Different Types Of Relationships Research Articles

Accounting for Credit

This article examines differing accounts of how and why consumers use credit as well as the consequences of credit for inequality and social solidarity. We articulate these explanations as ( a) political economy, ( b) racialized, ( c) relational, and ( d) ranked accounts. The first account looks to the political economy to understand what drives credit use and its consequences. In the second, access to credit and the terms of access depend on the formal and informal rules that support a hierarchy of groups ostensibly based on racial categorization. In the third, the consumer makes decisions about how to use credit as a consequence of how she is managing the different types of relationships implicated in its use. The final account focuses on consumer credit ratings as a categorization process that consumers and businesses use when ranking individuals and when assessing the bases for solidarity; the ratings themselves shape future individual and group behaviors as well as life chances. We conclude by identifying future directions for research.

FLP-ID: Fuzzy-based link prediction in multiplex social networks using information diffusion perspective

The growing popularity of online social networks is evident nowadays and allows researchers to find solutions for various practical applications. Link prediction is the technique of understanding network structure and identifying the missing links in the social network. The two significant challenges of the link prediction problem are accuracy and efficiency on growing and multiplex networks. Well-known methods for link prediction are the similarity-based methods, which use local, global, and topological features of the network to predict missing links. These approaches ignore critical factors such as different channels of interaction, information diffusion, group norms to form new connections. Therefore, a fuzzy-based link prediction algorithm (FLP-ID) in multiple social networks is proposed using information diffusion. First, FLP-ID generates a multiplex network by combining different types of relationships among users and identifying the community structure. Thereafter, the algorithm computes node and relative relevance for distinct fuzzy criteria under group norms. Finally, the likelihood score of each non-existing link is computed to predict missing links. The experimental results show that the proposed fuzzy algorithm accuracy is better than crisp algorithms over the multiplex network. The prediction rate of FLP-ID with F1-score, AUC, and balanced accuracy is excellent, which are improved compared to related methods up to 30%, 35%, and 30%, respectively, on high density and clustering coefficient datasets under multiplex settings.

The Impact of Hypermobile "Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome" and Hypermobile Spectrum Disorder on Interpersonal Interactions and Relationships.

BackgroundPeople with Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes and Hypermobility Spectrum Disorders are hampered in their social participation, especially in the social relationships they have.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to research the impact of hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (hEDS) and Hypermobile Spectrum Disorders (HSD) on interpersonal interactions and relationships.MethodsA phenomenological hermeneutic study was performed. Semi-structured interviews were used to explore the experiences of 11 participants.ResultsFour themes emerged from the data analysis. (1) people with hEDS or HSD can no longer do what they want to do and that affects their identity, (2) people with hEDS or HSD have to find a balance in the amount of activities they participate in, (3) having hEDS or HSD influences how to ask for, accept and give help, and (4) Relationships are affected in persons with hEDS or HSD. As well as changes in the social network, different types of relationships are influenced by the disease, including relationship with their partner, their children, their friends, strangers, fellow-sufferers and health care professionals.

Determination of Romantic Relationship Categories and Investigatıon of Their Dynamical Properties

In studies on dynamical modeling of romantic relationships, it is seen that individuals are divided into four different romantic styles. Most of these studies focused on the mathematical analysis of the dynamic expression of individuals' attitudes or tried to determine what kind of relationship evolution randomly assigned romantic style parameters will create. The categorization of relationship types and finding the general characteristics of the relationships in each category by identifying all combinations of four different romantic styles, to our knowledge, have not been attempted before. To fill this gap in the literature, this study divided individuals into four different romantic styles and identified ten different types of relationships formed by the combination of these four styles. The evolution of the love/hate situation of individuals in each type of relationship was modeled with a linear differential equation system and the short-term development of the relationship to evolve from an initial state was determined. According to the results, it was observed that in some types of relationships, couples achieved harmony in the love/hate mood over time, while in some types of relationships, a couple was reluctant. It has even been determined that the willingness in the relationship enters a periodic cycle. With the findings obtained, it can be determined what kind of relationship the couples are in, guidance can be provided and feedback correction can be provided to their attitudes in the relationship. Overall, this study aimed to be a starting point for the applicability of dynamic modeling with psychometric research.

