Exchange Relations Research Articles

The development of fishing in the Turkestan region (XIX century – the beginning of XX century)

The article analyzes the formation and development of fishing in the Turkestan region of the XIX-XX centuries. based on new documentary materials and principles of objective research in the source funds of the archives of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation. As a result of Kazakhstan's accession to Russia, cardinal changes have taken place in the political, cultural, socio-economic life of Renion. The Russian Empire, through administrative and political reforms, destroyed the traditional system of governance in Kazakhstan, dismantled it into governors-general, counties, as a result of which ethnic unity and integrity were violated. As a result of Kazakhstan's accession to Russia, Kazakh nomads were able to carry out exchange and trade relations, capitalist, industrial relations began to develop in the course of trade development in Kazakh villages. The article reveals the identity and importance of the region in the development of fisheries in Kazakhstan. The prerequisites for the formation of fishing entrepreneurship in the Turkestan region and internal and external factors that directly influenced its development, the characteristic features of the southern region, the social and ethnic composition of fishermen are described. Key words: Fisheries, Turkestan region, Syrdarya region, fishing, fish processing.

THE PRENATAL NURSING CONSULTATION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF KRISTEN SWANSON'S THEORY OF CARE

Objective: to understand the meanings attributed by Amazonian women regarding the prenatal nursing consultation. Method: descriptive, exploratory, and qualitative study, conducted through semi-structured interviews with the participation of 14 pregnant women in a basic health unit in the State of Pará, Brazil, between the months of August and November 2020. Data were transcribed and submitted to content analysis and supported based on the optics of Kristen Swanson's Theory of Care. Results: prenatal care must be focused on creating a bond and the Amazonian woman's singularity, allowing for her understanding to meet the women's specificities, articulating integral health care, a relationship of knowing and being with the woman and her family, for relationships of exchange and involvement, providing a link to maternal health. Conclusion: concepts from the theory of care allow the nurse to be with the woman and provide individualized, singular, particularized care within the context of prenatal care.

Analysis of heat flows in the eddy current wind generator

In the paper are presented the results of the analysis of heat flows in the wind generator with permanent magnets and. SOLIDWORKS Flow Simulation software was used to determine the circulation and heat transfer and determine the quantitative relations of heat exchange through the thermogenerator at the variation of the heat transfer liquid flow rate from 10 to 3500 l/h. The obtained results will serve for the design of new thermal generators with permanent magnets for domestic hot water preparation systems using wind energy.

A diplomatic trip

Why do infrastructures remain in place if they do not perform the functions which compelled their design? If soft infrastructures such as diplomatic trips do not increase bilateral trade volumes, why do they stay on the agenda? Drawing on fieldwork with businesspeople and government representatives attending a Turkish government sponsored diplomatic trip to Algeria, Mauritania and Senegal in 2018, this article makes three points. First, it shows that businesspeople joined diplomatic trips, not necessarily because they were interested in African markets or because they had the necessary expertise to engage in foreign trade, but because they saw them as practical spaces for improving their relations with Turkey’s Justice and Development Party (AKP) government. Second, it points to how businesspeople believed that participation in these networks offered “a fast track,” enabling entrepreneurs to acquire wealth quickly. Third, it demonstrates that businesspeople participate not only because they seek involvement in relationships of exchange, but also because they believe in the emergence of a grand Turkey, dominant in international politics. In this context, such infrastructures remain intact not necessarily because they fulfill the promises with which they were started, but because they serve legible pragmatic and ideological purposes for a range of users. Overall, this article documents and analyzes how businesspeople in Turkey conceptualize their existing and future presence in African markets, while providing windows into the repurposing of soft infrastructure.

Dual effect of the presence of fruits on leaf gas exchange and water relations of olive trees.

