role in the overall development of JD.com, which has a broad and positive impact on many aspects of its cost control, brand building, talent management, and financial performance.

The Role and Impact of Collaborative Decision-Making in Schools

Collaborative decision-making has emerged as a transformative approach to educational institutions’ governance, addressing schools’ complex social dynamics and fostering inclusive participation. This paper examines the principles, benefits, challenges, and best practices associated with school collaborative governance. Integrating stakeholder voices—including teachers, administrators, students, and parents—not only enhances democratic processes but also improves educational outcomes and community relationships. Key theories such as systems thinking and collaborative learning underscore the value of shared leadership and mutual trust. However, barriers such as resistance to change, time constraints, and inadequate training impede its implementation. By adopting strategic practices like transparent communication, capacity building, and modeling collaborative behaviors, schools can cultivate environments conducive to innovation and shared ownership. This exploration highlights the significance of collaboration as a critical pathway toward creating inclusive and effective educational settings. Keywords: Collaborative decision-making, Educational governance, Stakeholder participation, Systems thinking, Shared leadership, School culture.

Does Entrepreneurial Motivation Affect Rural Homestay Entrepreneurs' Continuous Operation Intention? The Serial Mediation Effects of Community Relations and Entrepreneurial Performance Perception

Does Entrepreneurial Motivation Affect Rural Homestay Entrepreneurs' Continuous Operation Intention? The Serial Mediation Effects of Community Relations and Entrepreneurial Performance Perception

Top-down rural heritage revitalization and economic development: A case study of Tangwei village, Dongguan, Guangdong, China

Tangwei village, located in Dongguan’s rapidly urbanizing Pearl River Delta region, Guangdong, illustrates the challenges and opportunities of balancing heritage preservation with rural revitalization in contemporary China. Designated as a major cultural heritage site in 2006, the village’s preservation strategies reflect the interplay between provincial policies, local government planning, and a broader national emphasis on tourism-driven economic development. This research examines how government-led rural heritage revitalization initiatives shape cultural preservation in Tangwei village. By analyzing this historic village – designated as a Major Cultural Heritage Site under National-level Protection in 2006 – the study reveals how local authorities strategically leverage cultural symbols and heritage practices to promote tourism development, often in ways disconnected from authentic community traditions. The findings demonstrate that while heritage tourism initiatives aim to enhance the village’s visibility and economic group, their top-down implementation primarily serves government economic objectives rather than addressing community preservation needs. Drawing on fieldwork, visual documentation, oral histories, and textual analysis, the study illuminates the complex dynamics between local governance, tourism development imperatives, and rural heritage preservation in contemporary China. It underscores how traditional cultural practices are increasingly commodified and detached from local communities through standardized festivals and artistic interventions. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of how state-driven rural revitalization policies reshape heritage landscapes and alter community relationships with traditional spaces in rapidly urbanizing regions.

Do I Have ADHD? Diagnosis of ADHD in Adulthood and Its Mimics in the Neurology Clinic.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder that causes difficulties with sustained attention, executive functioning, impulsivity, hyperactivity, and/or emotional regulation. Although many people are diagnosed with ADHD in childhood, others seek diagnosis in adulthood. Many adults have already reviewed available clinical scales or screening tools for ADHD and are referred for evaluation of attention problems by their primary care providers. Key features of the history and examination in a clinic visit can differentiate ADHD from other causes of attention problems in adults. Treatment with stimulant or nonstimulant medications for ADHD can be life-changing for adults with ADHD, increasing productivity at home and work, reducing anxiety and impulsive behaviors, and improving interpersonal and community relationships. This article aids neurologists in differentiating ADHD from other causes of attention and executive functioning problems in adults and in initiating treatment.

Assessing impact of a community-based screening campaign to address social determinants of cervical cancer.

