Metaphor For Relationship Research Articles

Hypoiconicity in the architecture of Suzhou: authentic resemblance, diagrammatic reduction, and metaphoric displacement

ABSTRACTIn this paper, I discuss the architecture of the Chinese city of Suzhou from the perspective of hypoiconicity, Charles S. Peirce's subdivision of iconicity into direct resemblance, diagrammatic resemblance and metaphoric resemblance relations. Accordingly, the paper distinguishes our iconic recognition of traditional, architectural motifs in old Suzhou from their diagrammatical representations, and their metaphoric displacement in the modern parts of the city. At the same time, the paper provides a minimal sketch of the city's cultural background as a frame of reference for my argument, as well as photographic evidence, without however addressing photographic iconicity itself. Instead, the focus is on how we recognize traditional architectural motifs in terms of their quality, their internal structure, their repetition in the cityscape and emplacement, and how their modern modifications revive, and yet differ from, their traditional function. As such, architectural motifs are viewed as a significant feature of human dwelling within the broader domain of social semiotics.

Send 'Her' My Love: A Circumplex Model for Understanding Relationship Journeys in Consumer-Smart Object Assemblages

Consumers’ interactions with smart objects have a relational nature and extensive research has supported the “relationship metaphor” as a fruitful way to understand consumer responses to consumption objects. But, smart objects pose unique challenges for considering the emergence of consumer-object relationships, because their degrees of agency, autonomy and authority lend them their own unique capacities for interaction. We present a new framework for consumer-object relationships based on the circumplex model of interpersonal complementarity, and situated in assemblage theory and object oriented ontology. Consumer-object relationship styles are defined in terms of two foundational dimensions of behavior, agency and communion, based on the expressive roles played by consumer and object. The overlay of assemblage theory provides a conceptually rich understanding of the space of master-servant, partner and unstable relationship styles, along with their concomitant positive (enabling) versus negative (constraining) consumer experiences. The model’s underlying geometry supports extensive empirical work, and provides a powerful managerial framework for measuring and tracking consumer-object relationships and the journeys they take over time.

Understanding Curved Spacetime

According to general relativity (GR), we live in a four-dimensional curved universe. Since the human mind cannot visualize those four dimensions, a popular analogy compares the universe to a two-dimensional rubber sheet distorted by massive objects. This analogy is often used when teaching GR to upper secondary and undergraduate physics students. However, physicists and physics educators criticize the analogy for being inaccurate and for introducing conceptual conflicts. Addressing these criticisms, we analyze the rubber sheet analogy through systematic metaphor analysis of textbooks and research literature, and present an empirical analysis of upper secondary school students’ use and understanding of the analogy. Taking a theoretical perspective of embodied cognition allows us to account for the relationship between the experiential and sensory aspects of the metaphor in relation to the abstract nature of spacetime. We employ methods of metaphor and thematic analysis to study written accounts of small groups of 97 students (18–19 years old) who worked with a collaborative online learning environment as part of their regular physics lessons in five classes in Norway. Students generated conceptual metaphors found in the literature as well as novel ones that led to different conceptions of gravity than those held by experts in the field. Even though most students showed awareness of some limitations of the analogy, we observed a conflict between students’ embodied understanding of gravity and the abstract description of GR. This conflict might add to the common perception of GR being counterintuitive. In making explicit strengths and weaknesses of the rubber sheet analogy and learners’ conceptual difficulties, our results offer guidance for teaching GR. More generally, these findings contribute to the epistemological implications of employing specific scientific metaphors in classrooms.

Filthy lucre: gold, language, and exchange anxiety

ABSTRACTThis essay examines the discourse among newly emerging American right-wing groups around gold currency and the gold standard to develop the concept of exchange anxiety, a discomfort about the terms of subjects’ participation in social economies of exchange. Gold is a common thread linking many otherwise disparate conservative groups, and examining this continuity may demonstrate an underlying connective logic among newly emerging right-wing ideologies. Using Jacques Lacan’s notions of anxiety and psychosis, I argue that anxiety over the gold standard bears a metaphorical relationship to both language and excrement. This anxiety can be further illuminated with Lacan’s concept of the “yieldable object,” an intermediary between subject and Other that may serve as the object of the Other’s demand. Ultimately, the gold standard represents an insistence on intrinsic value that compensates for uncertainty about subjects’ participation in highly complex and rapidly changing social systems. Rather than directly refuting specific claims, engaged scholarship might profit by insisting on rhetoric’s traditional embrace of ambiguity and messiness to disrupt the delusional certainty advanced by extremist ideologies.

The use of metaphors in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients undergoing chemotherapy.

