Relational Bullying Research Articles

Chinese and English Reviews of a Story about Teenagers’ Struggles

Abstract Wonder, a fictional story told both in print (2/2012) and movie (11/2017) formats, depicts a middle-school student, Auggie, who struggles with social exclusion and being the target of school based relational bullying due to his genetically based facial deformity. Internationally popular, abundant everyday reviews by non-professional commenter are easily accessible on-line, e.g., on Douban (Chinese) and Common-Sense Media (English). Access to these comments enables the investigation of what perspectives (knowledge and understanding, beliefs and opinions, etc.) reviewers draw upon in sharing their thoughts about the protagonist’s struggles. In this study we undertook two analyses. In analysis 1, we asked, how do Chinese -/English -speaking reviewers comment on Auggie’s struggles to be accepted by his peers at school, both the causes of his social problem and the ways Auggie dealt (or might deal) with his situation. In analysis 2, we explored comments that reviewers made about Auggie’s only sibling, his elder sister, Via, a first-year high school students who, in the story, struggles to find a balance between meeting her own need for her parents’ love and attention, and fulfilling her familial role and obligations, given Auggie’s special needs. Based on data from open-source “every day” books/movies review websites, we compared, culturally, the perspectives on the story expressed by Chinese and English commenters through emic (both thematic and discursive) exploratory analyses. Analysis 1 suggests that comparatively, Chinese-speaking reviewers tend to more often focus on the value of solving the problem, and in doing so, articulating the corresponding ways a victim of bullying or neglect can be or become both strong and interdependent, whereas English-speaking reviewers more often tend to emphasize exploring and understanding the causes of the relational problems and tend to suggest independence-oriented ways of solving the social problem by changing the actions of others. Analysis 2 suggests differences across Chinese- and English-speaking reviewers in perceptions of and judgements about the fundamental “culture based” determinants and ways for Via to deal with her relational struggle within the family.

Social Contagion in Bullying: an Examination of Strains and Types of Bullying Victimization in Peer Networks

This study examined risk and protective factors for four types of bullying victimization – physical, verbal, relational, and cyber bullying – while assessing the influence of vicarious, anticipated, and experienced strains from General Strain Theory. In this study, experienced strain was operationalized as exposure to negative stimuli, such as rejection. Vicarious strain was operationalized as witnessing or being aware of other people’s negative experiences, such as peer victimization, and anticipated strain occurred when an individual had negative expectations about the future, such as a fear of harm. Using a sample of Southeastern high school students, this study found that individuals who experienced vicarious strain (peer victimization) had a higher likelihood of experiencing the same type of victimization as their peers. Previous bullies were also likely to experience the same type of bullying that they initiated. Anticipated strain (fear of attack) was associated with an increased likelihood of experiencing verbal and cyber bullying. Adult support was associated with an increased likelihood of verbal bullying but decreased likelihood of relational bullying victimization. Peer support was associated with an increased likelihood of experiencing relational and cyber bullying victimization. The results support Agnew’s (2006) proposal that experienced, vicarious, and anticipated strains are correlated with antisocial behavior and victimization (Zavala & Spohn, 2013). Policy implications and directions for future research are discussed.

The students of the bullying action in high school country 5 pekanbaru

Bullying continues to increase from year to year, one of among Indonesian students. Among students, the high school level is the level most encountered by bullying according to several studies. The objective of this research is to find out students' perceptions of their bullying in school. The research method used is a qualitative design with phenomenological study and purposive sampling as data collection techniques. This study involved 10 participants who were male. The data analysis used the Collaizi method, which then gets four themes, including the definition of bullying in generally like a hardness, torturing and the wickedness. The bullying classification carried out by the bully like verbal bullying, physical bullying and psychological bullying. Student’s perceptions of bullying with consider as a gratified and usually conducted, and than feelings of students after bullying like feel contrition and feel their action not naturally. The results of this research can be expected to be a directive study, specially for school side, in order to decrease bullying action in school surroundings with give materials related bullying action. The students also must be knowing endangered of bullying action who their doing in order to awareness to doing continuous.
 Bibliography: 19 (2008-2017)
 
 Keywords: Bullying, Bully, Student, Perception.
 