Screening represents a cornerstone of cervical cancer control strategy. However, disparities in social determinants of health (SoDoH) have perpetuated gaps in screening among racial/ethnic minorities. SoDoH including cultural stigma and lack of insurance have contributed to decreased screening among Hispanic women. To increase cancer screening in this population, community-academic partnerships and culturally-tailored media have emerged as promising strategies. This study assessed the impact of a culturally-tailored cervical cancer screening campaign implemented through academic-community-government partnership. Intercept surveys, conducted from 2015-2018 in eastern neighborhoods of Los Angeles, assessed campaign recall, interpretation and screening intention among Hispanic women aged 21-65 after exposure to the campaign. Screening intention was evaluated using Chi-square tests and logistic regression by participant characteristics, with thematic analysis for campaign interpretation. Out of 673 participants, 26.1% were uninsured and 85.9% primarily spoke Spanish at home. Campaign recall was 25.1%, with 64.5% interpreting the campaign's message as cervical cancer screening or health checkups. The campaign's most-liked aspect was emphasis on family (cited by 37.1% of participants). Post-campaign, 89.5% of participants overall were likely or extremely likely to schedule a Pap test, including 83.5% of women who had not had a Pap test in the last three years. Our findings underscore several important strategies to reduce cervical cancer disparities: 1) associating positive cultural values with screening to decrease stigma, 2) combining culturally-tailored outreach with interventions that target other known screening barriers, 3) facilitating long-term community relationships and 4) leveraging academic-community-government partnerships.

Towards a relational understanding of youth lifestyles and wellbeing in climate resilient urban development: insights from a seven-city study of young people

ABSTRACT Supporting youth wellbeing in low carbon ways is a crucial challenge in cities. Seventy percent of youth will live in urban areas by 2050 and urban sites account for 67–72% of the global share of carbon emissions. Young people’s consumption behaviour including energy use is increasingly identified as a key driver of urban emissions. This paper expands beyond dominant individualised approaches to examining urban youth wellbeing and consumption to interrogate the relational contexts in which young people live, their wellbeing aspirations, and the conditions that enable or lock-in lifestyle emissions. Applying a relational lens and thematic analysis to focus group data collected from 332 youth aged 12–24 years in seven cities of the global South and North, the paper examines experiences shaping youth wellbeing in the context of urban consumption activities. Findings emphasised the complexities of “linked lives”, foregrounding family, peer and community relationships as critical in shaping youth wellbeing and consumption. Home was highlighted as a significant relational context, where family relationships impact wellbeing and energy use, through connection, comfort, conflict and compromise. Public space was also valued, but findings highlighted issues of identity and inequality that impact access. Findings also underscored the significance of beyond-human relationships. This cross-cultural research highlights underacknowledged complexities in youth wellbeing and consumption activities. Discussion proposes ways local government can adopt relational perspectives to advance climate resilient urban development, including cultivating meaningful relationships with youth and prioritising secure housing, access to green space, and care and integration of nature within urban landscapes.

Contestations and cooperation in Muslim–Jewish neighbourhood encounters: A London case study

Religious spaces in the London borough of Barnet provide a lens through which to understand Muslim–Jewish encounters. This case study, pre-dating the 2023 escalation in the Israel–Gaza conflict, examines community relations in the context of the hegemonic discourses that play into racialisations, power dynamics and cultural connectedness through minority religious and ethnic identities in superdiverse urban centres. It focuses on a mosque’s application for planning permission in an area with a sizable Jewish population. Contestations and cooperation developed between the mosque and local Jewish communities, with some offering support while others mobilised, eventually successfully, to prevent planning permission being granted. Power differentials around race, class, religious affiliation and access to political power structures emerge in these instances, in which the impacts of racialisations, societal anxiety and communal hierarchy are sometimes overt and sometimes subtle. These complex and multifaceted events can be productively viewed through the narratives that circulate through local relations, social hierarchies, national discourses and culturally charged communal entanglements. This article draws on mixed methods of interviewing, press and social media analysis, and ethnographic observations to explore religious spaces as a lens to local encounters, in a manner that seeks to avoid direct involvement in an already complex incident.

