Related Vocabulary Research Articles

A Mediterranean Thesaurus: Substratal Plant Names and Landscape Terms in Latin and Romance (An Experimental Approach)

Abstract In this paper we investigate lexical materials in Latin and Romance that appear to stem from ancient substrata in the Mediterranean. We focus on plant names and landscape related vocabulary, e.g., words for ‘berries’, ‘shrubbery, herbs and trees’, and words for ‘rocky’ and ‘swampy’ terrains, as both of these semantic fields are parts of the lexicon considered to be of very archaic origin. After investigating evidence for potential cognates in languages in the Mediterranean and exploring the geolinguistic distribution of the investigated words, we try to form conclusions about the involved strata and their chronological organization. We identify two important strata: an older Eurafrican layer (Hubschmid 1960) and a widely attested Euskaro-Caucasian layer associated with the arrival of Neolithic farming (see the discussion in Bengtson (2017a/2022, 2017b) and Bengtson/Leschber (2019, 2021, 2022)). The so-called ‘Mediterranean Thesaurus’ (in memory of Johannes Hubschmid) aims to establish a compilation of lexical data featuring words with unclear or highly disputable etymologies in the languages around the Mediterranean Sea. As a first step, we are collating words in an open-ended table and their geolinguistic/dialect-geographical distribution across the ranges of the Mediterranean languages, some of which are geolinguistically remote areas. We trace two main questions: (a) whether there are characteristic semantic fields that can be more often identified (such as plant names and topography); (b) whether we can highlight typical phonetic features and sound clusters in these words. Since the period of the Swiss and Italian etymological pioneers of the 20th century (Johannes Hubschmid, Giovanni Alessio, Carlo Battisti, Vittorio Bertoldi, Jakob Jud, Laura Lombardo, Alfredo Trombetti and many others), there has been great scientific progress in human genetics and archaeology that is increasingly revealing the prehistory of the Mediterranean. We recognize the work of these etymologists who – under much more demanding circumstances – offered suggestions about the origin of etymologically difficult words. Several hypotheses have been revisited in order to include or to reject the contribution of a specific substrate to the linguistic substrata of the macro-area. Our aim is to explore the prehistory of the Mediterranean area to understand the ethnogenesis of its peoples and their rootedness in millennia past, and to find evidence for a tentative stratification of substratum languages.

Teachers’ Strategies in Teaching English Vocabulary by Using the EWA Application

This study investigates teachers' strategies for applying the EWA application in the classroom. Using qualitative methods, data were collected from teachers through observation, interviews, and documentation. The documentation consisted of materials from teachers who used the EWA application, while structured interviews provided detailed insights into their experiences teaching English vocabulary with the app. The results highlight two main strategies: Cooperative Learning and the Clustering Method. In Cooperative Learning, students share and exchange vocabulary, promoting peer-to-peer learning. The Clustering Method involves using pictures to prompt students to identify related vocabulary, enhancing visual learning. Both strategies actively engage students and make learning enjoyable due to the EWA app's interactive and visually appealing features. However, internet connectivity issues pose challenges. Teachers utilize LCD projectors and computer labs to overcome these, ensuring that lessons proceed smoothly. This study concludes that using Cooperative Learning and the Clustering Method with the EWA application can significantly enhance student participation and enjoyment in learning English vocabulary.

대학생의 사용 어휘에 관한 연구

The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics of vocabulary used by college students by analyzing their writing using quantitative methods. The subject of analysis is 194 essays written by 101 college students. As a result of the analysis, there were 10,135 individual vocabularies and 80,732 total vocabularies. The top 100 high-frequency words among college students' vocabulary were largely the same as the results of the three surveys compared. As a result of classifying college student vocabulary according to three meaning groups, ‘first person’ vocabulary was used the most when it came to ‘person’-related vocabulary. ‘Indicative words and connecting words’ were used at 2.7% and 0.6%, respectively, and were considered to have contributed to increasing the cohesion of the writing. Vocabulary related to ‘leisure life’ was used at a rate of 2.4% of the total vocabulary, and it was confirmed that vocabulary reflecting the growth background of current generation students appeared with high frequency. The research results of this paper will help instructors understand their students. A limitation of this paper is that its analysis results do not apply to all college students. However, this limitation is seen as an inevitable limitation of vocabulary measurement research.

AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO TEACHING MATERIALS DESIGN FOR PROMOTING AUTHENTIC COMMUNICATION IN UNDERGARDUATE BUSINESS ENGLISH COURSES AT SEEU

Business English coursebooks undoubtedly offer structure and provide the necessary frame for students to rely upon, however, a pitfall to be avoided is blind, uncritical and unselective overreliance on them. The idea behind this paper is not to entirely banish ESP for Business coursebooks but to supplement them substantially with authentic written, audio and video materials tailored to students’ immediate and future needs. This paper advocates incorporating new approaches and practises in materials design and selection. When intended to be used with inexperienced students, business English teaching materials play a major role in introducing students to the real world of business, in addition to equipping students with the necessary business related vocabulary and the most frequently used grammar structures. This paper also summarizes the findings of a student survey on the extent to which the business English teaching materials used at SEEU incorporate the essential features of real-world business communication.

Trends and Preferences of Rhinoplasty Among Chinese Patients: A Social Media Analysis.

This study investigated the trends, motivations and preferences of rhinoplasty in China. Data on rhinoplasty were collected from Xiaohongshu and analyzed for trends. Text analysis and word frequency statistics were performed on the notes and comments using Python modules. We obtained 1065 notes with 102,153 comments, 239,383 collections and 640,579 likes. The number of rhinoplasty-related publications increased annually, correlating with per capita disposable income of households (DI) growth (r2=0.609, P=0.041<0.05). In the Southern provinces, there was a notably higher volume of publications compared to the Northern provinces (P=0.001). Furthermore, a significant correlation was observed between publication data, population size, and the DI (r2=0.786, P<0.001). The nasal tip (3197) and nasion (1409) were the most mentioned nasal subunits. "Good-looking" (9672) and "natural" (2811) were the most used words to describe the nose shape. The "doctor" (4377), the "hospital" (2182) and "hyaluronic acid" (2106) were the most mentioned rhinoplasty procedure related vocabulary. Discussions about rhinoplasty in China are increasing, and more people express their desire for rhinoplasty on social networks, related to China's DI growth. The Southern provinces show a higher inclination toward these discussions, a trend that correlates with our findings of a positive association between NOPs and both DI and population size. Netizens pay more attention to the shape of nasal tip and nasion, and prefer the good-looking and natural appearance. Most people consider autologous cartilage or hyaluronic acid injection for rhinoplasty. Doctors are the primary consideration for patients. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

The Usefulness of ChatGPT in Teaching Fixed Expressions and Conversational Strategies

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of using ChatGPT, a language model, in teaching fixed expressions and conversational strategies to improve Iranian EFL learners’ speaking skills. The study employed a pretest-posttest design, with 55 participants from two intact conversation classes selected through a convenience sampling aged between 20 and 32 intermediate EFL learners. Before the intervention, a pretest was administered. The classes started with teaching the 'Evolve 3', including related vocabulary and structures. The participants practiced using fixed expressions and conversational strategies in pairs, utilizing ChatGPT for comprehension, explanation, and additional examples. Further, the instructor emphasized the function and importance of these expressions. The posttest results were analyzed using t-tests, which showed a significant improvement in the participants' speaking skills after the intervention. The findings indicated that integrating ChatGPT into language instruction can be an effective method to teach fixed expressions and conversational strategies, leading to improvements in English learners' speaking skills. The use of a language model like ChatGPT provides students with immediate feedback, comprehension support, and additional examples, which can greatly facilitate their learning process. It provides insights and recommendations for educators and curriculum designers to explore innovative ways of integrating AI-powered language models into language teaching methodologies

