Family Relationships Research Articles

Prevalence and Factors Associated With Depression and Depressive Symptoms Among Chinese Older Persons: An Integrative Review.

China is the country with the largest population of older persons. Depression is the most common mental health issue among older adults, a trend expected to increase as societies continue to age. With the global increase in depression and depressive symptoms among this demographic, the resulting disease burden poses a significant challenge to health and social care systems in China. To map, summarise and examine the empirical literature on the prevalence and factors associated with depression and depressive symptoms in Chinese older adults, an integrative literature review was conducted informed by the guidelines of Whittemore and Knafl. The literature search encompassed EMBASE, SCOPUS, CINAHL, Web of Science, PubMed, PsycINFO, SocINDEX, China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database and Wanfang Database. The review included 65 studies, 29 in English and 36 in Chinese. The reported prevalence of depression or depressive symptoms in Chinese older adults was 3.78%-84.3%. Based on the biopsychosocial model, the associated factors were clustered as follows: biological factors (physical health, disability, drug effects, gender, age, diets, physical activities), psychological factors (self-esteem, coping skills, trauma, emotions, beliefs, hobbies, lifestyle) and social factors (family relationships, peers, family circumstances, school, residential areas, social support, social structure). This review synthesised research on depression among older adults in China, highlighting varying prevalence across diverse geographical locations. Given the high prevalence among certain older Chinese cohorts, the early identification and assessment of the factors associated with depression is essential to reducing disease burden. The use of the biopsychosocial model provided a theoretical lens to examine depression in this population in an integrative and holistic way. Thus, furthering understanding of the factors that require close consideration in future research and practice innovations on depression in older persons.

Patient Acceptance of Death and Symptom Control/Quality of Care Among Terminal Cancer Patients Under Inpatient Hospice Care: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study.

Patient attitude to death is associated with outcomes in hospice care settings. This Korean study investigated the association between terminal cancer patient death acceptance and symptom control and quality of care (QoC) as perceived by family caregivers (FCs). A multicenter cross-sectional survey was conducted in nine inpatient hospice care units, and the data of 108 dyads (terminal cancer patients who responded to the revised Death Attitude Profile and their primary FCs) were analyzed. Dyads were dichotomized into high and low groups by death-acceptance level. Multivariate regression models were used to examine the association between death acceptance and symptom severity/QoC as perceived by FCs. Patients in the high acceptance group were younger, educated to a higher level, more religious, and had better-functioning families. Patients with severe shortness of breath were less likely to accept the inevitability of death. FCs of patients with high acceptance of death were more satisfied with QoC, particularly in domains of individualized care and family relationships. In addition, the positive association between patient acceptance and FC satisfaction with care was significant in dyads of young or female patients, patients with a low education level, and patients not cared for by a spouse. Terminal cancer patient death acceptance is associated with symptom control and FC perceived QoC.

Paper and Pencil Design of Color-Pure Organic Emitters: The Curious Case of Xanthene Dyes.

The quest for color-pure emitters for multicolor bioimaging as well as for ultrahigh definition organic light-emitting diodes demands facile design concepts to avoid tedious synthetic or computational trial-and-error procedures. We have recently presented a simple recipe to construct color-pure blue emitters, which combines basic resonance structure and frontier molecular orbital treatments; this recipe applies to multiresonant type emitters and allows to enlarge the chemical space toward novel structural motifs. In the current work, we show that such fundamental considerations further apply to the structurally entirely different family of xanthene dyes. Opposite to the related polymethine dye family with small bond length alternation (BLA) in the ground and in the excited state (S0, S1), however, xanthene dyes display large BLA in S0 and in S1, so that the overall change in BLA, ΔBL, is small. This gives equally rise to color-pure emission; the underlying reasons for this curious behavior are carved out in the current study. This generalization of the recipe in fact constitutes the desired "paper and pencil" design strategy, spanning now the whole visible range.

Self-compassion, mindfulness, and emotion regulation predict multiple dimensions of quality of life in US post-9/11 veterans.

