Adolescent Relationships Research Articles

СВЯЗЬ ТИПА СЕМЕЙНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ С РАЗВИТИЕМ КОМПЕТЕНЦИИ САМОРЕГУЛЯЦИИ ДЕВИАНТНЫХ ПОДРОСТКОВ

The article presents the results of a study of the development of self- regulation competence and the type of family relationships in adolescents with deviant and normative behavior. 113 families took part in the study, including 55 prosperous families with adolescents of normative behavior and 58 dysfunctional families with adolescents of deviant behavior under the patronage control of the Municipal Budgetary Institution City Prevention Center "Teenager", Izhevsk. It was revealed that the levels of development of self-regulation and its regulatory processes in adolescents with deviant behavior are qualitatively different from their normally developing peers. It is shown that family relationships affect the level of development of self-regulation competence in deviant adolescents and can become a prerequisite for the formation of specific regulatory features of conscious self-regulation, which will act as resources for achieving / not achieving educational, personal goals, self-activity, socialization and success in various activities. A significant multidirectional relationship was found between the type of family relationships and the development of self-regulation competence in deviant and normative adolescents. The data obtained can be used when working with deviant adolescents and their families in educational organizations and social services.

Psychosocial determinants of adolescent romantic relationship in Malaysia: Social media use, pornography surfing, sexual and reproductive health knowledge, and depression.

It is socially natural that adolescents engage in romantic relationship. However, there are negative health implications when they are not properly monitored and guided. The engagement in unsafe sexual practices has been reported to cause various adverse health and social implications affecting Malaysian adolescents. To date, why adolescents engage in romantic relationship has remained understudied. Prior studies on adolescent romantic relationship mainly focused on the western context. Hence, the reported findings are deemed not applicable for the Malaysian population. There are insufficient data on the prevalence and determinants of adolescent romantic relationship within the Malaysian context. Thus, the current study aimed to identify the prevalence and determinants of romantic relationship among adolescents in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Adopting a cross-sectional research design, this study's self-administered questionnaire survey, which was conducted from 25 May 2021 to 5 June 2021 in residential areas that were part of the "Healthy Community Empowers the Nation" programme (KOSPEN), involved 396 adolescents who fulfilled the study's selection criteria. In terms of age, the respondents were of between 14 and 19 years old, with median age (IQR) of 19 (2). Adolescent romantic relationship in this study recorded prevalence of 24.1%, which was comparatively lower than that of the western countries. The results further revealed social media use (AOR: 2.162, 95% CI: 1.202-3.888, p = 0.01), pornography website surfing (AOR 2.748, 95% CI: 1.517-4.977, p = 0.001), poor SRH knowledge (AOR: 3.885, 95% CI: 2.144-7.040, p < 0.001), and depression (AOR: 2.830, 95% CI: 1.323-6.055, p = 0.007) as significant determinants of adolescent romantic relationship. Thus, this study demonstrated the significant role of social media use, pornography website surfing, SRH knowledge, and depression on adolescent romantic relationship. Further longitudinal studies to investigate the temporal relationships between depression and romantic relationship are recommended. The highly significant association between SRH knowledge and romantic relationship in this study suggests that strategies on improving the level of SRH knowledge among adolescents should be prioritised.

Irritability and Temperament: Concurrent and Prospective Relationships in Childhood and Adolescence