The aim of this study was to explore the use of metaphors by non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) patients undergoing chemotherapy in a haematology ward setting. There is a dearth of literature exploring the use of metaphors in people with cancer undergoing aggressive treatment. Hence, this study aims to explore the use of metaphors in NHL patients undergoing chemotherapy and additionally, examining whether the use of such metaphors has an empowering/disempowering effect. A qualitative design was used. The participants were six adult patients diagnosed with NHL and undergoing chemotherapy. Data collection was undertaken between July 2016-December 2016. Each participant was interviewed twice using semi-structured interviews. The data were analysed using Pragglejaz method for finding metaphors. The participants used metaphors 17 times per 1,000 words to describe their experience of undergoing chemotherapy for NHL. The metaphors cited focused on aspects relating to "war", "prison" and a "journey". The findings demonstrate that certain metaphors used by the study participants, such as those pertaining to "war" or a "journey", concur with those described in narratives of people with cancer in general. However, the use of the "prison" metaphor by NHL patients undergoing chemotherapy relates particularly to their context of being isolated while undergoing treatment for fear of infection. Consequently, there is the need to interpret metaphors in relation to the specific type of illness and context. Furthermore, the findings of this study suggest that the impact of metaphors in empowering/disempowering people with cancer depends on the unique interpretation of the individual patient.

As torres da Alhambra: território, cidade e arquitetura

Considerando-se a dimensão antropológica, pode-se entender como tal todas as construções sociais surgidas a partir das torres da Alhambra, por se tratar de uma tipologia concreta e específica para seu desenvolvimento. Há um aspecto artístico que subjaz a partir de algumas destas torres, relacionado com a etapa de sua construção e disposição dentro do complexo defensivo da Alhambra. Assim como o simbolismo associado às torres, desde sua natureza ascendente até a solidez geológica que impulsiona esta tipologia e sua relação metafórica com o arquitetônico e o divino. Este trabalho pretende abordar o estudo das torres da Alhambra, desde sua percepção de conjunto, enquanto sistema arquitetônico que adquire sentido por sua influência territorial, bem como estratégia que possibilita a vida entre duas cidades – Granada e Alhambra – e como um símbolo que transcende o nível social, em que os componentes estéticos e artísticos prevalecem sobre a função meramente militar.

Effects of social anxiety on metaphorical associations between emotional valence and clothing brightness

Background and ObjectivesIndividuals with social anxiety have various types of deficiencies in emotional processing. Diversity of deficiencies may imply that socially anxious individuals have malfunctions in fundamental parts of emotional processing. Therefore, we hypothesized that social anxiety contributes to deficiencies in building on the metaphorical relationship between emotional experience and brightness. MethodsWe conducted a judgment task of valences of faces with manipulated clothing brightness (bright or dark). ResultsA congruency effect between the emotional valence and clothing brightness was observed in participants with low social anxiety. However, this pattern was not found in participants with high social anxiety. The results suggested that a deficiency in metaphorical associations leads to maladaptive emotional processing in individuals with social anxiety. LimitationsOur findings cannot be directly generalized to clinical populations. Such populations should be tested in the future studies. ConclusionsWe may expand Lakoff and Johnson’s (1999) conceptual metaphor theory by showing the relationships between social anxiety and malfunction in metaphorical processing. Malfunctions in metaphorical processing could lead to various types of psychological disorders which have deficiencies in emotional processing.

A direct comparison of metonymic and metaphoric relations in adjective–noun pairs

Theories on metaphor and metonymy make different claims about the nature of the underlying processes in the computation of these two types of language use, i.e., whether they differ or not. Experimental investigations of metonymy and metaphor have generally not compared these two phenomena in a straightforward manner among others due to structural variability. To overcome this shortcoming, we conducted a study in German that used adjective–noun combinations to contrast metaphor and metonymy directly in an ERP-study during reading for comprehension. By combining three different nouns with one adjective in predicative position we construed adjective–noun pairs with literal (the baby was lively), metonymic (the eyes were lively) or metaphoric (the speed was lively) relations. The data revealed a more pronounced N400 for the metaphoric relations in comparison to the literal controls. We argue that the enhanced cost for metaphors reflects the activation process of two unrelated domains via mapping or extended predication. The metonymic adjective–noun pairs only showed a small trend to differ from the other two conditions. This might indicate that metonymies require mapping processes or shifts only within a single domain or domain matrix. Moreover, in contrast to previous studies, we did not find a Late Positivity. We explain this result with regard to different discourse representational consequences arising during combinatorial processing.