Quality of life (QoL), defined by satisfaction, capacity for activities, and functional role performance, is an outcome of interest for both medical and psychological interventions. Among US veterans, QoL is lower than the general population and is associated with mortality and suicide. Third-wave psychosocial interventions (e.g., Acceptance and Commitment Therapy) emphasize QoL as the primary outcome of interest, and specific third-wave intervention targets (e.g., self-compassion, mindfulness, emotion regulation) may contribute to the satisfaction, capacity, and functional domains of QoL of veterans. To evaluate the longitudinal associations of self-compassion, mindfulness, and emotional regulation with three domains of QoL (psychosocial satisfaction, psychosocial capacity, and psychosocial relationship functioning) in US veterans. 351 US combat-deployed veterans self-reported measures of QoL, self-compassion, mindfulness, and emotional regulation at four timepoints across 24months. Bayesian multivariate multilevel models were fit to the QoL outcomes. Results indicated that all three domains of QoL remained relatively stable over the course of the study period. Increased psychosocial satisfaction and psychosocial capacity were both associated with increased mindfulness and emotion regulation, whereas self-compassion was only related to greater psychosocial capacity for male veterans. Increased functional role performances in romantic and family relationships were associated with increased emotion regulation, with romantic relationship functioning also being associated with increased mindfulness and family relationship functioning with increased self-compassion. These results suggest that mechanisms of third-wave interventions have an impact on QoL among US veterans and that veteran QoL may be improved by broader integration of mindfulness and emotion regulation-based interventions.

Daily Cognition in the Family Context: The Complex Associations between Memory Lapses, Family Relationships, and Affect in Middle-Aged and Older Adults.

The analysis of daily memory lapses is an underutilized approach to understanding daily experiences of cognitive functioning. The present study adopts this approach, with the goals of exploring how the quality of family relationships predicts the frequency of daily memory lapses and moderates the link between daily memory lapses and daily affect. We used longitudinal data from the third wave of Midlife in the United States and the National Study of Daily Experiences to assess our research goals. Participants (N = 1,236; Mage= 62.48 years, SD= 10.21, range 43-91; 57% female) completed eight nightly telephone interviews that included reports of prospective and retrospective memory lapses as well as daily positive and negative affect. During a separate baseline interview, participants reported the emotional support they received from their family. Latent profile analysis models identified four family relationship types: pleasant, ambivalent, neutral, and unpleasant. Compared to pleasant relationships, ambivalent (b=.23, p<.05) and neutral (b=.35, p<.01) relationships significantly predicted a higher frequency of prospective memory lapses; this effect was not found among retrospective lapses. In addition, relative to pleasant relationships, ambivalent (b=.02, p<.05), neutral (b=.02, p<.05), and unpleasant (b=.07, p<.001) relationships were associated with increased negative affect on days with a retrospective lapse, but not prospective lapse. This study contributes to the literature by revealing that family relationships are related to the memory lapses individuals experience in their daily lives, and identifies how lapses might contribute to affective symptom load over time.

Exploring family dynamics in living funerals: Rituals to relationships

AbstractThis study aims to analyse how internal family relationships and dynamics are manifested during funeral ceremonies in Chinese society. As an emerging farewell practice, living funerals in Chinese societies depart from traditional death rituals, challenging established funeral paradigms and providing a platform to scrutinise the inner family dynamic and experiences. The study utilises a multidimensional data collection approach, including interviews with the living funeral holders and attending family members, detailed field notes during the living funeral and whole video recordings of the event. Employing narrative analysis, it delves into the family's life experiences as narrated during the funeral, providing insight into the emotional and relational shifts that occur. The findings suggest that while living funerals allow for exploring family roles and emotional landscapes, they also highlight the complex interplay of cultural practices and familial relationships. The study contributes to understanding how traditional taboos around death may be navigated through contemporary practices. Findings underscore the profound exploration of living funerals on family dynamics within Chinese culture. The practice provides a vital lens for examining the interconnectedness and emotional underpinnings of family relationships. Participation engages families in a process of navigating collective and individual histories, aiding reconciliation and affirming familial identities. Research highlights how living funerals powerfully express love, regrets and unspoken words, fostering deeper understanding and continuing bonds before death. Living funerals represent a meaningful contemporary practice, challenging traditional death taboos and offering therapeutic benefits for family therapy and end‐of‐life care. The paper contributes to the literature by addressing a crucial gap regarding living funerals within Chinese culture and expanding family perspectives on death. By examining how these ceremonies influence familial interactions, the study offers new insights into emotional and cultural dynamics, enhancing understanding of the practice and broader death‐related family issues.