The presence of fruits provokes significant modifications in plant water relations and leaf gas exchange. The underlying processes driving these modifications are still uncertain and likely depend on the water deficit level. Our objective was to explain and track the modification of leaf-water relations by the presence of fruits and water deficit. With this aim, net photosynthesis rate (AN), stomatal conductance (gs), leaf osmotic potential (Ψπ), leaf soluble sugars and daily changes in a variable related to leaf turgor (leaf patch pressure) were measured in olive trees with and without fruits at the same time, under well-watered (WW) and water stress (WS) conditions. Leaf gas exchange was increased by the presence of fruits, this effect being observed mainly in WW trees, likely because under severe water stress, the dominant process is the response of the plant to the water stress and the presence of fruits has less impact on the leaf gas exchange. Ψπ was also higher for WW trees with fruits than for WW trees without fruits. Moreover, leaves from trees without fruits presented higher concentrations of soluble sugars and starch than leaves from trees with fruits for both WW and WS, these differences matching those found in Ψπ. Thus, the sugar accumulation would have had a dual effect because on one hand, it decreased Ψπ, and on the other hand, it would have downregulated AN, and finally gs in WW trees. Interestingly, the modification of Ψπ by the presence of fruits affected turgor in WW trees, the change in which can be identified with leaf turgor sensors. We conclude that plant water relationships and leaf gas exchange are modified by the presence of fruits through their effect on the export of sugars from leaves to fruits. The possibility of automatically identifying the onset of sugar demand by the fruit through the use of sensors, in addition to the water stress produced by soil water deficit and atmosphere drought, could be of great help for fruit orchard management in the future.

Complex Cause-Effect Relationships of Social Capital, Leader-Member Exchange, and Safety Behavior of Workers in Small-Medium Construction Firms and the Moderating Role of Age

Due to workers’ vulnerability in construction sites, workplace safety has become of particular interest, and the current literature offers myriad approaches to dealing with it. From a social and organizational lens, this study explores an empirical model that integrates the dimensions of social capital theory (SCT) and leader-member exchange (LMX) in modelling the safety behavior of construction workers, particularly relevant in small-medium construction firms. The data were collected from 232 construction workers in the central Philippines. The responses were analyzed using partial least squares—structural equation modeling to investigate five hypothesized paths, including the influence of SCT dimensions (e.g., structural, relational, and cognitive) on LMX and LMX on safety behaviors (i.e., compliance and participation). We also tested whether the relationship of LMX to safety behaviors is moderated by age. The results indicate that the three dimensions of SCT have a significant and direct influence on LMX. In addition, LMX directly affects safety participation but does not significantly affect safety compliance. Particularly in small and medium construction firms with relatively flat organizational structures and supervisors displaying diverse roles, these findings suggest that the social relationships of workers tend to promote their trust and professional respect for supervisors who can leverage their position to encourage them participate in safety initiatives. On the other hand, age negatively influences the relationship of LMX to safety participation, indicating that younger workers tend to better translate high quality LMX into initiatives that promote overall workplace safety. Our findings offer the first evidence of the positive relationship between SCT and LMX in advancing the safety participation of construction workers. From these insights, practical inputs to the design of relevant measures and future research works are outlined.

Exchange Relationship between Companies and Competitors in Building Materials Retail Sector in Palu

Abstract
 Relation between firms and competitors are always related with rivalry in profit seeking, but the truth is, both firms and competitors can work together and fulfill each other’s requirement. This research aims to explore how exchange relation happens between firms and competitors in building materials sector retail. Participants in this study were 4 business owner. Data collection was conducted through interviews and documents. This study shows that focal firm coopeti-ed with competitors through informal interactions by several situation that causes them to cooperate and compete. When both sides compete, this research found several things that are being competed by both sides, and when they cooperate, this research found several exchanged resources along with the benefit for both parties. Additional findings in this research are the appearance of coexistence relation between focal firms and competitors which is not the focus of this research, and how there is good and bad competitors in business.
 Keyword : Coopetition, Resource Exchange, Building Materials Sector Retail, Competitor

Viking mercenary activity in Galicia

ABSTRACT The interaction of viking groups with different parts of the Iberian Peninsula was characterised in the medieval written sources as piratic, violent and feared. However, that the most visible face of viking-Iberian interaction was hostile does not mean that other forms of interaction did not occur. Like anywhere else in the viking diaspora, complex relationships of trade, exchange and collaboration also took place. In this article, I will analyse one kind of non-violent interaction: mercenary activity. In order to do so, I will review three case-studies that showcase Scandinavian mercenary services in Galicia. I will emphasise the necessity to understand Norse-Galician contact as constant and multifaceted and underline the role of opportunism in defining viking relationships with Galicia.