ABSTRACT Objective Irritability symptoms are closely associated with, and may reflect, temperament traits, particularly negative affectivity (NA). However, there are few empirical data on the relationships between child temperament and irritability symptoms. Method We investigated cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between irritability symptoms and temperament traits from age 3–15 in a community sample of 609 children and their parents. Irritability symptoms were assessed through structured interviews with parents at ages 3/6, and inventories completed by parents and youth at ages 12/15. Temperament traits were assessed using parent reports at ages 3/6, and parent and child reports at ages 12/15. Path analysis and structural equation modeling were used to explore longitudinal associations from ages 3–6 and 12–15, respectively. Results Higher levels of irritability symptoms at ages 3/6 were concurrently associated with higher levels of NA and lower levels of effortful control (EC). In adolescence, higher irritability symptoms were concurrently associated with higher negative temperament and disinhibition. In longitudinal analyses from age 3–6 and 12–15, irritability symptoms showed modest but significant stability after adjusting for the stability of temperament traits. However, there were significant differences in the stability paths at age 3–6, reflecting lower stability of irritability symptoms. Finally, EC at age 3 predicted increased irritability symptoms at age 6, while irritability symptoms at age 3 predicted increased NA at age 6. Conclusion Irritability symptoms are robustly associated with both temperamental NA and difficulty regulating attention and behavior. These findings help situate irritability symptoms within widely accepted temperament/personality taxonomies.

A Dyadic Analysis of Sexual Assertiveness and Sexual Outcomes in Adolescent Romantic Relationships

ABSTRACTAmid adolescence, youth are developing the relational skills necessary to form and maintain positive intimate relationships. Sexual assertiveness is a key skill that could be related to couples’ sexual outcomes (i.e. sexual satisfaction, sexual concerns, and sexual function). However, dyadic studies are lacking, and associations between sexual assertiveness and adolescents’ sexual health and well-being remain underexplored. This cross-sectional dyadic study examined associations between dimensions of sexual assertiveness and sexual outcomes in adolescent romantic relationships. The Actor-Partner Interdependence Model guided analyses of self-reported questionnaires from 110 romantic dyads (aged 14–19 years; M = 16.51). Participants’ gender was considered in the models, and gender differences emerged in the associations between study variables. Path analyses revealed that sexual needs and desires communication, refusal of unwanted sex, sexual intimacy initiation, and comfort talking about sex have significant actor and partner effects on adolescents’ sexual outcomes in mixed-gender dyads. These findings suggest that authentically expressing one’s own sexual needs, desires, and limits in adolescence may influence not only one’s own sexual satisfaction, sexual concerns, and sexual function, but also their partner’s. The aforementioned dimensions of sexual assertiveness could be important targets for research-based interventions to promote sexual health and well-being in adolescent romantic relationships.

Migrant fathers and mental health concern: perceived paternal attachment, self-esteem, maternal nurturance, and mental health problems among left-behind adolescents

ABSTRACT The current study aims to investigate the factors associated with mental health problems to draw the attention of the health experts to design interventions to improve the migrant father–adolescent relationship and their mental health. A quantitative design was utilized to investigate the mental health of left-behind adolescents in relation to paternal attachment, self-esteem, and maternal nurturance. Standardized instruments were administered to 400 left-behind adolescents (LBAs) from two districts in Pakistan using a survey methodology. The results revealed that self-esteem mediated the influence of paternal attachment on LBAs’ mental health problems. Furthermore, maternal nurturance moderated the first part of the mediation process.

Adverse experiences in early intimate relationships and next‐generation infant–mother attachment: findings from the ATP Generation 3 Study

AbstractChronic insecurities that emerge from adverse experiences in early intimate partner relationships in adolescence and emerging adulthood can have profound impacts on mental health and well‐being. Less clear is the extent to which these experiences for parents impact subsequent relationships within and across generations. We examine the extent to which secure, dismissing, pre‐occupied, and fearful intimate partner relationships in adolescence and emerging adulthood, well before becoming a parent, are associated with next‐generation patterns of attachment between mothers and infant offspring. Data were drawn from a nested study of infant–mother attachment (n = 220) within the Australian Temperament Project Generation 3 Study (N = 1167, est. 1983). Intimate partner relationships in adolescence and young adulthood were assessed by self‐report at 23–24 years of age. Over a decade later, infant–mother attachment security was assessed at 12 months post‐partum. Young adult intimate partner relationships defined by high levels of fearful, pre‐occupied, and dismissing attachment styles were reported in 11%, 17%, and 38% of young mothers, respectively. Increases in fear of intimacy in relationships were associated with an increase in the odds, by around 50%, of infant–mother insecure attachments (vs secure; OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.07, 2.28) and disorganised attachments (vs organised; OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.00, 2.22). A mother's self‐reported history of fear of intimacy within young adult relationships predicts later insecure and disorganised mother–infant attachments. Guidance and greater support for young people navigating their earliest intimate relationships may not only prevent adverse relational experiences at the time but also on becoming a parent. Findings have relevance for family and infant mental health therapies. Translating these findings into supported conversations may help prevent infant–mother attachment difficulties, or later repair them, through validation of the lingering effects of early fear of intimacy and empowerment of parents to prevent next‐generation infant experiences of distrust.