The grammar of Russian preposition: theoretical aspects

At present, linguists do not have sufficient tools to strictly determine whether specific prepositional units belong to prepositions as a part of speech, so it seems relevant to consider the functional-grammatical field of prepositions, which includes both prepositions themselves and units that can function as prepositions. The aim of this article is to identify, classify and describe systemic paradigmatic relations within the functional-grammatical field of prepositions. The study was conducted on the material of a registry of 3,000 prepositional units, which were collected through a continuous sampling from dictionaries and specialized works, as well as by identifying all possible variants of prepositions on the Internet and the National Corpus of the Russian language. The paradigmatic relations of the units that already have lexicographic attribution were analyzed. As a result, the graphical, morphonological and word-formation paradigms of prepositional units were identified, and their morphosyntactic and semantic paradigmatic relations were detailed. The graphical paradigm is a series of variants of different types: alphabetic, written together or separately and uncodified. The morphological paradigm includes vocalized, accented, incomplete-vowel versions, truncated, softened, differentiated by accent and inflective variants. Within the word-formation paradigm the most productive roots of prepositional units are identified. For the morphosyntactic paradigm, the possible structural subtypes were identified: thus, the form of the prepositional noun and the form of the introduced actant were relevant. In addition, the regularities of paradigm formation were revealed for prepositional units expressing different types of semantic relations. For the semantic paradigm, the dependence of a particular paradigm subtype on the type of semantic relations expressed by the prepositional units has been revealed. Considering the functional and grammatical field of the preposition as a set organized by regular relations of different types, we can identify the grammar of the preposition. Understanding the systemic relations between prepositional units opens the way to predicting systematically possible linguistic units within the field in question.

OLMNE+FT: Multiplex network embedding based on overlapping links

Network embedding or graph representation learning has recently attracted more researchers’ attention and achieved state-of-the-art performance in many areas and tasks. Nevertheless, most of these methods are targeted for monolayer networks and ignore the multiplexity property of nodes which refers to the multifaceted relationships between two elements. Multiplexity provides multiple types of auxiliary information to refine the characteristics of nodes and can be modeled as a multiplex network. In this study, we propose a multiplex network embedding algorithm to learn a unique embedding for each node in each layer or each relation type. A biased path-dependency random walk strategy is adopted to generate node sequences for integrating different types of relations between nodes, which pays more attention to overlapping links and makes neighbor nodes in the sampling sequence more similar to each other. Then the skip-gram model is used to learn an overall embedding over node sequences. To strengthen the expressive power of the embedding in a specific layer, a fine tuning strategy with low time cost is employed to make the embedding comprise information of nodes at this particular layer and preserve their distinctive properties, and the unique embedding is achieved ultimately. To verify the effectiveness of our algorithms, we validate the performance of our algorithm and other baseline methods in the link prediction task. The results demonstrate that the learned embedding can capture the interlayer relationships and preserve the specific characteristics of nodes, and our algorithms can stably obtain better or comparable performance compared with other methods.

Inductive Representation Learning on Dynamic Stock Co-Movement Graphs for Stock Predictions