93 “I don’t want them to think that what they said matters”: How Adolescents with Severe Obesity Cope with Bullying

Abstract Background Adolescents with severe obesity are subject to a high prevalence of weight-based victimization that may contribute to mental health symptoms. The ability to better cope with this victimization could potentially modulate the psychological sequelae. This is the first qualitative study to address the paucity of literature focusing on how adolescents with severe obesity cope with victimization. Objectives To explore how adolescents with severe obesity cope with weight-related victimization and how it subsequently affects their psychological well-being. Design/Methods This was a qualitative research study using an interpretive phenomenological analytic approach. One-on-one semi structured interviews were completed with 19 adolescents (73% female) aged 16 – 19 years, enrolled in a tertiary hospital weight management program. A diverse array of patient experiences of weight-based victimization were sought to explore their coping mechanisms and how the experiences affected them. The interviews were transcribed and sequentially independently analyzed by the research team until thematic saturation was achieved. Results The majority of participants (89.5%) described being a victim of weight-based victimization and highlighted its significant emotional impact. Two key themes were identified that captured the various coping strategies used by participants. The minority (52.9%) described approach coping strategies where they acted on the source to invoke change by standing up for themselves, helping others in similar situations or becoming a bully themselves. Whilst the majority (94.1%) used avoidant coping strategies such as feigning a strong exterior façade, denial, isolation and self-harm. Nearly half (47.1%) used both strategies. It is possible that the study participants did not feel they had control over the weight related bullying, and therefore, were more likely to choose avoidant coping styles. Conclusion Adolescents with severe obesity commonly use avoidant coping strategies to passively regulate emotions, including problem avoidance, wishful thinking, self-criticism and social withdrawal to cope with weight-based victimization. As part of a comprehensive approach to the management of adolescents with severe obesity, counseling should be offered on how to use alternative coping mechanisms in the face of weight-based victimization.

Prevalence, correlates, and experiences of school bullying among adolescents: A national study in Jordan

School bullying is recognized as a global problem and sparks public concerns for students’ safety. While it has recently emerged as a critical concern in the Arab world, particularly in Jordan, no national studies have yet investigated the extent of bullying in Jordanian schools. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence, correlates, and experiences of bullying among a national sample of Jordanian adolescent students. A stratified random sampling procedure was used to select schools that represent the three main regions of Jordan (i.e. north, middle, and south) and a weighted sample of schools was randomly selected using Statistical Analysis System 9.4 based on provinces’ density. A nationally representative sample of 1083 adolescents aged 12 to 17 was included in the study. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires on school bullying and adolescent sociodemographics. The prevalence of bullying among Jordanian adolescents was consistent with international studies; 7% reported their involvement in bullying as a victim, 7.6% as a bully, and 1.7% as both. Verbal bullying was the most common form of bullying among victims and bully-victim, while relational bullying was the most prevalent bullying for bullies. Being a perpetrator was more prevalent among boys than girls. Adolescent students who came from low socioeconomic status or whose fathers were illiterate reported more victimization experience. The majority of students who experienced bullying reported negative attitudes of bystanders, parents, and teachers towards intervening or responding to the bullying experience. Bullying exists among Jordanian students and active steps towards addressing this phenomenon are discussed. This is the first known Jordanian study representing a national sample of adolescent students’ experience of bullying. Findings present valuable information for school professionals, parents, and students regarding bullying and its associated factors. These findings also provide an avenue for the adoption and implementation of available anti-bullying programs to ameliorate bullying behaviors among Jordanian school students.

Responses to bullying among high-school students through the lens of general strain theory

In General Strain Theory (GST), Agnew asserts that negative emotions in response to strains are associated with antisocial behavior. Researchers found GST to explain criminal and self-harm responses to bullying. However, not all youth respond antisocially, such as by harming the self or others. Thus, the question remains, when do youth respond to bullying antisocially versus asocially or prosocially? This study examined situation-based negative emotions, the availability of alternative relationships, and behavioral responses to physical, verbal, relational, and cyber bullying to answer this question. This study integrates research from sociology, criminology, health, and social psychology to address this question among a sample of high-school bully victims. This study found variation in the emotional and behavioral responses based on the type of bullying. However, across bullying types, the availability of alternative relationships was associated with increased prosocial responding.

A meta-analysis of the outcomes of bullying prevention programs on subtypes of traditional bullying victimization: Verbal, relational, and physical

Abstract This paper presents the results from a meta-analytical review of the effectiveness of bullying prevention programs on three subtypes of traditional bullying victimization: physical, verbal, and relational. A systematic search of three online databases was conducted for bullying prevention program evaluations published between 1990 and 2018. The search yielded a final sample of 33 articles that met the identified inclusion criteria. The results of the meta-analysis suggest that bullying prevention programs are effective at reducing physical and relational forms of bullying victimization, but not verbal forms, at least in the United States. The results found that youth who participated in a prevention program, both inside and outside of the United States had 32% higher odds of a reduction in relational and physical bullying victimization compared to the control group, and 28% higher odds of a reduction in verbal bullying victimization for programs implemented outside the United States. The US programs were not effective with verbal bullying victimization. Future research could explore this potential gap related to verbal bullying victimization, and the difference in findings between studies conducted in the United States and those conducted internationally.