Queering the Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory: An Examination of the Conflict in Adolescent Relationships Inventory Perpetration Scale's Measurement Invariance Across Heterosexual and Sexual Minority Youth.

Teen dating violence (TDV) is a public health concern impacting more than half of U.S. adolescents aged 12 to 18. Sexual minority youth (i.e., adolescents who are not exclusively heterosexual) experience disproportionately high rates of TDV. Yet, measures of TDV such as the Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory (CADRI) have been developed without considering sexual identity with items and instructions frequently anchored in heterosexual romantic relationships. Examination of measurement equivalence across heterosexual and sexual minority youth has only begun recently with existing research examining the CADRI's victimization scale measurement invariance providing empirical support for invariance across heterosexual and sexual minority youth. However, no prior research has examined the measurement invariance of the CADRI perpetration scales across heterosexual and sexual minority youth. The current study fills this gap by examining the CADRI perpetration scale measurement invariance across heterosexual and sexual minority youth. Using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis responses from 1,143 adolescents (Mage = 15.88, SD = 2.49) to the CADRI perpetration items were examined across heterosexual (n = 922) and sexual minority youth (n = 218). Results confirmed the five-factor structure of the CADRI perpetration scales, providing empirical support for the appropriateness of the use of the CADRI perpetration scale's scores across heterosexual and sexual minority youth broadly. However, findings of partial scalar measurement invariance on the emotional/verbal abuse perpetration scale raise questions about the appropriateness of mean-score comparisons on this particular subscale. Areas of potential revisions of the emotional/verbal abuse perpetration scale are discussed to facilitate meaningful comparisons among heterosexual and sexual minority youth and to substantiate program evaluation results by groups.

Emotional Regulation and Toxic Relationships in Late Teens Who Date

Introduction: In dating individuals will be faced with problems in relationships where not a few individuals solve them with acts of violence. Dating violence is an indication that refers to a toxic relationship. Objective: to test whether emotional regulation is related to the level of toxic relationships in dating relationships in late adolescents dating in Bekasi City. Method: This study uses a quantitative approach with a correlational method. The instruments used to collect the data were the emotion regulation scale and the toxic relationship scale. The data were analyzed by non-parametric test techniques using spearman non-parametric correlation test. Result and Discussion: A result of -0.483** and a significance result of &lt;0.001 (p&lt;0.01). Conclusions: This study shows the correlation of the two significant variables and produces a negative correlation direction. The higher a person's emotional regulation, the lower the level of toxic relationships, and vice versa.