Relational Praxis Art: Confronting Epistemic Injustice In Lumpen Community

In a gentrifying Toronto neighbourhood, unwaged/unhoused community members work to maintain their access to a small park that is the heart of their cultural, economic and spiritual practices. Besieged by institutional violence and medicalization, the violences of colonial-capitalism, ageism, ableism, stigmatization and ongoing trauma, their inhabitation of the park is seen to make it “sketchy.” The Friends of Watkinson Park (FoWP) was formed to resist exclusion by gentrification. In working with FoWP I have generated a method called relational praxis art (rpa). With rpa, I engage local materially-based exchange relations and social reproduction practices that build low-income community as a basis for resisting symbolic violence and epistemic injustice: blaming and shaming low-income peoples for the conditions of their lives and the denial of their truths and knowledge contributions. Rpa prioritizes political agency, knowledge production, culture and creativity to generate interventions that assert low-income inhabitation of urban space towards a liberatory future.

Knowledge Transfer in Doctoral Education During the Pandemic Time: An Exploratory Study of the PhD Students’ Experiences

The research aims to explore how PhD students interacted with professors and peers and transferred knowledge during pandemic time. We firstly aim to provide an overview of communication media used by students, as well as to classify them for different kinds, social presence, and media richness. Furthermore, our research also aims to explore how doctoral students took their courses by interacting with professors and with peers, in terms of learning (KT) and social exchange relations (LMX, TMX, POS), through online learning platforms and communication media. We conducted exploratory research on 25 PhD students from 5 Italian PhD Programs in ‘economic and statistical sciences’ area. Data was collected through (a) the focus group interview with PhD students for collecting their opinions and experiences on the usage of media for communicating with professors and peers and (b) an online questionnaire aimed to measure their experiences or perceptions on technology usage and social relations. Results shown that PhD students used e-learning platform for communicating with peers and professors, so developing good social relations -even at a distance- which have encouraged knowledge transfer among them.

Affective commitment, home‐based working and the blurring of work–home boundaries: Evidence from Germany

AbstractAnalysis of data from the representative German Linked Personnel Panel revealed that, overall, the use of home‐based working is associated with a higher affective organisational commitment on the part of employees. However, this is less often the case when the use of home‐based working involves the blurring of work–home boundaries. Perceived trust and fairness on the part of supervisors mediates the association between employees' experiences with working from home and their affective commitment. These results show that experiences with home‐based working shape employees' perceptions of trust and fairness in their exchange relations with supervisors and thus their affective commitment to the organisation. Employees' experiences with home‐based working that reflect its supportive implementation by their employers and supervisors are critical for their commitment. Our results provide the first evidence that in exchange relations between employees and supervisors, perceived fairness is as important as perceived trust.

Exchanged actors behind the creation of sense of place value in indigenous tourism enterprise Karangrejo Borobudur Indonesia

Exchanged actors behind the creation of sense of place value in indigenous tourism enterprise Karangrejo Borobudur Indonesia

Omni-local consciousness

ABSTRACT We present a general discussion concerning the wholeness of what has been called infinite awareness, but here is called Omni-local consciousness. This model of consciousness has an interconnecting structure that has both local and nonlocal features, that is, the model contains local conscious human minds and locates them within an infinite (Omni) background context of consciousness. This holistic model of Omni-local consciousness is exemplified through an examination of its internal structures of meaning, evident in the exchange relations between its two polarities: local minds and nonlocal, Omni consciousness. Following David Bohm's assertion that, ‘The activity of consciousness is determined by meaning’ [10, p. 102], we propose that the content of consciousness in every circumstance is always defined by the metaphysical conditions of meaning.