Paradoxical Parenting Practices and Australian Higher Education

While there is now a large literature on ‘intensive parenting’ practices, the majority of studies have focused on young children, rather than those in their early adulthood. This article draws on interviews with 30 Australian parents to explore parenting practices as they pertain to higher education. It argues that although parents tended to stress the importance of children achieving independence during their degree programmes, in other ways, their parenting practices were notably ‘intensive’ in nature. The research is significant in documenting both the extension of intensive parenting beyond the years of childhood and the associated dependencies that appear to continue to characterise family relationships in early adulthood. It also suggests that, politically, it may be harder to demonstrate the degree that responsibilities (particularly those that are financial in nature) have shifted from the state to families if parental contributions are masked by the discourse of ‘independence’.

Towards a relational understanding of youth lifestyles and wellbeing in climate resilient urban development: insights from a seven-city study of young people

ABSTRACT Supporting youth wellbeing in low carbon ways is a crucial challenge in cities. Seventy percent of youth will live in urban areas by 2050 and urban sites account for 67–72% of the global share of carbon emissions. Young people’s consumption behaviour including energy use is increasingly identified as a key driver of urban emissions. This paper expands beyond dominant individualised approaches to examining urban youth wellbeing and consumption to interrogate the relational contexts in which young people live, their wellbeing aspirations, and the conditions that enable or lock-in lifestyle emissions. Applying a relational lens and thematic analysis to focus group data collected from 332 youth aged 12–24 years in seven cities of the global South and North, the paper examines experiences shaping youth wellbeing in the context of urban consumption activities. Findings emphasised the complexities of “linked lives”, foregrounding family, peer and community relationships as critical in shaping youth wellbeing and consumption. Home was highlighted as a significant relational context, where family relationships impact wellbeing and energy use, through connection, comfort, conflict and compromise. Public space was also valued, but findings highlighted issues of identity and inequality that impact access. Findings also underscored the significance of beyond-human relationships. This cross-cultural research highlights underacknowledged complexities in youth wellbeing and consumption activities. Discussion proposes ways local government can adopt relational perspectives to advance climate resilient urban development, including cultivating meaningful relationships with youth and prioritising secure housing, access to green space, and care and integration of nature within urban landscapes.

New insights in the systematics of the Hemiuroidea (Digenea: Hemiurata) based on the integrative taxonomy approach.

Opistholecithum sandugaense n. g. n. sp. was collected from the intestine of Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum) in the Nezhinka (=Sanduga) River, Primorsky region, Russia. Based on the position of the vitellarium in hindbody and significant genetic differentiation, ten species from the genus Lecithaster Lühe, 1901 were transferred to the newly established Opistholecithum as follows: O. gibbosum (Rudolphi, 1802) n. comb., O. macrocotyle (Szidat & Graefe, 1967) n. comb., O. micropsi (Zdzitowiecki, 1992) n. comb., O. salmonis (Yamaguti, 1934) n. comb. According to the morphometrics and topology of the internal organs, O. sandugaense appears similar to O. salmonis. These species are distinct based on novel sequence data - 28S rRNA gene (p-distances 0.4%) and the cox1 mtDNA gene (p-distances 4.4-4.8%). Large-scale phylogeny reconstruction showed that the lecithasterid subfamily Lecithasterinae sensu stricto include two genera Lecithaster (type taxon) and Opistholecithum n. g.; other genera Lecithophyllum and Aponurus were transferred to the family Lecithophyllidae n. stat. Based on the morphological features, we consider four subfamilies Lecithasterinae, Trifoliovariinae, Prolecithinae and Macradenininae belonging to Lecithasteridae. Analysis of indels in the 28S divergent domains proved to be a robust technic for family delimitation within the superfamily Hemiuroidea. Especially it allows to reveal the molecular symplesiomorphies affecting phylogenetic reconstructions. Taxonomic rearrangements proposed in this study are supplemented by dichotomous keys: (1) for two genera of the subfamily Lecithasterinae; (2) for the genus Opistholecithum; (3) for the genus Lecithaster; (4) for six closely related hemiuroid families, with Lecithophyllidae n. stat. (genera Lecithophyllum, Aponurus, Monorchiaponurus, Weketrema) and Merlucciotrematidae n. fam. (Merlucciotrema).