선택적 함묵증 청소년의 자기표현 및 관계 향상을 위한 미술치료 단일사례연구

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of art therapy in the improvement of self-ex-pression and interpersonal relationships in adolescents with selective mutism. Methods The research subject is a third-year middle school male student with selective mutism who meets all five criteria of DSM-5 diagnosis. The art therapy of this study was conducted from November 2019 to February 2020, totaling 19 sessions. The research subject received one session per week, each lasting 45 minutes. However, sessions that were conducted in parallel with test and counseling, and the interview counseling of father were ex-tended to 90 minutes each. The parents, who were going through divorce, received individual counseling, family counseling session was conducted once, the father, mother, and a homeroom teacher were provided counseling as needed after the sessions with the subject. The study used HTP for examining changes in self-expression of the research subject with selective mutism, and KSD for exploring changes in relationships. HTP and KSD were evaluated by comparative analysis of pre- and post-test results. The process of change was qualitatively analyzed based on the artwork created during art activities, session transcripts, and counseling journals for each session. Results Firstly, in the post-test of the HTP, the size of the drawings increased by approximately three times, the positioning and composition became more stable, the shading in the human figures disappeared and the depiction of a smiling expression indicated an improvement in self-expression. Secondly, in the post-test of the KSD, the size of the drawings increased by approximately four times, and the positioning, pen pressure, use of an eraser being more stable and the inner aspect of the face being apparent indicated an improvement in interpersonal relationships. Thirdly, throughout the progression across sessions, the subject exhibited emotional stability and genuine self-expression, leading to positive changes in both self-expression and interpersonal relationships. Conclusions considering the combined results, art therapy had demonstrated significant effects on self-ex-pression and interpersonal relationships in adolescents with selective mutism.

Correlation Between Vitamin D Status and HBsAg Antibody Levels in Indonesian Adolescents Immunised Against Hepatitis B.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global health problem. Anti-hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) levels increase along with vitamin D levels in adults. However, few studies have examined this relationship in adolescents. Few studies have examined the relationship between vitamin D and HBsAg antibody levels, especially in Indonesia. This cross-sectional study examined vitamin D and anti-HBsAg levels before and after hepatitis B immunisation. All subjects blood was taken to check for vitamin D level. This study was part of the Safety and Preliminary of Immunogenicity Following Recombinant Hepatitis B (Bio Farma) Vaccine in Adults and Children Phase I trial. This study found that 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] status was primarily deficient based on endocrine criteria. The children's hepatitis B antibody response was mostly <10 mIU/mL before and ≥10 mIU/mL after vaccination. There was a relationship between sex and 25(OH)D status, with median 25(OH)D levels higher in females (18.2 ng/mL) than in males (9.8 ng/mL). However, the relationship between vitamin 25(OH)D status and anti-HBsAg levels pre- and post-vaccination was not significant. However, some research found that vitamin D supplementation after immunisation did not impact vaccine response, several studies have reported that vitamin D can decrease HBV replication through various mechanisms, including reducing viral transcription and interfering with viral protein synthesis. There was no relationship between 25(OH)D status and anti-HBsAg levels. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and establish optimal treatment strategies.

Age-related, multivariate associations between white matter microstructure and behavioral performance in three executive function domains

The executive function (EF) domains of working memory (WM), response inhibition (RI), and set shifting (SS) show maturational gains and are linked to neuroimaging-measured brain changes. This study explored ways in which maturation-linked differences in EF abilities are systematically associated with white matter microstructural differences from adolescence into young adulthood. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and nine neurocognitive tests were collected from 120 healthy subjects ages 12–24. Analyses across the white matter skeleton were performed, focusing on fractional anisotropy (FA). Data were ‘fused’ using a multivariate technique (CCA+jICA), producing four independent components (ICs) depicting white matter FA values that covaried with test performance. Correlations between age and IC loading coefficients identified three EF-DTI profiles that may change developmentally. In one, SS performance was linked to greater reliance on the FA of ventral brain tracts, and less on dorsal tracts with age. In another, white matter microstructure was related to a pattern of strong WM and weak SS that became more pronounced with age. A final IC revealed that younger individuals with low RI and high WM/SS skills typically matured out of this cognitive imbalance, underscored by white matter changes with age. These novel multivariate results begin to emphasize the complexity of brain structure-cognition relationships in adolescents and young adults.