Co-movement among individual firms’ stock prices can reflect complex interfirm relationships. This paper proposes a novel method to leverage such relationships for stock price predictions by adopting inductive graph representation learning on dynamic stock graphs constructed based on historical stock price co-movement. To learn node representations from such dynamic graphs for better stock predictions, we propose the hybrid-attention dynamic graph neural network, an inductive graph representation learning method. We also extended mini-batch gradient descent to inductive representation learning on dynamic stock graphs so that the model can update parameters over mini-batch stock graphs with higher training efficiency. Extensive experiments on stocks from different markets and trading simulations demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves stock predictions. The proposed method can have important implications for the management of financial portfolios and investment risk. Summary of Contribution: Accurate predictions of stock prices have important implications for financial decisions. In today’s economy, individual firms are increasingly connected via different types of relationships. As a result, firms’ stock prices often feature synchronous co-movement patterns. This paper represents the first effort to leverage such phenomena to construct dynamic stock graphs for stock predictions. We develop hybrid-attention dynamic graph neural network (HAD-GNN), an inductive graph representation learning framework for dynamic stock graphs to incorporate temporal and graph attention mechanisms. To improve the learning efficiency of HAD-GNN, we also extend the mini-batch gradient descent to inductive representation learning on such dynamic graphs and adopt a t-batch training mechanism (t-BTM). We demonstrate the effectiveness of our new approach via experiments based on real-world data and simulations.

Використання систем організації знань на основі онтологій у WIKI-ресурсах

The paper considers the theoretical foundations of knowledge organization systems (KOSs) in intelligent ontology-based applications. The aim of this study is to analyze the use of different types of KOSs to organize and improve the knowledge base of semantic Wiki resources that contain heterogeneous multimedia content of large volume and have a complex structure integrated knowledge from different domains. The dialects of the OWL ontology representation language and their expressiveness for representing special cases of ontologies used in KOSs are considered. The criteria for the classification of KOSs and sphere of their usage are analyzed. Formal model of ontology for semantic Wiki resource is proposed. This model is integrated with various implementing means for different types of relations between objects in the Semantic MediaWiki environment based on templates. Problems of access and retrieval of information in these resources and methods of their solving from the KOSs point of view are considered. The software implementation of the proposed approach with the example of the portal version of the Great Ukrainian Encyclopedia (e-VUE) is realized. The urgency of the problem intensifies by the need for national information resources in martial law situation, for which the determining factors of effective information processing are both the ability to obtain satisfaction of complex information needs and the relevance of the information obtained. This increases the importance of official government portals that integrate reliable data from various fields of knowledge and prevent possible misrepresentation (both accidental and malicious) of information in resources with open content generation.

China as a Responsible Power Amid the COVID-19 Crisis: Perceptions of Partners and Adversaries on Twitter

The challenging COVID-19 context has questioned China’s role as a responsible power but also tested its relationship with other states. This study seeks to investigate ‘How other actors have perceived China’s role as a responsible power amid the COVID-19 crisis’. To do so, we opt for a qualitative approach examining the official Twitter accounts of seven actors that hold different types of relationships with China, namely Brazil, EU, Japan, Iran, Pakistan, Russia, and the USA. We aim to identify the perceptions of these actors towards China as unfolding from January to June 2020, emphasising the empirical applicability of Twitter’s discourse. By adopting the concept of responsible power approached from a Role Theory perspective, this paper contributes to a more nuanced understanding of interstate relations and role perceptions. Our findings indicate that there have been variations in the responses and perceptions other states have expressed towards China while its framing as a responsible power differs significantly during the crisis and its landmark events.

Nexus between construction sector and economic indicators for Turkey and European Union evidenced by panel data analysis

PurposeThe research aims to study the regression, cointegration and causality between the construction sector (CS) and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), considering other variables in the study such as interest rate, taxation, industry sector, investment and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), which are analyzed through unique panel models. The study was conducted in Turkey and the ten other countries of the European Union (EU) from 1988 to 2019.Design/methodology/approachRegression, cointegration and causality methods were used to investigate the different types of relationships between variables in the models. Data were obtained from official databases and the study contains four main stages, which are explained in detail in the methodology section.FindingsThe study used the analysis methods of regression, cointegration and causality tests and found that the CS and GDP have long-run estimates and the relationship between the two for different countries is negative in a two-way direction. Results are detailed in the analysis section.Research limitations/implicationsNo data were available for the variables before 1988 for most countries, which led to a limited number of observations and issues in statistical analysis methods.Originality/valuePreviously, only input and output tables were used in the analysis. The impact of interest rate, taxation, investment and FDI has not been analyzed. Key variables are very relevant for Turkey, which suffers from chronical inflation and taxation regimes. These show variability with the EU countries for comparative analysis and have not been explored to date, remaining as a major gap for the construction industry. No attempts were made to use regression, cointegration and causality methods with variables. These analysis methods enable an understanding of the differences in variance (heteroscedasticity) and the presence of cross-sectional dependence (CSD), both critical for the reliability of the comparison of data sets and analysis.