한⋅중 착탈 어휘 확장 의미 대조 연구

Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine the corresponding types of extended meanings of Wearing-Taking off related vocabularies in Korean and Chinese, based on extended meanings of Wearing-Taking off related vocabularies in Korean and Chinese derived through literature research methods.&#x0D; Methods To this end, Korean Wearing-Taking off related vocabularies such as ‘ipda’, ‘sinda’, ‘ssuta’, were entered in “Pyojungugeodaesajeon” to examine their original meaning and extended meanings, and then those with extended meanings were extracted. Next, similarly, Chinese Wearing-Taking off related vocabularies such as ‘chuan’, ‘dai’, ‘ji’, were entered in “XinHuaZiDian” to examine their original meaning and extended meanings, and then those with extended meanings were also extracted. Finally, based on this, corresponding types of Korean-Chinese and Chinese-Korean extended meanings of Wearing-Taking off related vocabularies were presented.&#x0D; Results It was found that extended meanings such as ‘gamda’ and ‘ji’, ‘ipda’ and ‘chuan’ did not correspond at all as a result of examining corresponding types of Korean-Chinese extended meanings of Wearing-Taking off related vocabularies. It was also found that extended meanings such as ‘pei’ and ‘chada’, ‘zhai’ and ‘ppaeda’ did not correspond at all as a result of examining corresponding types of Chinese-Korean extended meanings of Wearing-Taking off related vocabularies. Although extended meanings of Wearing-Taking off related vocabularies such as ‘ssuta’ and ‘meng’, ‘dureuda’ and ‘wei’, ‘geolda’ and ‘gua’, ‘pulda’ and ‘jie’ were partially corresponded, it was found that there were no Korean and Chinese Wearing-Taking off related vocabularies in which extended meanings fully corresponded, whether Korean-Chinese corresponding types or Chinese-Korean corresponding types.&#x0D; Conclusions Corresponding types of extended meanings of Wearing-Taking off related vocabularies in Korean and Chinese showed a certain difference. To be specific, extended meanings of Wearing-Taking off related vocabularies in Korean did not correspond at all or partially corresponded to that of vocabularies in Chinese. What's more, no Korean-Chinese Wearing-Taking off related vocabularies in which extended meanings were completely 1:1 corresponded.&#x0D;

Need Analysis for Developing ELT Material for Early Childhood Education at UIN Alauddin Makassar

This research investigated the need of English that is Learning Needs and Linguistik Needs for Early Childhood Education Department at UIN AlauddinMakassar. This study involved 42 respondents which consists of 38 students, 1 lecturer, and 3 graduates Early Childhood Education Department at UIN AlauddinMakassar. In collecting the data, questionnaire and interview were employed by the researcher. The collection of the data was done by distributing the questionnaires to the participants to identify the students‟ needs in Early Childhood Education Department and interview guideline to find additional data. The findings indicated that the students' ability levels of all components of English (reading, writing, speaking, listening, grammar and vocabulary) are at the 'adequate' level. The order of students' preferences related to the English component is; Speaking and Vocabulary, which gained 3.35 of average score. level of other components of English, such as; Listening only reached 3.23 of average score, reading (3.22), writing and grammar (3.20). Meanwhile, the difficulties experienced by students while learning English were Inadequate knowledge of grammar (3.21). In addition, the most preferred learning style by students is film and video (3.24) and the most popular learning preference is speaking with a score of (3.20). This study also provides goals and objectives as a reference in designing and developing appropriate English language materials for Early Childhood Education.The goals that had been formulated are (1) to help students communicate effectively in English by developing students‟ English components and (2) to equip students to have a good basicfoundation in English which enables them to communicate everyday situations and topics. Besides, the formulated objectives are students able to use English components practically through topics related to the department with various learning preferences and styles.Objectives of this research;(1) This students are able to discuss,practice,andgive example about teaching reading for children using related vocabulary correctly.(2) The students are able to comprehend intermediate level reading materials related to children learning a foreign language and actively discuss it to their peers.(3) The students are able to practice teaching English with media using story book communicatively in small group.(4) The students are able to classify and explain about learning tools for early agr learners and conclude the topic in spoken and written English.(5) The students are able to understand and discuss clearly the way of teaching listening for children and give reason of how important to administer education.(6) The students are able to give clear presentation related to teaching English with media songs and practice with their listening.(7) The studentsare able to practice teaching English with media film cartoon in role play.(8) The students are able to participate actively in discussion related to the most appropriate English for early age lessons plans and give proper reason to their point of view.(9) The students are able to understand clear children development and characteristics and discuss their preferences towards the topic.

Nietzsche Was No Perspectivist

There is a widespread agreement that Nietzsche has developed a kind of position or doctrine called ‘perspectivism’. Scholars go on and develop metaphysical, semantic, epistemic, and psychobiological interpretations of the supposed Nietzschean perspectivism or even ‘perspectivisms’. They engage in debates about whether this perspectivism is relativistic, realistic, or anti-realistic and what the tenets of perspectivism are. In this paper, I suggest putting an end to this practice. I examine Nietzsche’s explicit mentions of the term ‘perspectivism’, the problems associated with the misunderstanding of this term as a label, attempts to reconstruct perspectivism based on explicit mentions of ‘perspective’ and related vocabulary, and doctrinal assumptions scholars try to connect with this terminology.