Family factors and offline/online risk behaviors among South Korean adolescents: A multidimensional approach using latent profile analysis

The family is a crucial ecological system that shapes adolescent risk behaviors in many ways. However, existing studies have mostly focused on how selective family variables are linked to adolescent’s engagement in risky behavior rather than considering a comprehensive set of family domains. Although new forms of risky behaviors via technical devices are prevalent among adolescents, the relationship between online risk behaviors and family factors has not been fully investigated. In response to these research gaps, the current study aimed to (1) investigate the latent profiles of family characteristics as represented by four domains (parent–adolescent relationship, socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, parental psychological well-being, and family smartphone use); and (2) examine features of latent family profiles most associated with adolescent offline and online risk behaviors. Data were drawn from the second wave of the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS) (N = 2,197), which is nationally representative of South Korean middle school students. A total of eighteen family indicators were used in the latent profile analysis. Five heterogeneous subgroups of unique family experiences emerged: low perceived socioeconomic status (SES), poor family environment, high-quality and low-quantity parenting, high perceived SES, and positive parent–youth relationship. Results from logistic regression suggested that the poor family environment group had the highest risk of engaging in both types of risk behaviors. The findings lend support for adapting a comprehensive approach in addressing various dimensions of family needs and provide insight for future intervention programs and services.

Self-esteem buffers the stress sensitizing effect of childhood maltreatment on adolescent nonsuicidal self-injury

BackgroundAdversity in childhood increases the risk of psychopathology, perhaps by influencing sensitivity to recent stressful life events (SLEs). However, little is known about the stress-sensitizing effect of childhood adversity on nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), whether stress sensitization exists in specific types of SLEs, and the stress-buffering effect of self-esteem. This study aimed to investigate whether exposure to child maltreatment increases adolescent's vulnerability to the effects of dependent and independent SLEs on later NSSI and whether self-esteem buffers this risk. MethodsWe conducted a two-wave study with 18-month intervals. 601 Chinese adolescents completed self-report measures of child maltreatment, SLEs, self-esteem, and NSSI. ResultsResults supported the stress sensitization hypothesis for child maltreatment regarding dependent SLEs, with dependent SLEs significantly predicting later NSSI only in maltreated adolescents. Moreover, self-esteem buffered the relationship between dependent SLEs and NSSI in maltreated adolescents but amplified the relationship in non-maltreated adolescents. In the maltreated group, dependent SLEs predicted increased NSSI only in those with low self-esteem. In contrast, in the control group, dependent SLEs were significantly associated with NSSI in individuals with high self-esteem. LimitationsWe did not collect information on the timing of exposure to child maltreatment. Future studies that assess child maltreatment during critical periods of development may be able to identify sensitive period in which maltreatment sensitizes individuals to stress in adolescents. ConclusionFindings provide preliminary evidence that child maltreatment has a stress-sensitizing effect on adolescent NSSI. Improving self-esteem may mitigate the associations between SLEs and NSSI in adolescents exposed to child maltreatment.

초기 청소년기 학교폭력 피해경험과 교우관계의 관계와 전학경험의 조절효과

Objectives This study examines the relationship between early adolescence school violence victimization, peer relationships, and the moderating effect of school transfer experience.&#x0D; Methods Using panel data from the Korean Educational Development Institute's ongoing Korean Education Longitudinal Study, which has been conducted since 2013, we conducted an analysis of school violence victim-ization experiences, peer relationships, and transfer experiences from elementary 5th grade to high school graduation. For data preprocessing and identifying transfer experiences, we utilized SPSS 27, while for examining moderation effects (multigroup analysis) using structural equation modeling, we employed Mplus 8.3.&#x0D; Results Firstly, experiences of school violence during early adolescence have a negative impact on subsequent peer relationships during the adolescent period. Secondly, transfer experiences moderate the effects of school violence victimization during early adolescence on later peer relationships in adolescence.&#x0D; Conclusions Experiencing school violence during early adolescence had a negative impact on the formation of peer relationships during subsequent schooling. However, it was found that when students transfered schools and joined a new peer group, they experienced less difficulty in forming peer relationships. Therefore, policy alter-natives that allow school violence victims to choose school transfers are needed.