The Price of Belonging: Price Setting in the Market for Champagne Grapes

Various studies show that social relations between exchange partners affect price setting behaviors. Although scholars expect a broad range of buyer–seller relations to shape price—and different types of relations to have different effects—we have surprisingly little quantitative evidence for these views. This is in part because extant empirical work operationalizes relations rather narrowly, focusing on repeated exchange relations. Drawing on existing theory and fieldwork in the market for Champagne grapes, this paper investigates how community relations and repeated exchange shape price setting behavior. I use unique transaction-level price data to document the effects of these two types of buyer–seller relations. I find that community relations reduce deviations from local pricing norms such that, for an average transaction, grape sellers charge about €1,500 less when the buyer belongs to their village or school district. I draw on rich qualitative data to illustrate what is driving these effects. Interviews reveal not only that social relations infuse in the exchange a logic of action at odds with the logic of markets, but also, importantly, that there is some heterogeneity within the embedded logic of exchange. In particular, community relations appear to be more constraining than repeated exchange for price setters. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2021.1564 .

Requirements document relations

Relations between requirements are part of nearly every requirements engineering approach. Yet, relations of views, such as requirements documents, are scarcely considered. This is remarkable as requirements documents and their structure are a key factor in requirements reuse, which is still challenging. Explicit formalized relations between documents can help to ensure consistency, improve completeness, and facilitate review activities in general. For example, this is relevant in space engineering, where many challenges related to complex document dependencies occur: 1. Several contractors contribute to a project. 2. Requirements from standards have to be applied in several projects. 3. Requirements from previous phases have to be reused. We exploit the concept of “layered traceability”, explicitly considering documents as views on sets of individual requirements and specific traceability relations on and between all of these representation layers. Different types of relations and their dependencies are investigated with a special focus on requirement reuse through standards and formalized in an Object-Role Modelling (ORM) conceptual model. Automated analyses of requirement graphs based on this model are able to reveal document inconsistencies. We show examples of such queries in Neo4J/Cypher for the EagleEye case study. This work aims to be a step toward a better support to handle highly complex requirement document dependencies in large projects with a special focus on requirements reuse and to enable automated quality checks on dependent documents to facilitate requirements reviews.