Into the wild online: Learning from Internet trolls

An Internet troll is a person who deliberately upsets users of online forums or social media. The term has been taken up widely in media discourses about democracy and the Web. Internet trolls and the act of ‘trolling’ thus speaks to a renewed significance of monsters and the monstrous in modernizing liberal democracies. Following ideas developed in science and technology studies (STS), monsters have the generative political capacity to teach us about heterogeneity and hybridity. Indeed, trolls have historically been understood not just as dangerous, but also as invitations to try to come to terms with ‘the other’, which cannot be ignored. In this paper, I explore this potential in relation to online trolling. I start by examining the rise of the troll metaphor in relation to online discourse and observe a shift towards an increasingly broad usage. I argue that Internet trolls are no longer only understood as acting for the sake of controversy itself. Today, the designation is also used to demarcate the boundaries of proper debate, i.e., by expanding the label of trolling to include things like information warfare, hate speech, and sometimes even political activism. Using the troll figure in this way invokes and reproduces ideals about deliberative democracy, where an ongoing public debate that meets certain standards of rationality and inclusiveness is understood as central to democratic societies. However, trolls per definition defy such terms, which means that their subversive political potential as monsters is contained rather than exploited in this frame. With the help of Belgian philosopher of science Isabelle Stengers’ use of the figure of the idiot, I suggest that to enter into a more interesting relationship with online trolls, we may have to open for the possibility that ‘there is something more important’, which is not articulated ‘seriously’, but is nevertheless crucial for the sort of issue-oriented take on democratic politics currently being developed in STS. More specifically, online trolling may be politically generative in the sense that trolls challenge the dichotomy between serious ‘public’ issues and ‘private’ jesting.

‘-겠-’과의 은유적 관계에서 본 ‘-을게’의 미래성과 양태적 의미

‘-겠-’과의 은유적 관계에서 본 ‘-을게’의 미래성과 양태적 의미

‘-겠-’과의 은유적 관계에서 본 ‘-을게’의 미래성과 양태적 의미

‘-겠-’과의 은유적 관계에서 본 ‘-을게’의 미래성과 양태적 의미

Enhancing the comprehension of visual metaphors in individuals with intellectual disability with or without down syndrome

This study is the first to investigate the effectiveness of deep and shallow intervention programs in the acquisition of visual metaphor comprehension in individuals with non-specific intellectual disability (NSID; aged 15–59, N = 53) or Down syndrome (DS; aged 15–52, N = 50). The deep intervention program was based on dynamic assessment model for enhancing analogical thinking. The shallow intervention program involves memorizing a metaphorical relationship between pairs of pictures. Visual metaphor comprehension was measured by the construction of a metaphorical connection between pairs of pictures. The results indicated that both etiology groups exhibited poor understanding of visual metaphors before the intervention. A significant improvement was observed in both interventions and both etiology groups, with greater improvement among individuals who underwent the deep processing. Moreover, the latter procedure led to greater generalization ability. The results also indicated that vocabulary contributed significantly to understanding unstudied metaphors and that participants with poorer linguistic abilities exhibited greater improvement in their metaphorical thinking. Thus, individuals with ID with or without DS are able to recruit the higher-order cognitive abilities required for visual metaphor comprehension.

“Froome with His SKY Bodyguards, Layers of Armour”: The ‘Sport is War’ Conceptual Metaphor in Grand Tour Cycling Commentary

The incorporation of metaphors into everyday language use has formed the basis of scholarly investigation for decades. Particular attention has been given to conceptual metaphors, which are seen as essential tools for individuals to interpret and process various ideas and experiences. Within the milieu of metaphorical speech, metaphors of war have frequently been applied across a range of domains including politics, business, and sport. Within the sporting context, the notion of ‘Sport is War’ has been discussed in relation to various football codes, baseball, and tennis. In this article, we examine this metaphor in relation to professional stage-race cycling, a sport known for its combative, tactical, and physically demanding nature. We focus specifically on cycling commentary of the 2016 Tour de France—thus recalibrating the metaphor as ‘Cycling is War.’ Our findings show that war metaphors are prevalent in cycling commentary and are particularly useful in highlighting aspects of the sport inclusive of competition, strategy, power, teamwork, and sportsmanship. Through these categories, the cycling is war metaphor can be said to have the potential to elevate viewer engagement as well as add insight into the technicalities of the sport and expand on previous understandings of sport/war metaphors.