Preliminary Study on the Factors Influencing the Inception of Romantic Relationships in Adolescence

Based on literature that highlighted the importance of romantic relationships in adolescence and highlighted that parental attachment may play a decisive role in the development of romantic relationships, the present research aim to analyse, using tests and questionnaires, possible factors affecting the emergence of romantic relationships in adolescence considering parental attachment, quality of romantic relationships and self-esteem as variables. The data refer to a sample consisting initially of 99 adolescents (43 females and 56 males) between the ages of 14 and 17 years, attending an Italian Professional Institute. Subsequently, the study focused on subjects who claimed to be currently in a loving relationship (N=29). SPSS statistical software version 20.0 was used in the data analysis. The main results showed that a large part of the sample has secure attachment (44.8%), detected by SAT. Some of the main characteristics of love relationships (conflict, friendship, help, safety, intimacy, sexuality and future perspective) were taken into consideration. From the present study, the correlation between attachment and loving relationship does not appear to be confirmed, as claimed so far in the emerging literature, although the limited number of subjects involved may have been a limitation.

Maternal positive coparenting and adolescent ego-identity: the chain mediating role of fathers' marital satisfaction and adolescent peer relationships.

Based on the ecological systems theory and the family systems theory, this study explores the mechanisms underlying the effects of maternal positive coparenting on adolescent ego-identity. This study employed the Maternal Positive Coparenting Scale to assess mothers, the Father Marital Satisfaction Scale to examine fathers, and the Adolescent Peer Relationship Scale, along with the Ego-Identity Scale, to evaluate adolescents. This comprehensive approach involved investigating 522 families, encompassing both parents and adolescents. The results obtained indicate a significant positive correlation between maternal positive coparenting and adolescent ego-identity. Peer relationships mediated the relationship between maternal positive coparenting and adolescent ego-identity. Father marital satisfaction mediated the relationship between maternal positive coparenting and adolescent ego-identity insignificantly. Paternal marital satisfaction and adolescent peer relationship have a chain mediating role between maternal positive coparenting and adolescent ego-identity. The study contributes by offering insights from the perspectives of family and peer relationships for further enhancing the development of adolescent ego-identity.

Analysis of Teenagers' Romantic Relationship Problems

Adolescent love, commonly known as "early love," refers to the act of young people under the age of 18 establishing a romantic relationship or developing a love for another person. The term "early love" is widely used in society and implies a negative conception from society compared to "adolescent love". There are many parents and teachers who do not accept the phenomenon of early love. In fact, can romantic relationships among adolescents really not exist? The paper discusses the pros and cons of teenage romantic relationships as well as discuss discuss the influence be affected by and have an impact on. This paper hopes that people will be able to see teenage romantic relationships from a different perspective. Many people have different views on teenage romantic relationships. The development of adolescent romantic relationships can have an impact on their surroundings and their own personalities as well as being influenced by their surroundings such as family upbringing.

O.6.1-5 Potential moderators of the association between fundamental movement skills and academic attainment of adolescents: a path analysis