Об’єктно-орієнтований підхід в програмуванні. Композиційна взаємодія об’єктів

This article aims to consider the types of interaction, in particular the compositional interaction between objects, and to identify the characteristics of individual types. The aim of the article is to clarify the essence of the concepts of different types of relationships between classes. The article proposes a number of theses that illustrate the ambiguity of the interpretation of concepts - types of connections. In the following calculations, different types of interaction are illustrated by examples and one of the options for interpretation and classification of compositional interaction is proposed. Analysis of a number of literature sources and articles in professional forums leads to the conclusion that the question of specifying the types of interaction and determining - which of the types should be implemented in a given case, is quite complex, despite the simplicity of its formulation. Some theses: 1) At the level of the basic definitions of OOP: composition is one of the types of interaction between objects in OOP (along with aggregation and association). But even at this stage, contradictions were found, in some sources the authors describe (suggest) that aggregation and composition are subspecies of association; 2) Many publications consider the interaction of objects at the level of opposition of "inheritance" and "composition". And this approach involves considering the interaction of objects at a higher level of abstraction, it is not considered the mechanisms of OOP, but rather the philosophy of the programming paradigm and the objective way of thinking; 3) In fact, there are no clear formal rules and restrictions (most modern OOP languages are quite flexible) and a specific approach to interaction between objects in building the object hierarchy is chosen directly by the developer (architect, programmer, etc.). The question of compliance of one or another configuration of the interaction of objects with the principles of OOP is very ambiguous. The flexibility of the OOP is both an advantage and a disadvantage of the paradigm at the same time, and this particular issue of the interaction of objects once again demonstrates this fact. There are two main interpretations of the relationship, one formed in the Society of C ++ developers (taking into account the peculiarities of OOP in this programming language), the other is based on the principles and specifications of UML. Thus, although UML placed the terms "aggregation" and "composition" in a specific context ("part-whole" relationship), but the authors of the notation failed to define them clearly and unambiguously, the decision is largely left to the intuition of developers.

Evaluación de costos por daño sísmico en edificios de concreto

The study of earthquakes losses in buildings has traditionally been approached for a single amplification factor of the design spectrum, but it could be useful to use other amplification factors to reduce costs. This paper analyzes the evolution of seismic damage costs in three models based on the performance level achieved by these structures, as well as the amplification factor of the design spectrum. Three nonlinear analytical models of reinforced concrete were analyzed. Each model differs in dynamic characteristics and was designed by scaling the design spectrum for three amplification factors. A firm soil earthquake was analyzed, which was scaled to 22 intensities and with this results, dynamic capacity curves of the studied models were constructed. From the analyses it was obtained interstory drift and maximum accelerations, with which the following seismic damage costs were estimated: structural and non-structural damage, contents replacement, income and profits, injuries and deaths. The results show different types of relations between intensity and each type of loss. They also justify the importance of introducing amplification factors at the design stage to minimize the cost of a particular type of damage.

КИНОТЕКСТ А. ЗВЯГИНЦЕВА «НЕЛЮБОВЬ» КАК МУЛЬТИМОДАЛЬНОЕ ЕДИНСТВО ЗНАКОВ РАЗНЫХ КОММУНИКАТИВНЫХ СИСТЕМ

The field of multimodal linguistics includes live speech as well as simulated speech. By the example of the multimodal text “Loveless” as a unity of signs from different communication systems, the author analyses a conflict-disharmonious discourse. Applying the method of multimodal transcription, the minimal units of three communicative modes (verbal, prosodic and visual) are distinguished, as well as different types of relationships between the selected units. In the chosen discourse, there are different types of relations between elementary units of modes: development and expansion, in which certain subtypes are identified. Keywords: multimodality, communication theory, non-verbal communication

User-based network embedding for opinion spammer detection

Due to the huge commercial interests behind online reviews, a tremendous amount of spammers manufacture spam reviews for product reputation manipulation. To further enhance the influence of spam reviews, spammers often collaboratively post spam reviews within a short period of time, the activities of whom are called collective opinion spam campaign. The goals and members of the spam campaign activities change frequently, and some spammers also imitate normal purchases to conceal the identity, which makes the spammer detection challenging. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised network embedding-based approach to jointly exploiting different types of relations, e.g., direct common behavior relation, and indirect co-reviewed relation to effectively represent the relevances of users for detecting the collective opinion spammers. The average improvements of our method over the state-of-the-art solutions on dataset AmazonCn and YelpHotel are [14.09%,12.04%] and [16.25%,12.78%] in terms of AP and AUC, respectively.