Relationship assessment of microbial community and cometabolic consumption of 2-chlorophenol

The relationship of microbial community and cometabolic consumption of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) in a nitrifying sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was studied. The assessment of the population dynamics of the nitrifying sludge during the cometabolic 2-CP consumption with increasing ammonium (NH4+) concentrations in the SBR showed the presence of 39 different species of which 10 were always present in all cycles. Fifty-five percent of the species found were grouped as Proteobacteria (45% as β-proteobacteria and 10% as γ-proteobacteria class), 30% as Acidobacteria, and 15% as Deinococcus-Thermus phyla. NH4+ and cometabolic 2-CP consumption could be related to the presence and permanence of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) species and heterotrophic bacteria, while the complete nitrification to the presence of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) species. A correlation analysis showed that the complete and stable nitrifying performance (NH4+ consumption efficiencies (ENH4+-N) > 99% and nitrate production yields (YNO3−-N) between 0.93 and 0.99), as well as the increase in specific rates (ammonium (qNH4+-N) and 2-CP (q2-CP-C) consumption and nitrate production (qNO3−-N)), was associated with the homogeneity of the bacterial community (J index = 0.99). The increase in the proportion of individuals of AOB species such as Nitrosomonas oligotropha and Nitrosomonas marina was associated with the increase in qNH4+-N (r ≥ 0.69) and q2-CP-C (r ≥ 0.64) and, therefore, with the 2-CP cometabolic consumption in the SBR. Finally, the increase in the proportion of individuals of heterotrophic species such as Dokdonella ginsengisoli, Deinococcus peraridilitoris, Truepera radiovictrix, and Stenotrophobacter terrae was associated with the increase in q2-CP-C (r ≥ 0.59).Key points• Thirty-nine bacterial species were identified in the nitrifying sludge population of the SBR.• β-Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria were the prevalent (85%) bacterial groups.• AOB and heterotrophic bacteria participate in NH4+ and cometabolic 2-CP consumption.Graphical abstract

Policies and Practice of Force in Nigerian Policing: A Case Study of Yelwa Division Bauchi Police Command

This study aims to evaluate the policies and practice of force in Nigerian policing in yelwa division Bauchi Police command. The research objectives: know the mechanisms in existing policies that police use for mitigating excessive force, analyze the impact of police accountability mechanisms on public trust and community relations, evaluate the effectiveness of existing policies that police use in mitigating incidents of excessive force, assess the influence of training in de-escalation techniques and to access the implicit bias recognition on police officers' use of force in Yelwa division Bauchi Police command. This study employed survey research technique and developed a set of structured questionnaire as instrument utilized in collecting primary data. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques to provide a comprehensive overview of the respondents' perceptions and experiences. The findings indicate that majority of respondents believe that these mechanisms have increased trust and improved community relations, though some still report no change or a decrease in trust, respondents generally perceive existing policies as moderately effective in reducing excessive force, there is room for improvement. The study concludes that current policies require enhancement to improve their effectiveness in addressing excessive force. It recommended that regular policy reviews, improved community engagement, and enhanced transparency in accountability mechanisms. Additionally, it suggests the implementation of continuous training programs to better support officers in de-escalation and bias recognition. Limitations include a small sample size and variability in respondents' perceptions, which underscores the need for further research with a larger and more diverse sample to validate and expand upon these findings.

Graffiti as Method: Spatio-temporal Analysis of Political Perception and Community Relations in Belfast

ABSTRACT This article explores the methodological possibilities that a graffiti dataset offers to a spatio-temporal analysis of peace and conflict. Leveraging our original visual dataset of Belfast’s changing muralscape, the analysis unpacks how messages painted on walls offer a lens into evolving local sentiments, politics, unity, and divisions. We suggest that tracking changes in graffiti across time offers methodological innovation in understanding contested spaces, and, when used as a foundational method, a dataset enhances researcher understanding of violence, avoidance, memorialisation and publicly debated social issues, paving the way for further research on graffiti as a lens for understanding complex societal phenomena.