Abstract Purpose Fundamental movement skills (FMS) provide a crucial foundation for the development of complex movement patterns involved in physical activity and sport. Further, FMS and skill acquisition are proposed to have a moderating influence on the association between physical activity and cognitive stimulation. Despite this, there remains scant literature investigating this relationship in adolescents. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the association between object control and locomotor skills and subject-specific academic attainment in adolescents, and to ascertain whether this association is moderated by perceived sports competence, sex, weight status and/or maturational status. Methods FMS were assessed in 140 children (70 girls; 12.8±1.9 years) using the Test of Gross Motor Development V.3 (TGMD-3). Numeracy reasoning, numeracy procedural and reading were determined using standardised national assessments and potential moderating variables (perceived sports competence [Children and Youth Physical self-perception profile – Youth], Body Mass Index (BMI) z-scores, and biological maturity [predicted age at peak height velocity]) were recorded. Path analysis was performed using maximum likelihood estimation to analyse the hypothesised direct and moderated associations between FMS and each aspect of academic attainment, whilst controlling for age and sex. The moderating role of sex was subsequently assessed using multi-group analysis and comparing a fully-constrained model. The moderating effects of perceived sports competence, BMI z-score and biological maturity were analysed using the interaction-moderation approach. Results Path analysis revealed a significant association between object-control skill competence and both numeracy procedural (β=0.33; p = &amp;lt;0.001) and numeracy reasoning (β=0.29; p = &amp;lt;0.001). In contrast, there was no association between locomotor skills and any parameter of academic attainment. Perceived sports competence moderated the association between object-control skills and numeracy procedural (β=0.16; p = 0.045) and reading (β=0.25; p = 0.003), while BMI z-score moderated the association between object control skills and numeracy reasoning (β=0.17; p = 0.048). Conclusions These results highlight the importance of object-control skills for cognitive development in adolescents. The continued development of FMS, specifically object-control skills, within cognitively-enriched experiences should be a key strategic aim in the curriculum. These findings are imperative for school buy-in for school-based physical activity promoting interventions.

Features of interpersonal relationships in adolescents with internet addiction

The article is focused on the study of interpersonal relations in adolescents with Internet addiction. The purpose of the article is to identify the characteristics of interpersonal relationships and their relationship with Internet addiction in adolescents. To achieve the research goal, the following psychological tools were used: the «Internet Addiction Scale», the «Dialogic Interpersonal Relationships Scale», and the «Diagnosis of emotional barriers in interpersonal communication». The Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were used for statistical processing of the results, which allow for further qualitative analysis of the data. According to the results of the study, the relationship between emotional obstacles in interpersonal communication and Internet addiction in Internet addicts and Internet independent adolescents was established. The obtained results indicate that with the growing feeling of inability to overcome the desire to access the Internet; a sense of discomfort if you have to stop using the Internet for a certain period of time, inability to control the duration of time spent for the Internet, the inability to control emotional reactions, the ability to restrain or dose the manifestations of unpleasant emotional experiences, increases internal tension, the tendency to inadequate expression of emotions is actualized; emotional reactions are more often inappropriate. As a conclusion, it can be argued that in the group of adolescents with Internet addictive behavior, with the increase in the severity of emotional barriers in interpersonal communication, a number of Internet addiction symptoms such as "inability to control emotions", "compulsive symptoms", "withdrawal symptoms", "inadequate expression of emotions", "dominance of negative emotions" and "unwillingness to get closer to people on an emotional basis" are exacerbated. The results obtained can be used to improve programmes for the prevention and correction of Internet addiction in adolescents.

“Belonging without being”: Relationships between problematic gaming, internet use, and social group attachment in adolescence

Gaming and Internet use are positively associated with benefits for interpersonal relationships in adolescence, with these behaviors when excessive having been negatively linked with positive aspects of interpersonal connections, such as secure attachment. Using a representative sample of 7918 Portuguese adolescents, with ages ranging from 13 to 19 (Mage = 15.5, 53.3% females), and three self-report measures of problematic gaming, problematic Internet use, and social group attachment (secure, anxious, avoidant), this cross-sectional study aimed to examine the associations between problematic gaming, as well as problematic Internet use, and secure and insecure (anxious and avoidant) social group attachment styles, in the groups with and without these problems. In the groups without problematic gaming and without problematic Internet use, excessive gaming and involvement with the Internet were negatively associated with secure social group attachment and positively associated with anxious social group attachment; on the other hand, in the groups with severe levels of these problems, problematic gaming and Internet use were positively associated with secure social group attachment and negatively associated with anxious social group attachment. These results go against what had been initially hypothesized and suggest that in the case of adolescents with severe levels of these problems, they may serve as an effective compensatory mechanism for coping with the negative effects of insecure attachment styles, which in turn likely contributes to the maintenance of problematic gaming and Internet use.