The Relationship Between the Right to Security and the Right to Freedom in Islam and the Study of Formal Rules for Relinquishing these Rights in Iran

This article raises fundamental conceptual questions about the relationship between the right to security and freedom, from the point of view of Islam. Also, in criminal law in Iran, the relationship between freedom and security is examined in all formal laws adopted after the Iranian Revolution. This study was conducted with a descriptive-analytical method using sources and documentary texts with the aim of explaining the relationship between the right to security and freedom in Islam and, at the same time, analyzing the formal rules of renunciation of these rights in formal laws and regulations. It is concluded that in Islam three types of minima, intermediate and maximum relations between security and freedom are conceivable. These three proportions, in addition to fulfilling the existence of security and freedom; introduce different types of relations between the two rights referred to according to the conditions that can be implemented. Likewise, when examining the formal norms, it can be recognized that the Code of Criminal Procedure, approved on 23.02.2014, has eliminated all the defects and ambiguities of the previous law in the field of the right of persons to liberty and personal security.

Comment la présence de l’image influence-t-elle les décisions du traducteur? Étude des relations du couple mot/image dans la traduction filmique

The audiovisual text constitutes an inherent and obvious whole, the components of which, being linked to each other and entering into different types of relations and interactions, contribute to the construction of its meaning. This article presents a study of cases where visual information influences decisions made by the translator and ultimately sometimes changes the translation of dubbed dialogues. In the analysis, the following examples are distinguished:– those in which, under the influence of the image, the translator modifies the source text (compared to the original version) by adapting it to the visual contents of the audiovisual document, or by adding information to the target text;– one in which, under the influence of the image, both the author of the original version and the translator modify one of the elements of a given idiomatic expression.In this regard, contemporary computer-animated films (such as « Shrek 2 », « Madagascar » and « Monsters, Inc. »), aimed at all types of audiences and translated for dubbing, where the visual component plays a prominent role, represent interesting cases.

Life Challenges and Barriers to Help Seeking: Adolescents' and Young Adults' Voices of Mental Health.

Listening to the voices of adolescents and young adults regarding their lived experiences could be a way to identify important skills and abilities for adaptive and positive behaviour that will enable youth to deal effectively with the demands and challenges of everyday life. Hence, the aim with the current study is to explore the experiences and understandings of the life situation among adolescents and young adults of today, by making their voices heard in regards to mental health and help-seeking behaviour. A total of 6 group interviews were conducted with 22 adolescents and young adults (13 girls and 9 boys) ages 17–25 (M = 18.6 years). Data analysis was conducted using qualitative content analysis and resulted in two categories and five subcategories. The first category, Life challenges, included views on the sources of mental health, how to manage different types of relationships, and thoughts on accepted ways to express mental health problems. The second category, The need of present adults, highlighted important aspects for seeking help, such as an expressed need to be seen and heard by adults including parents, school staff, and other professionals as well as a need for adults’ increased availability. The challenges to students’ well-being and mental health are many, and there are no simple solutions. Based on the results in this study, life skills training should include elements to enhance the development of individual coping strategies, to be applied when life feels tough and when the body is experiencing stress reactions. Further, to minimize the risk of self-stigma and the internalization of negative stereotypes and self-blame, life skills training should include elements to increase knowledge of structural factors that have effects on the life situation as well as parents, school personnel, and other important adults.

Deep Learning-Based Community Detection Approach on Multimedia Social Networks

Exploiting multimedia data to analyze social networks has recently become one the most challenging issues for Social Network Analysis (SNA), leading to defining Multimedia Social Networks (MSNs). In particular, these networks consider new ways of interaction and further relationships among users to support various SNA tasks: influence analysis, expert finding, community identification, item recommendation, and so on. In this paper, we present a hypergraph-based data model to represent all the different types of relationships among users within an MSN, often mediated by multimedia data. In particular, by considering only user-to-user paths that exploit particular hyperarcs and relevant to a given application, we were able to transform the initial hypergraph into a proper adjacency matrix, where each element represents the strength of the link between two users. This matrix was then computed in a novel way through a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), suitably modified to handle high data sparsity, in order to generate communities among users. Several experiments on standard datasets showed the effectiveness of the proposed methodology compared to other approaches in the literature.