“The Door You Can Walk Through to Society”: Social Inclusion and Belonging in Vocational Programmes for Immigrants

This article presents a qualitative, empirical study of two educational programmes for immigrants that integrate language instruction and vocational training. In the context of migration, social inclusion is often conceptualised as access to social capital. Proficiency in the national language is considered key for employment and fast integration into working life has become a primary goal in Swedish migration policies. This article examines the two programmes from the perspective of inclusion into an (imagined) future professional community of practice (CoP), focusing specifically on the participants’ possibilities to invest in a professional linguistic repertoire. The article is dedicated to empirical analyses and positive factors, recognising the need for research. Data consists of interviews with students and teachers, observations, and video recordings of course activities. Organisational aspects of the courses, such as the teachers’ backgrounds and the courses’ proximity to future CoPs, as well as relational aspects of the learning environments, are considered essential for the participants’ inclusion in a future professional CoP. Analyses of the programmes’ content demonstrate that participants are assumed to lack context‐specific, vocational knowledge, including professionally related vocabulary. The article contributes to knowledge on how inclusion can be managed in practice in educational settings for adult immigrants and promotes an understanding of how vocationally adapted courses can assist immigrants in becoming members of a future professional CoP.

Language of COVID-19: Language Absorption in the Pandemic Vocabulary from English to Arabic

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact not only on public health but also on language dynamics, including the Arabic language. Arabic has witnessed a rapid expansion of its vocabulary in relation to COVID-19. The objective of this research is to demonstrate the newly added vocabulary and examine how these terms have been assimilated from English into Arabic. The study employs a qualitative approach, utilizing the “Dictionary of COVID-19 Terms (English-French-Arabic)” as its primary resource. The data analysed in this study consist of entries pertaining to the COVID-19 pandemic found within the aforementioned dictionary. The analysis incorporates content analysis, as well as phonological and morphological analysis. The findings of this investigation reveal the presence of four distinct absorption strategies employed in the dictionary: adoption, adaptation, translation, and creation. Among these strategies, the translation strategy is found to dominate the process of absorbing English terms into Arabic, accounting for approximately 68% of the observed cases. This research ultimately concludes that language is an ever-evolving entity, constantly adapting alongside the societal and cultural developments it reflects.

Language Learning Approaches: A Study Meta-Analysis of Vocabulary Mastery in EFL Learners

This study does a meta-analysis of three study programs to examine the applicability of the various strategies and methodologies suggested in this research project related vocabulary learning or lexical knowledge. The results demonstrated that the learners' lexical knowledge strategies encompassed cognitive, metacognitive, social, willpower, and memory techniques. Additionally, this study looked into the relationship between the background, circumstance, approach, context, and therapy using a vocabulary acquisition strategy. The findings indicated that while the instructors used particular teaching methods in accordance with their curricula and preferred distinct methods, the L2 beginners came from diverse backgrounds and situations. The study's findings suggest that in order to effectively encourage Instructors at STKIP Muhammadiyah Pagaralam should be well aware of the significance of employing proper techniques of teaching English (ELT) to new EFL students in order to develop their vocabulary.

Spectrum of AI futures imaginaries by AI practitioners in Finland and Singapore: The unimagined speed of AI progress

AI teases our imagination: People have created various dystopian and utopian imaginaries of the era of AI. Although the key group creating and realizing AI-related futures imaginaries are the technology practitioners who research, develop, and apply AI, empirical research has focused on collective rather than individually interpreted imaginaries. Empirical research on individual practitioners’ futures imaginaries is necessary, as well as fine-tuning the related vocabulary to support individual and non-linear perspectives. We present an empirical study in which we interviewed 35 AI and robotics practitioners based in Finland and Singapore. We asked (1) what kind of best and worst futures imaginaries the practitioners of AI and robots envision and (2) how the practitioners imagine likely futures will emerge. As a result, we present three continuums. Along these continuums, the practitioners consider variations of likely futures: (1) the best, (2) in between, and (3) the worst. Our analysis reveals decisive questions behind the continuums regarding the agent in control, relations in practitioner communities and society, and justified concentration of power.

Obsolete Words in Russian Translations of «The Song of Roland»