Psychosocial interventions for children and adolescents with adverse childhood experiences: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) is associated with adverse neurobiological, developmental, cognitive, behavioral, psychological, and social consequences among children and adolescents. Psychosocial interventions hold promise for mitigating the negative impacts of ACEs, but there is a lack of updated and comprehensive evidence summarizing their effects qualitatively and quantitatively. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of existing evidence on the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions on children's outcomes, including internalizing and externalizing problems. We searched five database sources from inception to April 2024 for studies on the effectiveness of any psychosocial intervention in any outcome among children and adolescents aged 6-18 who experienced ACEs. We qualitatively synthesized the characteristics of the studies, samples, interventions, and outcomes. We quantitatively estimated the pooled effects of psychosocial interventions on a range of outcomes encompassing internalizing problems, externalizing problems, family relationships, coping, and self-esteem using meta-analysis. Additionally, we conducted a series of subgroup meta-analyses to compare the intervention effects based on sample and intervention characteristics. Forty-four studies were included, with 20 randomized controlled trials, nine controlled trials, and 15 pre-post trials. Significant intervention effects were observed in internalizing problems (standardized mean difference, SMD=-0.36) and externalizing problems (SMD=-0.57), but not in family relationships, coping, or self-esteem. Subgroup analyses have identified various effective interventions for internalizing problems and externalizing problems, respectively. The evidence suggests that psychosocial interventions are effective in preventing internalizing and externalizing problems among children and adolescents who have experienced ACEs. Recommendations are provided for designing and evaluating future psychosocial interventions.

Predicting bullying victimization among adolescents using the risk and protective factor framework: a large-scale machine learning approach

BackgroundBullying, encompassing physical, psychological, social, or educational harm, affects approximately 1 in 20 United States teens aged 12-18. The prevalence and impact of bullying, including online bullying, necessitate a deeper understanding of risk and protective factors to enhance prevention efforts. This study investigated the key risk and protective factors most highly associated with adolescent bullying victimization.MethodsData from the Student Health and Risk Prevention (SHARP) survey, collected from 345,506 student respondents in Utah from 2009 to 2021, were analyzed using a machine learning approach. The survey included 135 questions assessing demographics, health outcomes, and adolescent risk and protective factors. LightGBM was used to create the model, achieving 70% accuracy, and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values were utilized to interpret model predictions and to identify risk and protective predictors most highly associated with bullying victimization.ResultsYounger grade levels, feeling left out, and family issues (severity and frequent arguments, family member insulting each other, and family drug use) are strongly associated with increased bullying victimization - whether in person or online. Gender analysis showed that for male and females, family issues and hating school were most highly predictive. Online bullying victimization was most highly associated with early onset of drinking.ConclusionsThis study provides a risk and protective factor profile for adolescent bullying victimization. Key risk and protective factors were identified across demographics with findings underscoring the important role of family relationships, social inclusion, and demographic variables in bullying victimization. These resulting risk and protective factor profiles emphasize the need for prevention programming that addresses family dynamics and social support. Future research should expand to diverse geographical areas and include longitudinal data to better understand causal relationships.

Healing beyond bone: a qualitative study of the core decompression experience of physically active patients with stage II hip avascular necrosis

BackgroundAvascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head is a degenerative condition characterized by ischemic bone death, resulting in pain and impaired mobility. Core decompression, a surgical intervention, is widely performed for stage II AVN to alleviate symptoms and delay disease progression. While clinical and radiological outcomes are well-documented, the psychosocial dimensions of recovery remain underexplored. This study aims to understand the experiences of physically active patients diagnosed with stage II AVN who have undergone core decompression surgery during their follow-up period, allowing for a broader evaluation of the experiences of this patient group.MethodsThis study used semi-structured interviews, in-depth follow-up questions, and thematic analysis to explore the experiences of physically active patients who underwent core decompression surgery for stage II AVN of the femoral head. The participants were assessed 1–3 years post-surgery. Conducted in the Orthopaedics and Traumatology outpatient clinic of Adana City Training and Research Hospital, the study included 31 patients who had core decompression surgery between January 2020 and January 2024, with at least one year of follow-up data. Data collection, including demographic and qualitative information, was carried out during the first week of April 2024, followed by the member-checking process in the third week. A thematic analysis checklist and COREQ guidelines were used to ensure analysis reliability.ResultsThe experiences of 31 patients (mean age 37.19 ± 8.21 years, 12 females, 19 males) were summarized into five main themes that emerged from the data analysis process: ‘Expectations and Concerns Before Surgery,’ ‘Postoperative Physical Experiences,’ ‘The Psychological and Emotional Process,’ ‘Social Support and Family Relationships,’ and ‘Health Services and Medical Support.’’ Twelve sub-themes emerged from the main themes.ConclusionsCore decompression offers significant benefits to patients with stage II AVN by improving mobility and reducing pain. However, psychological support, patient education, and robust social networks are essential to address the holistic needs of recovery. These findings highlight the importance of integrating patient-centered approaches into surgical care to optimize outcomes and satisfaction. Further qualitative research is needed to explore the experiences of AVN patients at different stages to inform multidisciplinary care strategies.