Ideas and actions “It felt like trying to call people who never call you back”: results of an undergraduate community engagement curricular strategy

ABSTRACT An undergraduate social work program developed a strategy to address student self-reports of low knowledge and comfort levels in policy advocacy and community practice. The pilot, entitled Advocacy-in-Action Exchange, is intended to infuse experiential learning in social policy and community practice courses, hypothesizing that student perception of their knowledge, skills, and comfort in these areas would increase due to the community-engagement-inspired plan. Through community relationships, community profiles, and policy examination, students developed project goals and culminating products with their community partners. Pre- and post-quarter questionnaires were completed by a total of 124 students on the first and last days of the courses. Twenty-nine students voluntarily participated in focus groups. This exploratory study utilized a mixed methods approach and revealed that students reported a significant increase in knowledge in the policy courses. In the community practice courses, students reported a significantly increased sense of importance for macro social work. Themes from qualitative results centered on student difficulty with the ambiguous nature of community practice, increased perception of community practice, and the value of learning through community relationships. Lessons learned promote faculty and community partnerships and encourage educators to embrace creative approaches to community-centered assignments for policy and community practice courses.

“You're Building Trust, You're Building Rapport”: Contributions from Implementers of Health-Focused Community Engagement

Health-focused community engagement (CE) is a common intervention to combat existing healthcare inequity and its disproportionate impact on the health of underserved Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) communities. While health-focused CE may contribute to better health outcomes by establishing feelings of empowerment within the community, strengthening relationships, and increasing a community’s resiliency, the perspective of the implementers is often not considered. The current study aims to address this gap by understanding the experiences, beliefs, values, and assessments of health-focused CE staff. We completed qualitative interviews with individuals conducting health-focused CE and documented their participation in community events to examine the experiences, beliefs, values, and assessments of conducting health-focused CE in underserved communities. Between April and October, 2022, the study team collected data from 26 community events ranging from “very small” (~5 people) to “very large” (~4,000 people), making direct contact with approximately 34 people per event. Qualitative analysis identified three themes regarding the conduct of health-focused CE: 1) mirroring racial/ethnic diversity and language with community members is critical to building trustworthy relationships; 2) while seemingly inconsequential, structural and logistical components are key for building connections that lead to positive health-behavior changes; 3) implementers are driven by and view each meaningful interaction as a piece of the puzzle to create structural change. Evaluating the conduct of health-focused CE through implementor experiences, beliefs, values, and assessments increases the understanding of intervention processes and educates the field on the needs of underserved individuals without disrupting community relationships.

대학상담사의 사회정의 옹호 상담 경험 연구

Objectives The purpose of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of social justice counseling interventions and advocacy work through the experiences of full-time counselors in a college counseling center. Methods Four counselors who had worked as full-time faculty members for more than five years were interviewed, with data were analyzed using Creswell's (2013) case study method. In the within-case analysis, themes that highlighted experiences of social justice advocacy in counseling were identified for each case. In the cross-case analysis, representative themes were examined to derive common themes across the cases. Results A total of 15 common themes and 48 individual themes were identified based on the six types of ACA social justice advocacy model. For client and student empowerment, counselors engaged in personal empowerment, resource building, connecting client with resources within their system, and running student programs. For client/student advocacy, efforts included providing information, building client support systems, and protecting and advocating for clients. For community collaboration, the counselors established networks with external organizations, developed on-campus programs, and fostered community relations. Regarding system advocacy, they engaged in activities to improve institutional systems and establish a robust counseling infrastructure. For public information provision, they conducted prevention and awareness education, special lectures on psychological counseling, and other outreach activities. Finally, in the domain of social and political advocacy, the counselors participated in socio-political initiatives and promoted self-advocacy. Conclusions This study is significant in that it explores the counseling experiences of university counselors through the lens of social justice counseling and enhances understanding of advocacy work conducted in university counseling centers. Based on the findings, the experiences of counselors in social justice advocacy counseling were discussed in depth.