A study to Assess the Occurrence, Pattern and Impact of Bullying Behaviour and to Identify Preventive Strategies Adopted by the school Children to Curb bullying in a Selected School of Hyderabad

Introduction : Bullying in schools is an issue that continues to receive attention from researchers, educators, parents, and students. Despite the common assumption that bullying is a normal part of childhood and encompasses minor teasing and harassment, researchers increasingly find that bullying is a problem that can be detrimental to students’ well-being. This report focuses not only on the prevalence of bullying, but also on those subsets of students who reported being the victims of direct, and indirect bullying, and both of them.Objectives :? To assess the impact of bullying behaviour among school children in a selected school? To identify the preventive strategies used by the school children to curb bullying in selected schoolMethodology : A Quantitative research approach was adopted for the present study .Research design selected for the present study was non experimental descriptive research design. A structured questionnaire consisted of Part A with seven demographic variables and Part B comprising of 21 questions on impact of bullying on a 3 point likert scale,also separate section on patterns was also studied. A structured checklist was used to collect the data.The sample size was 100 and sampling technique was purposive sampling.Results: The findings revealed that that 55% of children were having mildly impacted by bullying, 18%of children were having moderate impact on bullying, 5%children were having severe impact on bullying and 22% of children had no impact on bullying. It was reported by maximum school children that is 27 to be bullied in washrooms. Regarding the time of bullying, it was observed relational bullying to be predominant affecting .In terms of prevention strategies adoption, majority of the children that is 65% adopted a neutral approach towards bullying prevention. The researcher in future would devise a protocol to curb bullying in schools and to develop assertive attitude towards bullying.Conclusion: Bullying is an unwanted , aggressive behaviour among school children that involves real or perceived power imbalance .It can be performed in various ways based on the child background .The bullying activity will lead to some impacts on the victims and can make them mentally weak later on .

Joint Developmental Trajectories of Bullying and Victimization from Childhood to Adolescence: A Parallel-Process Latent Class Growth Analysis.

Previous studies have shown that bullying and victimization can be experienced simultaneously by an individual and can change over time. Understanding the joint longitudinal development of the two is of great significance. We conducted a 4-year longitudinal study to examine the joint developmental trajectories of bullying and victimization, gender and grade differences in trajectory group membership, and changes in specific forms of bullying and victimization (verbal, relational, and physical bullying /victimization) in each trajectory group. A total of 775 children from China participated in our study. The average age of participants at the first wave was 10.90 years (SD = 1.12), and boys accounted for 69.5% of the sample. Based on mean scores, four distinct joint developmental trajectories of bullying and victimization were found: the involvement group (both bullying and victimization increased from low to high over time, accounting for 7.6% of the total), the desisted group (both bullying and victimization decreased from high to low over time, 6.1%), the victimization group (victimization remained at a high level, whereas bullying remained at a low level for 3 years, 13.2%), and the noninvolved group (bullying and victimization remained at a stable low level, 73.1%). Boys were more likely than girls to belong to the involvement group, desisted group, and victimization group, whereas girls were more likely than boys to belong to the noninvolved group. There was no significant grade difference in the trajectory group. All forms of bullying/victimization were consistent with the overall trend and showed similar levels. These results have important implications for the prevention of and interventions for school bullying.

Cyberbullying and its relationship with physical, verbal, and relational bullying: a structural equation modelling approach

The article focuses on the contentious relation between cyberbullying and physical, verbal, and relational bullying. Drawing on items from the Olweus questionnaire, the study used confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling, and latent factors of bullying were fitted to the data. Different background variables were related to cyberbullying and traditional bullying factors. The results revealed high correlations between physical, verbal, and relational bullying. While the relations between cyberbullying and physical and verbal bullying were modest to moderate, a substantial correlation between cyberbullying and relational bullying was observed (.69). Further, it was noted that the level of anxiety had a stronger relation with the cyberbullying factor, while number of friends was similarly related to all four bullying factors. The implications of the high relation between cyber and relational bullying, as well as their similar association with the covariates, were discussed.

