Relationship In Brazil Research Articles

Bahian Merchants and Planters in the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries

A MONG the more perplexing questions of Latin American history is the nature of the relationship between the landed creole aristocracy and merchant communities in the major colonial cities. In the case of Brazil, historians have long assumed that the planters, who dominated the colony socially and politically, and the urban merchants, who controlled credit and marketing, constituted two distinct and generally hostile groups.' In his wellknown study, A. J. R. Russell-Wood sought to show that in Bahia the merchants began to gain ascendancy over the planters around 1700 and by the middle of the eighteenth century had attained dominance in the political and social spheres as well as in the economic.2 This theory in turn has been challenged by John Kennedy, whose research indicated that the planters remained very active in the social and political life of Salvador throughout the late colonial period.3 Most previous discussions of the planter-merchant relationship in Brazil have been limited by a lack of information concerning the merchant communities in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries:

THE PATRON‐DEPENDANT RELATIONSHIP IN BRAZIL: A PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION

SummaryThe Patron‐Dependant Relationship in Brazil: A Preliminart ExaminationIn considering problems of economic development in the underdeveloped countries, too little attention has been paid to the possibility of a social ethos inimical to changes in work habits. It is suggested that one such obstacle visible throughout Brazilian life is that of the patron‐dependant relationship, which substitutes for self‐reliance a dependence on the assistance of the powerful. This, it is argued, may be associated with the absence in Brazil of a mystique of ‘work for work's sake7rsquo;. Some of the possible origins of the relationship, of its manifestations in rural and urban life, are mentioned, together with some implications for a successful programme of rural change and agrarian innovation.

The Holy see and the Question of the Bishop-Elect of Rio, 1833-1839

On march 22, 1833, the regency of Brazil in the name of the emperor, by virtue of the privileges of ecclesiastical patronage which the crown enjoyed, appointed Dr. Antônio Maria de Moura to the See of Rio de Janeiro, vacant since the death of the eighth bishop, Dom José Caetano da Silva Coutinho, on January 27, 1833. In accordance with the usual practice, the regency petitioned Pope Gregory XVI on April 30 of the same year to confirm the appointment by sending the appropriate bulls of institution without which (since collation is effected solely by institution of the Roman Pontiff) the bishop-elect could not be consecrated and enthroned and, in the case of Brazil, could not exercise jurisdiction over the diocese or administer it. When Gregory refused to confirm Dr. Moura, for reasons which will later be made clear, the Imperial Government and the Holy See became involved in a dispute more bitter and prolonged than any of the many disputes between the two powers that characterize the history of the church-state relationship in Brazil from the proclamation of the independence of the country in 1822 to the abrogation of the union and the renunciation of patronage by the government in 1890.