Principal’s pro-social drive: bridging social responsibility and entrepreneurship in school-community leadership dynamics

PurposeWithin the professional paradigm of education, school principals have an important role and responsibility in shaping the organizational climate, culture and practices in schools as well as occupying an important place in the school-community discourse. To this end, this research aimed to reveal the mediating role of pro-social motivations in the relationship between school principals’ social responsibility and involvement in social entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approachA descriptive-correlational structural equation model was deployed to test a novel theory bearing upon existing research. To this end, data from 424 Turkish school principals, collected via a survey, were analyzed using descriptive, correlational and predictive algorithms in SPSS and AMOS.FindingsThe findings revealed a strong positive relationship between social responsibility and pro-social motivation and an even stronger link between social responsibility and social entrepreneurship. Additionally, pro-social motivation significantly mediated the relationship between the constructs of interest.Practical implicationsThese results hold valuable implications for designing effective schools–community relations and school principal training aligned with 21st century educational professional trends.Originality/valueAn original empirical study that combines all these said concepts and perspectives has not been conducted with school principals before. This research contributes to the tremendous potential of school principals to shape a brighter future by finding proactive solutions to persistent inequalities in society through educational responsibility and entrepreneurial leadership in the Turkish context.

A Graduate Tracer Study for the Bachelor of Arts in Theology Program of King's College of the Philippines, Benguet

Acknowledging the requirements set forth by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and accrediting agencies, the researchers identified a crucial need for this study. This study examines the career trajectories and ministerial engagement of Bachelor of Arts in Theology graduates from King's College of the Philippines between 2014 and 2020, evaluating the applicability of their theological training. The research employed an explanatory sequential design, integrating descriptive surveys and semi-structured interviews to gather data from 89 graduates. Two of these 89 graduates were deceased, leaving 87 available for the study. Out of these, 87, 68 responded, providing complete data sets for analysis. Data was collected using a modified CHED tracer template via physical distribution, email, and online platforms. The analysis employed descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Key findings indicate that 76.47% of graduates are in ministry roles such as senior pastors, youth leaders, and worship directors. Due to limited financial remuneration from small congregations, most graduates work part-time and seek supplementary secular employment. The curriculum demonstrated high applicability in teaching, personal development, and community relations, though pastoral counseling ranked slightly lower. Graduates acknowledged the program's effectiveness in preparing them for ministry and bi-vocational careers, including education and social services roles. The study highlights the dual applicability of the program to ministry and alternative careers, recommending enhancements to the internship period, curricular updates, and increased post-graduation support to address the financial and professional challenges faced by theology graduates.

The Role of Collaboration in Supporting Community Resilience Programmes in Post-Disaster Events

The impact of collaboration on the community resilience program for residents of Lumajang Regency varies. For the variable “Strengthening local knowledge”, collaboration is preferable since it allows different communities to cooperate in gathering local information from different perspectives. According to our research, if local knowledge is not strengthened through collaboration, it will actually have the reverse effect—that is, it will not have an impact on catastrophe risk reduction. This is due to the community’s still limited and underutilized participation in government programs for monitoring and communicating the catastrophe response. Different findings were made for the community network and relationship variables, where the influence of relationships within the community network on disaster risk reduction is still non-significant, whether directly or indirectly through cooperative mediation. Because LR is preparing for disaster risk management, community relations or engagement with the authorities regarding the necessity of disaster risk management have not yet been involved. The location, interaction, traits, and interests should all be taken into consideration when forming the community. In fact, LR residents have not yet put this into practice. The findings are similarly important when considering how different variables, either directly or through the collaboration variable, influence leadership, governance, and health. Therefore, disaster risk reduction may be impacted directly or indirectly by the presence of emergency response health services, the creation of disaster-resilient villages, and the creation of a profile of disaster-prone locations. But according to the data above, collaboration can actually have a bigger impact on disaster risk reduction.