Associação entre reprovação escolar, bullying e drogas ilícitas em adolescentes: estudo transversal

Objetivos: Caracterizar os adolescentes com situação de reprovação escolar e investigar sua associação com a vivência de bullying e consumo de álcool/maconha. Método: Estudo epidemiológico, do tipo corte transversal, cujos participantes foram adolescentes de uma escola pública do município de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Para verificar associação entre variáveis, utilizou-se o teste do x2 através do programa Stata. Resultado: O estudo identificou associação significativa entre reprovação escolar e consumo de álcool. Com o bullying direto, apresentou uma relação do tipo Borderline. Também sem significância estatística, a reprovação escolar está ainda associada com o bullying relacional e consumo de maconha. Discussão: Considerando a associação entre reprovação escolar e consumo de bebidas alcoólicas na adolescência, o estudo possibilita identificar grupo de adolescentes, para os quais devem ser priorizadas ações de educação em saúde. Conclusão: O consumo de álcool e a vivência de bullying direto por adolescentes os vulnerabilizam para a reprovação escolar.

School Bullying Among Vocational School Students in China: Prevalence and Associations With Personal, Relational, and School Factors.

This study poses the following research questions: What is the prevalence of bullying in vocational schools in China? What are the differences between different genders and professions? How should individuals, families, and schools do to affect school bullying? What can we do to improve and to respond school bullying, to reduce its occurrence and consequences? This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2018 with 95,873 students from 85 vocational schools. The main outcome indicators were self-reported involvement in bullying (perpetrator, victim, perpetrator-victim, or uninvolved). Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted, with personal characteristics, relational characteristics, and school climate as predictors. A total of 30.4% of participants reported being bullied, 2.9% reported bullying others, and 21.7% reported being bullied and bullying others. Majors related to primary and secondary industries are more likely to involvement in bullying than majors related to tertiary industries. Boys were more involved in physical or verbal bullying, whereas girls were more involved in relational bullying and cyberbullying. Sex, history of fighting, and emotional/mental state were the strongest individual factors associated with bullying. Having friends was inversely associated with bullying involvement; moreover, a positive relationship with parents and a good parenting style (warmth, democracy, and mutual concern) protected students from bullying others as well as being bullied. School bullying programs, happiness at school, and insecurity at school were strong negative predictors of bullying. Bullying is prevalent among vocational school students in China. An appropriate response to school bullying requires strengthening student capacity to correctly understand and deal with bullying, identifying victims and vulnerable groups, developing school-based interventions, involving parents in prevention programs, and enhancing students' sense of responsibility in supervision, reporting, and creating a friendly environment.

Workplace bullying among nurses in Bangladeshi government hospitals

Bullying in the nurses’ workplace is a common, rising and worldwide problem. Workplace bullying is a persistent phenomenon that transmits harmful effects on health care organizations and the health system as a whole, including patients’ satisfaction. The workplace bullying impacts negatively on the performance of workers. A descriptive study was conducted among the 183 government register nurses in 8 government health care facilities at Chattogram in Bangladesh from July to August 2014. Most of the respondents were female (90.7%) and more than half of the respondents (52.5%) were between 30 and 39 years old. The study revealed that there are three type of bullying faced by the nurses. They are work related, person related and physically intimidating bullying. They faced several bullying related to their works. Of these, most of them (92.8%) faced ‘ignoring their opinions and views’. Respectively, in person related bullying, 93.4% were being ignored or facing a hostile reaction when they approach regarding their works; and in physically intimidating bullying, 95.0% were being shouted at or being the target of spontaneous anger or rage. In Bangladesh Nurses faced many challenges in healthcare system due to unavailable resources, more complex patients, increased nursing shortage, increased job insecurity, job stress, and increased recruitment costs for healthcare institutions. The study concluded that an in-depth study would be conducted to find out the root causes for the workplace bullying and also design a training program that addresses the root causes, involves all individuals from all levels, and provides skills for dealing with this phenomenon can promote a harmonious working environment.
 Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2020, 6(1): 67-72

Prevalence and correlates of bullying perpetration and victimization among school-going adolescents in Chandigarh, North India