An Indigenous learning approach to managing solid waste in First Nations in Canada

The literature on municipal solid waste management on First Nations emphasizes the need to improve existing systems and attitudes and behaviours. Learning about programmes and systems can bring about these changes. This research examined how two First Nations in Canada learned about municipal solid waste management in an Indigenous context and the consequent impacts of their learning. The data show that participants mostly learned from close family relations and conversations with community members, while learning directly from Elders, ceremonies, and storytelling was limited. Intergenerational learning occurred, where the younger generation learned from the older generation and vice-versa. The impacts of learning included reducing municipal solid waste generation, avoiding packaging, and reusing items. This research concludes that Indigenous learning should be incorporated into municipal solid waste programmes because it is culturally relevant and helps create awareness. In addition, Elders should be deliberately involved in planning programmes, and municipal solid waste issues should be incorporated into ceremonies about land protection.

Embryology of Menyanthes (Menyanthaceae): its description and taxonomic implications

To understand the phylogenetic relationships of Menyanthes and address the existing gap in the evolutionary study of embryological characteristics, we investigated and compared these characteristics with those of related families. Our objective was to deduce the character polarity of these characteristics. We analyzed the dicotyledonous type of anther wall, the development of an endothelium, and endosperm formation of the Cellular type. Our findings revealed that vascular bundles extending into the integument are an autapomorphy. Compared with the closely related genus, Nymphoides, Menyanthes share common embryological characteristics at the family level, except for three‐celled pollen at shedding time. Goodeniaceae and Asteraceae exhibited tetra‐sporangia, glandular tapetum, and other symplesiomorphic characters, while Menyanthes showed apomorphic characteristics such as unilocular ovary with two parietal placentae. Embryological characteristics of Menyanthaceae support its classification in Asterales in APG system IV. These findings indicate that Menyanthaceae is primitive relative to Calyceraceae, Goodeniaceae, and Asteraceae within Asterales. Our study strongly supports the APG system IV classification based on embryological characteristics, providing new insights into the evolutionary history of Menyanthaceae.

Mothers' and Fathers' Experiences of Family Relations and Parenting During the First Year of Parenthood.

The first year of parenthood is considered to be a challenging period, associated with the transformation of family relations. The links between family relations and parenting are widely studied. However, in most research only a limited number of indicators is investigated, and there is a lack of data on the agreement between mothers' and fathers' evaluations of family relations. The aims of the present study were to explore (1) the structure and measurement invariance of marital relations and parenting constructs for mothers and fathers; (2) the associations among the measures of marital relations and parenting in mothers and fathers; (3) the agreement between mothers and fathers in their perception of marital relations, as well as cross-parent cross-measure associations of marital relations and self-rated parenting; (4) average differences between the parents in their perception of marital relations and parenting. The data from 352 Russian-speaking married couples participating in the Wave 3 of the Prospective Longitudinal Interdisciplinary Study (PLIS) were collected when the children were 9 months old. Seven measures of family relations (marital relations, grandparents' support) and nine measures of parenting were obtained. The statistical analyses included the exploratory factor analysis, assessment of measurement invariance, comparative and correlational analysis. The result showed that measures were organised into coherent factor-based groupings: (1) marital relations, (2) support from grandparents, (3) childcare and affection, and (4) harsh parental discipline. Six of 12 measures showed partial scalar invariance between mothers and fathers. Moderate within-measure correlations were observed between mothers' and fathers' assessments of family relations; and weak correlations-for parenting. Mother-father cross-measure correlations were moderate for family relations, but negligible for parenting. Small to moderate average differences between mothers and fathers were found for all measures. The results highlight the need to consider similarities and differences between mothers' and fathers' experiences in future research and practice.