A whole range of topical scientific issues is associated with the concept of obsolete vocabulary: criteria for selecting obsolete vocabulary, the concept of archaism, the distinction between artificial and natural archaization, the problem of mixing obsolete vocabulary with words of poetic and bookish styles. The purpose of this work is to compare and classify Russian translations of «The Song of Roland» in terms of various types of obsolete vocabulary occurring in them, to quantify the frequency of the latter and interpret these facts with regard to translation strategies. For our study we used some fragments of Russian translations corresponding to the LII-LVI laisses in F. Michel’s version of the poem, published in 1837. In our article, we use the term obsolete vocabulary in relation to archaisms and historicisms. When describing archaisms, we were guided by P. Zumthor’s classification . Our selection of obsolete vocabulary was based on the presence of corresponding marks in the following dictionaries: S. I. Ozhegov 1986, D. N. Ushakov 1935 - 1940, the Small Academic Dictionary of 1999. The largest number of obsolete words was found in B. I. Yarkho’s translation – 58 instances. Next comes the translation of the count F. de La Barthes – 54 instances. Then follows B. N. Almazov’s translation – 53 obsolete lexical units and Yu. B. Korneev’s translation – 51. The smallest number of obsolete words was found in A. N. Chudinov’s translation – 43 examples. Historicisms (116 units) turned out to be the most frequent in translations, slightly less frequent are lexical archaisms (95 units), next in frequency are grammatical archaisms (21 units), then come phonetical-graphic archaisms (19 units), syntactic archaisms (5 units) and syntagmatic ones (3 units). In addition, the ratio of archaisms and historicisms is not directly related to the time of creation of the translation, nor is it directly related to the frequency of obsolete vocabulary in general. This suggests that translation decisions are determined by the authors’ personal choice rather than by external factors.

Arrangement analysis of the Chinese learner’s dictionaries in Malaysia

With the growing numbers of Chinese language learners in Malaysia, Chinese language is getting more and more important. The importance and usage of Chinese learner’s dictionaries have also been revealed. However, there are still room for improvement on the development of Chinese learner’s dictionaries in Malaysia. Therefore, this article compared and analyzed the arrangement of structure and definition of four existing Chinese learner’s dictionaries in Malaysia. The comparative analysis in this article were divided into two parts: 1) comparison and analysis of the structural arrangement, and 2) comparison and analysis of the definition arrangement. The items of structural arrangement comparison included: table of contents, preface, instruction, abbreviation table, copyright page, radical index, index, appendix, and reference materials. The items of definition arrangement comparison included: vocabulary, sentence examples, Hanyu Pinyin, Chinese characters’ stroke order, HSK related vocabularies, and pictures. At the end of this research, a suggestion on the structural and definition arrangement of the Chinese learner’s dictionary is provided based on the analysis results.

Kekerabatan Bahasa Batak Toba di Kecamatan Onan Ganjang Kabupaten Humbang Hasundutan Provinsi Sumatera Utara dan Bahasa Minangkabau di Kecamatan Lubuk Begalung Kota Padang Provinsi Sumatera Barat

Research is conducted with the aim to (a) determine the level of degrees of the two languages studied, (b) determine the separation distance between the two languages studied, and (c) find out the sound correspondenes between the language studied. This type of research is qualitative and quantitative research in the field of Comparative Historical Linguistic. The research entity is the Toba Batak Language in Onan Ganjang District, Humbang Hasundutan Regency, North Sumatera Province and the Minangkabau language in Lubuk Begalung District, Padang City, West Sumatera Province. The data for this research are spoken and written which are guide by the Morris Swadeshvocabulary list and the cultural voabulari lists of the two language studied. Based on existing alculations and research data, a related vocabulary was found between the Toba Batak language in Onan Ganjang District, Humbang Hasundutan Regency, North Sumatera Province and the Minangkabau language in Lubuk Begalung District, Padang City, West Sumatera Province, a total of 99 related words (cognates) and 401 words (not cognates). So, the percentage level of kinship between the two language is 18%. Next, the glotohronolgy calculation show that separation of the two language is from 1928 BC, starting from 2023. Based on the 500 vocabularies found, there were sound correspondences consisting of 43 sound/phoneme replacement vocabularies, 1 sound/phoneme reduction vocabulary, and 10 sound addition vocabularies/phoneme.

Specific Features of Temporal and Event Related Vocabulary of the German Language of the Covid-19 Pandemic Era

The article deals with the features of reflecting temporal and event related vocabulary of the COVID-19 pandemic period in the lexical corpus of the German language. The empirical base of the study is the electronic dictionary Neuer Wortschatz rund um die Coronapandemie, which allowed to obtain reliable and valid results. The article identifies lexical and semantic groups of the studied vocabulary. The authors considered neologisms of the COVID-19 pandemic period from the point of view of the proper name theory and identified composites with derivational bases — eventonyms. The authors also analyzed the frequent lexical and semantic, morphological and stylistic means of new words’ origin; they described word-formation models from the point of view of their derivational potential.