The Direct and Indirect Effects of Leader-Star Exchange on Nonstar Individual and Team Performance

Current research highlights the importance of workplace relationships (e.g., leader-member exchange and team-member exchange) on individual and team performance. However, there is a lack of understanding of the effects of leader-star exchange relationship (LSX), defined as the dyadic relationships between team leader and team star performer. Drawing on theories of justice, we empirically examine both direct and indirect effects of LSX on nonstar individual and team performance in a three-wave multi-source, multi-level study of 190 teams, consisting of 190 leaders and 798 employees. Our findings suggest that through impacting the collective justice climate (CJC), LSX is positively related to both nonstar individual and team performance. In addition, through CJC, LSX moderates the relationships of leader-member exchange (LMX) and leader-member exchange differentiation (LMXD) on nonstar individual performance such that it significantly influences the direction of these relationships. Specifically, LSX strengthens the positive relationship between nonstar LMX and nonstar individual performance. On the other hand, LMXD is positively related to nonstar individual performance when there is high LSX between the leader and star performers and negatively related to nonstar individual performance when LSX is low. Implications of the effects of the leader’s relationship with star performers are discussed.

Oxidative stress impedes recovery of canola (Brassica napus) plants from waterlogging by inhibiting aquaporin-mediated root water transport

We exposed hydroponically grown canola plants for three days to root hypoxia (waterlogging) followed by re-aeration. Hypoxia decreased root hydraulic conductivity ( L pr ) and the apoplastic contribution to water transport, which impacted gas exchange and plant water relations. However, the most severe reduction of L pr was one day following re-aeration and it was accompanied by an increase in the contribution of apoplast to water flow. After one day of re-aeration, a sharp increase in ROS in roots was measured together with a decrease in transcript abundance of most BnPIP2 aquaporins in roots and leaves. A water permeability assay of these BnPIP2 s heterologously expressed in yeast confirmed that they are fast water transporters. All yeast strains displayed decreased water permeability with increased concentrations of applied H 2 O 2 and exogenous application of H 2 O 2 to plant roots resulted in a decrease of L pr . The yeast H 2 O 2 survival assay demonstrated that BnPIP1;2 and BnPIP1;3 facilitate H 2 O 2 transport and, therefore, the increase in gene expression of these aquaporins during re-aeration likely contributed to plant waterlogging recovery. A gradual recovery of L pr following re-aeration was accompanied by up-regulation of BnPIP s in roots and leaves and the activation of antioxidant enzymes in roots. Net photosynthesis, transpiration rates, and shoot water contents remained depressed one day after re-aeration but recovered over time. Collectively, the results demonstrate that oxidative burst had a decisive impact on modulating the hydraulic recovery of plants upon re-aeration. Since plant injury from root hypoxia involved both the hypoxic event and the ROS burst that occurred soon after root aeration, the ability of plants to recover from waterlogging was partly determined by their ability to handle oxidative stress. • Both root hypoxia and oxidative burst during re-aeration of canola plants had a severe impact on root hydraulic properties and gas exchange. • Increases in gene expression of BnPIPs in hypoxic and reaerated roots likely helped facilitate oxygen and hydrogen peroxide transport. • Sincehypoxia injury involves the hypoxic event and oxidative burst following aeration, waterlogging recovery requires resistance to both stresses.

Enabling and Managing Authentic Experiences: The High-Class Escort Sector in the Netherlands

In this paper we explore how potentially authentic experiences are brought forth by experience providers on a managerial and individual employee level. We do so by researching the Dutch market sector of high-class, agency-based, female escorts, in which the Girlfriend Experience is offered to clients. Authenticity in the experience is treated as a criterion variable; it being a possible outcome of multiple specified predictors. The findings offer insights into which individual behaviours and managerial efforts need to be in place in market exchange relations to deliver a “commodified authentic experience,” thereby supporting responsible behaviour in the organization and enhancing our practical understanding of the employment sector. Within the Management, Spirituality, and Religion Interest Group domain, the basic philosophical categories we deploy offer a necessary and strategically useful complement to spiritual and religious terminology for “creating a better world together” in pluralistic societies.