Edith Stein’s Phenomenology of Empathy in Parish Ministry

This paper aims to apply Edith Stein’s phenomenology of empathy to offer a paradigm for understanding the human person, which can help to enhance relationships in Catholic parish ministry. People in parish ministry are known for their various functions as ministers called in by the Church to serve the pastoral needs of other people in the parish community. However, the value of individuals and relationships in parish ministry seems to be compromised by certain issues of abuse that occur in the Church, which are detrimental to the growth of the parish community. To help alleviate these issues, this paper demonstrates that empathy can be a way to value the human person and relationships in the parish community. Using phenomenological hermeneutics, accounts of empathy are applied to navigate the interpersonal character of this paper, inviting and suggesting rather than imposing interpretations in the people’s experiences in parish ministry. Stein’s accounts of empathy as the essential experience of the other and the foundation of intersubjectivity offer a holistic understanding of the human person at the psycho-physical and spiritual levels. Thus, the relevance of empathy is integral in many aspects of service in the parish ministry, especially in helping to better enhance relationships among people in the Church and in fostering values in every activity of the parish community, including interpersonal and pastoral communications.

Research on the Contribution of The Chinese University Language Revitalization Project to Protecting Students' Cultural Identity: Impact, Motivation, and Challenges

In today's increasingly interconnected world, protecting students' cultural identity is an urgent issue, especially in regions like China with rich linguistic diversity. The Chinese University Language Revitalization Project has become a key initiative aimed at addressing the decline of indigenous languages and cultivating students' cultural pride. This study takes Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities as an example. Qiannan Normal University is a key university located in a multicultural area, and this project plays a crucial role in protecting the cultural identity of its diverse student population. However, the effectiveness of these measures in enhancing students' cultural identity and sense of belonging still needs to be explored, especially from the perspective of students themselves. This study addresses the significant issue of cultural identity erosion among higher education students, emphasizing the importance of language as a carrier of cultural expression and continuity. The decline of minority languages in academic environments not only threatens linguistic diversity, but also affects students' connection to their heritage and community consciousness. Understanding how language revitalization projects promote cultural identity protection is crucial for developing effective educational strategies that promote cultural sustainability. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the contribution of the Chinese Language Revitalization Project at Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, with a focus on its impact on students' cultural identity, motivational factors driving participation, and challenges faced during implementation. Through qualitative research methods, this study aims to gather in-depth insights from students and educators to elucidate the subtle ways in which language revitalization initiatives shape cultural identity and community relationships. This study is not only necessary to fill the existing literature gap on language revitalization and cultural identity, but also to enable policy makers and educators to understand the significance of these projects in higher education. By comprehensively understanding the role of the Language Revitalization Project at Qiannan Normal University, this study aims to provide practical recommendations to improve the effectiveness of similar initiatives across China and contribute to broader discussions on cultural protection in the context of globalization.

Critical Insights Into Public Health Interventions: Partnership, Cultural and Racial Tensions, and Vaccine Hesitancy Within Somali Communities in the Upper Midwest, USA, and Western Norway.

As the COVID-19 pandemic recedes, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is crucial for reducing transmission and severity, but vaccine hesitancy remains a challenge. The study explored community actions and initiatives addressing vaccine hesitancy among Somali immigrant communities in cities in the Upper Midwest, USA, and Western Norway, focusing on trust factors and comparing members of the Somali diaspora in two distinct social and cultural contexts. Qualitative collective case studies were conducted, involving 14 semi-structured interviews with key informants from the Upper Midwest and Western Norway knowledgeable about initiatives designed to address SARS-CoV-2 vaccine hesitancy. Data were coded in NVivo 12 and analyzed thematically, guided by the Bergen Model of Collaborative Functioning and the Socioecological Model to identify basic and organizational themes. The findings illustrate critical sociopolitical influences on vaccine hesitancy, like racial tensions following George Floyd's murder in Minneapolis and mistrust toward the government in Norway. Effective strategies in the Upper Midwest included maintaining long-term community relationships and culturally tailored outreach and communication to reduce hesitancy. Conversely, Western Norway's less community-centric approach, focusing on translation services without deeper engagement, faced challenges in trust-building. The study highlights the essential role of culturally affirming and community-centric approaches in addressing health challenges in immigrant communities. Trust, fostered through community involvement and understanding sociopolitical contexts, is pivotal in addressing vaccine hesitancy. This research offers insights into designing and implementing effective health promotion strategies tailored to immigrant populations' unique needs. It emphasizes the necessity of integrating socioecological perspectives and community-specific interventions in health promotion practice and policy.