Objectives:Bullying among adolescents is one of the important but neglected health concerns, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence and correlates of bullying among Indian adolescents.Study Design:This was a cross-sectional study.Materials and Methods:The prevalence of self-reported involvement in any kind of bullying was assessed among sixth to tenth class students (n = 667, mean age 13 years), across government (n = 359) and private (n = 308) schools using Olweus Bully-Victim Questionnaire in Chandigarh, a North Indian union territory. Self-esteem and emotional and behavioral difficulties of the participants were measured by using standard Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, respectively. Multinomial logistic regression was done to determine the predictors of bullying.Results:Prevalence of any kind of bullying was 25.6% (16% victimization, 5.2% perpetration, and 4.3% being bully-victim). Verbal bullying was the most common (55.1%), followed by physical (32.7%) and relational (25.2%) bullying. The prevalence of cyberbullying was 2.7%. Around 44% of students reported that adults in school never did anything to stop bullying. Bully-victims had the highest mean difficulty score (16.07). Significant predictors of bullying were being male (odds ratio [OR] = 2.5 [1.5–4.2], P < 0.001); studying in government school (OR = 0.63 [0.41–0.99], P = 0.048); having abnormal emotions (OR = 2.24 [1.1–4.7], P = 0.035); and poor peer relations (OR = 2.77 [1.44–5.35], P = 0.002).Conclusions:One in four adolescents experience some form of bullying in schools in a North Indian city. Bullying perpetration and victimization is associated with gender, type of school, and abnormal difficulties (emotional and behavioral problems).

Psychosomatic Problems and their Relation with Types of Involvement in School Bullying in Iranian Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: There are few studies on the association between bullying types and psychosomatic issues in pupils. The current study aimed to examine the association of verbal, relational, physical, and cyber bullying with psychosomatic problems among students. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in northern Iran on 834 participants, which were in 8th and 9th grades in 2014. Bullying and psychosomatic problems were measured by the Iranian-version of the Olweus Bullying and the Health and Illness Questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and multilevel logistic regression analysis were used for data analysis. Results: Findings revealed that bad temper was the most prevalent psychosomatic problem and the prevalence of headache (P=0.021), feeling low (P=0.009), bad temperedness (P=0.004), nervousness (p <0.001), sadness (P=0.001), and anxiety (p <0.001) was higher in girls than boys. Only-bullies and bully-victims in the verbal form, and only-victims and bully-victims in the physical form had more psychosomatic issues. Difficulties in getting to sleep, anxiety, feeling low, dizziness, sadness, and headache were the most common conditions related to the types of bullying. For instance, the risk of difficulties in getting to sleep increased 1.5 to 3 times among the victims of verbal bullying (OR=1.54 for only-victim, OR=2.22 for bully-victims, and OR=3.08 for onlybully), relational only-bully (OR=2.69), physical only-victim and bully-victim, cyber only-bully and only-victim. Conclusions: The results showed the different psychological and somatic burdens associated with various types of bullying. Therefore, it is necessary to implement preventive and interventional programs so as to reduce bullying behaviors in Iran. Implications of these findings for health care professionals, educational systems, and parents were further discussed.

Identification of Cyber Bullying by using Clustering Methods on Social Media Twitter

In today’s era social media is very important for some people, because it is the nature of social media that can make people addicted to using social media, this has been widely proven in terms of medical, social interaction has been reduced due to social media, things related to the physical to be reduced, for example going out, and playing outdoors for children, for adults social media can be positive and negative, positive if used to offer old friends who don’t meet for long, but negative things can be used to crime or things that are not good, what else will soon be the presidential election, social media becomes a place or means of defamation of one party with another, the initial goal of social media is to build good relations Actually, there is a sentence that says “Yout thumb your tiger” with comments that are not good on social media. If we take us to the criminal section, and our words on social media can be legally justified, one example is intimidation, intimidation is one of the ITE Law articles, intimidation will be lifted from Twitter’s social media, with Twitter we can see examples how much of this intimidation. In retrieving data on social media there are several methods used in retrieving data, the method used is the clustering method or data grouping method. The study used the Naive Bayes and Decision Tree J48 classification method. The results to be obtained in this study are the Naive Bayes method which obtained an average value of the overall scenario of 92% success rate and 8% not detected and the result of Decision Tree J48 method with an accuracy value of 100%. The most widely used type of cyberbullying is psychology related bullying or related to one’s ignorance or nature.