The use of metaphors in understanding atypical gender identity development and its psychosocial impact

Over the years I have found a number of metaphors which have helped me to deal with particular dynamics in therapeutic work or with group and institutional conflicts involving the Gender Identity Development Service at the Tavistock Centre. This nationwide service, which is for young people with atypical gender identity development and their families, was established in 1989. In this paper I describe some of these metaphors in relation to the particular problems or conflicts which had stimulated their appearance in my mind. The emergence of these metaphors links the vicissitudes of atypical gender identity development to issues regarding symbolisation or symbolic thinking. Metaphors such as ‘working at the edge’ or ‘navigating between Scylla and Charybdis’ allow the professional to hold on to multiple perspectives and to maintain a certain degree of ambiguity in situations in which the interpersonal dynamics can be experienced as rigid and deterministic. The emergence of metaphors can then be perceived by the professional with a sense of relief and freedom of thinking. In this paper, metaphors are linked to: the model of care developed; the therapeutic stance; and the aims, risks and pressures experienced by the professional in this area of work. The association between gender dysphoria in some young people and autistic spectrum features is explored. The paper emphasises the importance of responding flexibly to individual differences and of recognising complexity.

Отрицание быта в контексте эволюции русской литературы и культуры 1920-1930-х годов

The article examines the artistic embodiment of the concept of household in the literature of 1920-1930-ies in the context of real historical circumstances and philosophical explorations of the 20th century. The artistic themes characteristic of that period are as follows: denial of the household, idealization and ideologization of householdness” due to historical realities and ascetic revolutionary ideology. Particular attention is given to the antitheses of “household” and existence and related metaphors and images such as “satiety”, “material and spiritual property”, “family”, “house”, etc.

Metaphor in Translation: Cognitive Perspectives on Omar Khayyam’s Poetry as Rendered into English and Kurdish

As cognitive linguistics puts it, metaphor as a cognitive phenomenon can not be relegated to linguistic expression. Therefore, in order to analyze metaphor in translation, cognitive translation hypothesis investigates its translatability and metaphorical equivalence at the conceptual level. However, in such case, the conceptual metaphor is dealt with without considering its significant relationship to the cultural models. Based on Cienki’s theory (1999) postulating that the relation of the conceptual metaphor to the cultural model is similar to that of a profile to a base, and that the possibility of the interpretation and production of the conceptual metaphor depends on the cultural model, the present research reinvestigates the cognitive translation hypothesis from this perspective. The research findings reveal that translators have mostly been successful in translating metaphors dependent on shared cultural models, however, have failed to recreate metaphors dependent on non-shared cultural models. Accordingly, same mapping condition and different mapping condition are strongly dependent on the relationship between metaphors and cultural models. Thus SMC and DMC should be redefined in relation to cultural model.

The Otherness of the child’s body: the ambivalence of those small imperfect bodies as portrayed in Literature and Children's Literature

The article analyzes the metaphorical relationship between the child’s body and childhood images produced in the XIX century. The literature and children’s literature tell symptoms of ambiguity of the otherness of the baby's body, in a period when the similarities between childhood and madness were discussed for the first time. In the XIX century, the literature reveals the ambivalence of adult behavior towards children, in order to underline the distance between children and adults. The literary figures show the real authenticity of childhood, its mystery, its unknown dimension.

Identifying Customer Needs through Knowledge Sharing in Inter-Firm Relationships

ABSTRACTThis article presents an evidence on identifying customer needs through knowledge sharing in inter-firm relationships and offering value-based solutions to address them. The research goes beyond the network relationship metaphor by studying supplier-customer relationship with a focus on supplier firm members as the learning agent. This study answers the question: How relationship learning through knowledge sharing contributes to firm's offering through value creation? It presents an empirical evidence from four large multinational case firms through 12 episodic interviews. The results show firms that are receptive and customer-oriented are able to understand customer needs. The value addition process through solutions determines the respective roles of suppliers and customers. The success of the knowledge exchange process requires the involvement of senior management, which addresses and prioritizes solutions. The results provide managers with a practical framework to benefit from value chain conduits and accordingly decide how to target and align the firms' growth strategy.

Relationships with the Past: How Australian Television Dramas Talk about Indigenous History

Relationships with the Past: How Australian Television Dramas Talk about Indigenous History

THE SELF AND THE OTHER: TRANSLATIBILITY AND CULTURAL MEDIATION IN GLOBAL TIMES

As criticism has shown in recent years, the term ‘translation’ encompasses −among its philosophical ramifications− the relation with the ‘other’, the negotiation between one’s own language and culture and those of the other. We can interpret the recent transformation in the concept of translation as an attempt to translate ‘the other’. The relationship between subject and object has always been a key issue in the displacement inherent to the notion of translation. But the recent paradigm shift in translation sees it as the object of a new cultural framework proving cultural translatability at odds with a resistance to our essentialist notions of the ‘self’ and the ‘other’: what we are (or think we are) and what we are not (or think we are not). From that point of view, cultural (un)translatability is at the root of the concept of identity as a cultural construct. Translation, in its confrontation between the same and the different (the other in oneself, presence and absence), and in its constant negotiation with Otherness, gives us not only a metaphor for intercultural relations themselves, but also a remarkable means of getting close to and analysing cross-cultural relations.