Typology of the family system and conflict dynamics viewed through the experiences of the child

The present exposition is aimed at the family typology as part of the psychotherapeutic diagnostics of conflict dynamics within the family. The family psychotherapy focuses on the family system as an object of unique characteristics. More than other family members, children are likely to react to disruptions in family relationships with emotional or behavioral disorders and dysfunctions. For this reason, psychotherapeutic work with children is often a significant point for diagnosing family conflict dynamics. The present study describes our psychotherapeutic work experience with children from different family environments. For the purposes of the study, we categorized the individual types of family systems according to their specificities. We have structured these according to the leading existential fear and impulse, so four basic types of family have been identified – schizoid, depressive, compulsive, and histrionic. Specific conflict dynamics for each type are presented using cases from our practice. Therapeutic guidelines can be formulated based on these to help the psychotherapeutic process.

Психологическое благополучие подростка: личностные качества и семейные отношения (по материалам зарубежных исследований)

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The review is focused on results of recent investigations concerned with the problem of psychological well-being and elucidation of main factors of psychological well-being formation in adolescents. Different approaches to the study of the concept of psychological well-being, both domestic and foreign are listed. A major emphasis of review is placed on links between psychological well-being and personal traits as well as family relationships. The analyzed papers pay special attention to such personal traits as perfectionism and mindfulness as an ability to realize and reflect one&amp;rsquo;s own activity. It was shown that psychological well-being positively correlated with mindfulness, self-compassion, cognitive flexibility, and negatively correlated with high scores of perfectionisms. Some investigations present new important data about effects of conflicts between children and parents on adolescents&amp;rsquo; well-being. Psychotherapeutic roles of grandmothers and grandfathers in life of adolescents are analyzed, particularly in dysfunctional families. The common position of the set of analyzed papers is the assertion of necessity to investigate effects of family on adolescents&amp;rsquo; psychological well-being, regarding a family, including all its members belonging to all generations, as a whole.&lt;/p&gt;

The Influence of Family and Teacher Relationships on College Students' Learning Motivation in Shandong, China

The Influence of Family and Teacher Relationships on College Students' Learning Motivation in Shandong, China

Mental Health Challenges and Barriers to Veterans’ Adjustment to Civilian Life on the U.S.–Mexico Border

Background: Seeking mental health care is crucial for supporting effective reintegration among veterans. The U.S.–Mexico border presents a compelling and urgent case for study due to its proximity to economically marginalized and medically underserved areas, where the availability and accessibility of services are often limited. Objective: This study explored veterans’ mental health challenges and factors that hindered their adjustment to civilian life on the U.S.–Mexico border. Methods: A total of 36 veterans were recruited using purposive sampling from a mental health agency located in Southwestern Texas on the U.S.–Mexico border between November 2023 and May 2024 to complete an in-depth semi-structured interview and a brief survey. Results: Using thematic analysis, we found six themes associated with our study: (1) mental health struggles, (2) enduring military-influenced mindset, (3) adjustment to civilian life, (4) strained family relationships, (5) past victimization and discrimination, and (6) barriers to opportunities and mental health care. Conclusion: Understanding veterans’ mental health well-being and their prospects for integration into the civilian world is critical for identifying risk and protective factors that can inform the development of targeted health promotion initiatives, strengthen the implementation of equitable health care efforts, and support strategies for enhancing treatment access that address the unique needs of veterans in the border region. Policy and practice implications are discussed.

Relaciones sociales y estado de bienestar de los y las agentes de Policía Nacional Civil de El Salvador. Factores de protección y factores de riesgo

In any society, police forces play a key role in maintaining peace and security. In the case of El Salvador, the National Civil Police (PNC) is the primary state agency responsible for serving and protecting the Salvadoran population, maintaining order and security from a human rights perspective. This task becomes more complex in a country where the homicide rate has reached high levels in recent decade.2015 was considered asone of the most violent years globally, recording a rate of 103 victims of violent acts per 100,000 inhabitants. In response to violence affecting the country, various administrations have implemented different security policies, with the PNC being the entity responsible for their execution.This article aims to look beyond the National Civil Police as a state corporation in charge of security, focusing instead on the individuals who comprise it, primarily police officers. The study seeks to investigate the various protective factors and risk factors affecting the well-being of officers within the different social relationships they engage in, including family relationships, work relationships, and interactions with the public. This is set within a social context marked by violence, in which they have been given a prominent role in addressing this issue.