Narratives of Working Mothers Experiencing Workplace Bullying: Trauma Transferred to Young Children

ObjectiveTo examine how workplace bullying experienced by South Korean working mothers is connected to the displacement of the mothers' anger and anxiety onto their young children.BackgroundWorkplace bullying has become a nationally and internationally recognized occupational health and safety issue in recent years. Despite an increasing number of working mothers, there is no research on the relationship between workplace bullying and working mothers' perception and experience in relation to their children and parenting.MethodBoth purposive and snowball sampling were used to recruit study participants, who were 11 South Korean working mothers with children 6 years of age or younger. Data collected from in‐depth interviews were analyzed thematically.ResultsFirst, the working mothers' experiences of workplace bullying involved relational bullying and its costs, such as depression and psychological burnout. Second, the working mothers' views of their children and parenting were intensely negative; the mothers considered parenting to be “just more work.” Their children were at greater risk of being socially and emotionally deprived due to problematic parenting.ConclusionWorkplace bullying adversely affects victim mothers' children via the spillover effect between work and home.ImplicationsWorking mothers who raise young children should be protected from workplace bullying. Training programs for employers and managers and context‐specific interventions are essential to ensure a healthy organizational culture.

Life after childhood bullying: Body image development and disordered eating in adulthood

Studies have demonstrated that being bullied in childhood may have long-term associations with lower psychological well-being in adulthood. However, although bullying incidents frequently target the victim’s body and appearance, research has overlooked studying victims’ long-term body image development and risk of engaging in disordered eating later in life. This 14-year longitudinal research project examined childhood bullying in relation to body image development and disordered eating in emerging adulthood. Growth curve analyses of participants’ body image at ages 10–21 years (N = 960) revealed that more victimized children experienced more body dissatisfaction at baseline and maintained their negative body image throughout adolescence and into adulthood. Mediation analyses showed that childhood bullying (age 10 years) predicted more negative body image in adolescence (age 18 years), which in turn predicted more disordered eating in adulthood (age 24 years). The indirect effect was stronger for girls than for boys. The findings suggest that bullied children are likely to face both more body image problems and disordered eating as they evolve through adolescence and into adulthood, indicating the need for early and effective interventions. Incorporating components known to promote a more positive body image could be a valuable feature of future interventions. Thus, as children and adolescents are taught to cope with bullying situations, they could also be helped to deal with the appearance culture that permeates many of these situations.

Amygdala activity to angry and fearful faces relates to bullying and victimization in adolescents.

Relational bullying and victimization are common social experiences during adolescence, but relatively little functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research has examined the neural correlates of bullying and victimization in adolescents. The aim of the present study was to address this gap by examining the association between amygdala activity to angry and fearful faces and peer relational bullying and victimization in a community-based sample of adolescents. Participants included 49 adolescents, 12–15 years old, who underwent fMRI scanning while completing an emotional face matching task. Results indicated that interactions between amygdala activity to angry and fearful faces predicted self-reported relational bullying and victimization. Specifically, a combination of higher amygdala activity to angry faces and lower amygdala activity to fearful faces predicted more bullying behavior, whereas a combination of lower amygdala activity to angry faces and lower amygdala activity to fearful faces predicted less relational victimization. Exploratory whole-brain analyses also suggested that increased rostral anterior cingulate cortex activity to fearful faces was associated with less bullying. These results suggest that relational bullying and victimization are related to different patterns of neural activity to angry and fearful faces, which may help in understanding how patterns of social information processing predict these experiences.

The Tendency of Bullying Behavior in SMP N 12 Padang and Implications for Guidance and Counseling Services

Based on the phenomenon that researchers can be in the field when conducting interviews with several guidance and counseling teachers and students find that there are students who are perpetrators of bullying, students take acts of hazing, students take the act of "happy slapping", calling friends by name calls, take violent actions such as pinching, blackmailing and threatening. The purpose of this study is to describe (1) the tendency of bullying from the type of verbal bullying, (2) the tendency of bullying from the type of physical bullying, (3) the tendency of bullying from the type of relational bullying, and (4) the tendency of bullying from the type of cyberbullying behavior. This type of research is descriptive. The research subjects were 45 students of class VIII and IX of SMP N 12 Padang who were registered in the 2018/2019 school year. The instrument used in this study was a student bullying behavior questionnaire with a likert scale model. The data analysis technique used is the percentage technique. The research findings revealed that (1) the tendency of bullying behavior of students of SMP N 12 Padang seen from the type of verbal bullying was classified as high (2) the tendency of bullying behavior of students of SMP N 12 Padang viewed from its type. physical bullying is classified as moderate, (3) the tendency of bullying behavior of students of SMP N 12 Padang seen from the type of relational bullying is classified as high and (4) the tendency of bullying from the type of cyberbullying behavior is classified as moderate. . Based on these findings, it is expected that the guidance and counseling teacher helps students in minimizing the tendency of student bullying behavior by providing information services, content mastery services, group guidance services, group counseling services and individual counseling services with material related to student bullying behavior.