An Ethnolinguistic Remark on the fēiyī 飛衣

This paper inquires the relationship between two Trans-Himalayan languages, namely Lohorung (Eastern Kiranti) and Old Chinese (Sinitic) by comparing their ‘soul’-related vocabulary. Several identified etymological cognates and rather unexpected parallels between the Lohorung maŋsuʔ ‘household shrine’ and the fēiyī 飛衣 ‘flying garment’ (i.e. T-shaped silk banner) excavated at the Mǎwángduī 馬王堆 site may in turn just add another perspective in understanding the function and meaning of this controversially discussed archaeological find.

IDENTIFIKASI KEKERABATAN BAHASA NON-AUSTRONESIA DI WILAYAH PAKAI BAHASA KAO

This research aims to reconstruct non-Austronesian language relationships focus on the languages of the Kao ethnic, Pagu ethnic, Boeng ethnic, and Modole ethnicities in the Kao sub-district, West District, North District, Kao Teluk District and Malifut District. The method used in this research focuses on lexicostatistical methods to find similarities, differences, similarities in linguistic characteristics (shared of linguistics) in related vocabulary in the languages of the Kao ethnicity, Pagu ethnicity, Boeng ethnicity, and Modole ethnicity. The approach in this study uses a comparative historical and qualitative descriptive approach. The results found in this study are (1) the existence of kinship data for non-Austronesian languages in the Kao ethnic, Pagu ethnic, Boeng and Modole ethnic languages, (2) non-Austronesian languages in ethnic Kao, Pagu ethnic, Boeng ethnic have a close relationship compared to Modole ethnic (3) The basic vocabulary patterns of the Kao ethnic, Pagu ethnic, Boeng ethnic, and Modole ethnic form word structures Vowels (V), Vocal-Consonants (VC), Consonants-Vowels (CV), Consonants-Vocals-Consonants (CVC), Consonants-Vocals-Consonants-Consonants (CVCC), and Consonants-Consonants-Vocals (CCV). (4) The proto-kinship languages of the Kao, Pagu, Boeng, and Modole ethnicities have the proto-kinship languages of Kao, Pagu, and short Boeng (PKaoPB), which means that they come from one body, while the language of the Modole ethnic group has a language level of This microphylum that describes the Modole ethnic language has a kinship with the Kao ethnic language, whose tempo of separation is estimated to be 50-75 centuries ago. The conclusions of the study confirmed that the non-Austronesian language families, in this case the languages of the Kao ethnicity, Pagu ethnicity, Boeng ethnicity, and Modole ethnicity, have inter-ethnic kinship relationships that are built on one language family (language family).

IDENTIFIKASI KEKERABATAN BAHASA NON-AUSTRONESIA DI WILAYAH PAKAI BAHASA KAO

This research aims to reconstruct non-Austronesian language relationships focus on the languages of the Kao ethnic, Pagu ethnic, Boeng ethnic, and Modole ethnicities in the Kao sub-district, West District, North District, Kao Teluk District and Malifut District. The method used in this research focuses on lexicostatistical methods to find similarities, differences, similarities in linguistic characteristics (shared of linguistics) in related vocabulary in the languages of the Kao ethnicity, Pagu ethnicity, Boeng ethnicity, and Modole ethnicity. The approach in this study uses a comparative historical and qualitative descriptive approach. The results found in this study are (1) the existence of kinship data for non-Austronesian languages in the Kao ethnic, Pagu ethnic, Boeng and Modole ethnic languages, (2) non-Austronesian languages in ethnic Kao, Pagu ethnic, Boeng ethnic have a close relationship compared to Modole ethnic (3) The basic vocabulary patterns of the Kao ethnic, Pagu ethnic, Boeng ethnic, and Modole ethnic form word structures Vowels (V), Vocal-Consonants (VC), Consonants-Vowels (CV), Consonants-Vocals-Consonants (CVC), Consonants-Vocals-Consonants-Consonants (CVCC), and Consonants-Consonants-Vocals (CCV). (4) The proto-kinship languages of the Kao, Pagu, Boeng, and Modole ethnicities have the proto-kinship languages of Kao, Pagu, and short Boeng (PKaoPB), which means that they come from one body, while the language of the Modole ethnic group has a language level of This microphylum that describes the Modole ethnic language has a kinship with the Kao ethnic language, whose tempo of separation is estimated to be 50-75 centuries ago. The conclusions of the study confirmed that the non-Austronesian language families, in this case the languages of the Kao ethnicity, Pagu ethnicity, Boeng ethnicity, and Modole ethnicity, have inter-ethnic kinship relationships that are built on one language family (language family).