The Impact of Green Psychological Climate on Organizational Citizenship Behavior for the Environment

In this research, we extend the nascent literature on green psychological climate by studying how it translates into employees’ organizational citizenship behavior for the environment. We argue that a green psychological climate, consisting in injunctive social norms individually perceived, can trigger directly employees’ organizational citizenship behavior for the environment. We also argue that there exist two possible indirect paths: one through organizational identification (i.e., a cognition proximate to employees’ self-concept) and the second through perceived organizational and supervisory support for the environment (i.e., an ongoing social exchange relation in which the employees are embedded with their organization and its representatives). The specificity of our methodology is that we maintain the analysis at the individual level only, as our interest lies in understanding how employees interpret organizational signals, make sense of their organizational milieu, and translate this into actual behavior. Using primary data from an Argentinian large retailing company, we find support for the indirect effects of the green psychological climate on employees’ organizational citizenship behavior for the environment. We do not find support for the direct effect. Overall, this research contributes to uncovering the social-psychological determinants of employees’ behaviors.

Leaf gas exchange and water relations of the woody desiccation-tolerant Paraboea rufescens during dehydration and rehydration.

Desiccation-tolerant (DT) plants can withstand dehydration to less than 0.1 g H2O g−1 dry weight. The mechanism for whole-plant recovery from severe dehydration is still not clear, especially for woody DT plants. In the present study, we evaluated the desiccation tolerance and mechanism of recovery for a potentially new woody resurrection plant Paraboea rufescens (Gesneriaceae). We monitored the leaf water status, leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and root pressure of potted P. rufescens during dehydration and rehydration, and we investigated the water content and chlorophyll fluorescence of P. rufescens leaves in the field during the dry season. After re-watering from a severely dehydrated state, leaf maximum quantum yield of photosystem II of P. rufescens quickly recovered to well-watered levels. Leaf water status and leaf hydraulic conductance quickly recovered to well-watered levels after re-watering, while leaf gas exchange traits also trended to recovery, but at a slower rate. The maximum root pressure in rehydrated P. rufescens was more than twice in well-watered plants. Our study identified P. rufescens as a new DT woody plant. The whole-plant recovery of P. rufescens from extreme dehydration is potentially associated with an increase of root pressure after rehydration. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms of recovery of DT plants from dehydration.

INSTITUTIONAL NETWORK STRUCTURE IN CITARUM WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

To overcome the pollution of the Citarum River, a comprehensive environmental management effort is needed and integrates various programs or activities from various parties. This study will describe the structure of the institutional network among the institutions involved in the management of the Citarum watershed. The aspects studied are the elements of the institution that enable the institution to develop properly and the aspects contained in the institutional network, namely the actors involved, distribution of resources, opportunities for exchange, exchange relations, and network structure. The research was conducted in the Citarum watershed area in Sector 7, Bandung Regency, namely in Baleendah District. Data were collected from institutions identified as institutions involved in the management of the Citarum watershed. The results showed that apart from the Sector 7 Commander, the institutions involved in the management of the Citarum watershed consisted of local/regional non-governmental organizations (NGOs), government agencies, local governments, academics, and the community. Each stakeholder plays a role in accordance with his position and limits of authority and through involvement by the Sector Commander (Dansector) 7 who plays the role of coordinator and is quite dominant in coordinating Citarum watershed management activities. In order for the achievements of this program to be sustainable, this dominance must be balanced with strengthening community capacity to avoid dependence on central government programs.

Impact of Blockchain Technology on E-Commerce Website

Blockchain-based technologies are predicted as major disruptors for numerous business applications and pro Blockchain cesses, which bears huge implications for e-commerce. Given the ability of blockchain and related technologies Distributed Ledger Technology to create so-called “trustless systems” with idiosyncratic properties, various business models and established processes that have emerged over the years to ensure trust, reliability and enforceability in business-to-consumer (B2C), business-to-business (B2B), business-to-government (B2G) and consumer-to-consumer (C2C) relations need to be questioned and potentially adjusted. Blockchain has the potential to shake the foundation of e- commerce by enabling exchange relations that are trustless and operate without dedicated intermediaries or even central authorities in the case of permissionless blockchains. Furthermore, the exchange of information and value between companies and consumers might change considerably by enabling unified access to immutable data along the entire supply chain. In this paper, a framework and 19 high-level research questions are developed to inspire researchers to closely investigate the potential impact of blockchain on e-commerce. The main categories include (a) technological, (b) legal and (c) organizational and quality issues as well as (d) consumer issues. This paper illustrates how blockchain potentially impacts different elements of e-commerce in these respective areas