Related Polysaccharides Research Articles

Advance in Cordyceps militaris (Linn) Link polysaccharides: Isolation, structure, and bioactivities: A review.

Cordyceps militaris is a unique and precious medical fungus in Chinese Cordyceps, which has been widely used as the traditional medicines or as biocontrol agents against pests in China for centuries. Polysaccharides are one of bioactive constituents in Cordyceps militaris with a variety of biological activities, including immunomodulation, antioxidant, anti-tumor, and anti-aging activities, among others. However, natural Cordyceps militaris are very rare and expensive, most of literatures indicated that the polysaccharides were mostly extracted from artificially cultivated fungal fruiting bodies (intracellular polysaccharides) or mycelia fermentation broths (extracellular polysaccharides). Moreover, separation and purification of polysaccharides was a very complicated and cumbersome process. Nevertheless, a large number of polysaccharides were purified and its characterization was elucidated by structure and biological activities. However, the relationship between structure and activity of polysaccharides has not been well established. Therefore, this review detailed the recent advance in several aspects (i.e., extraction, isolation, structure, and bioactivities) of the polysaccharides from fruiting body of Cordyceps militaris. This information could provide theoretical basis for the research on related polysaccharides, and also have important reference value in the field of functional foods and medicine in the future.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of immobilization of activated sludge on composite materials “polyethylene:polysaccharides”

The aim of this work is to study the immobilization ability of new composite materials based on polyethylene (PE) and polysaccharides (PS) in relation to the biocenosis of activated sludge (AS). The objects of the study were selected composite materials of the following composition: PE : pure microcellulose (MCc), PE : waste microcellulose (MCw), PE : starch (ST), at a ratio of components PE : PS = 70:30 wt.%. The objectives of the study were to determine the main morphological parameters of new composites (porosity, roughness, density), assessment of hydrochemical and hydrobiological state of AS (silt index, mass concentration of silt, species composition) until it locks into composites, assessment of the immobilization ability of the studied materials by biomass weight gain, monitoring of the state of AS after fixing. The tests found that the composite of structure of PE : MCc of has a density of 410 kg/m3 and a porosity of 60%, the roughness of 3.5; the composite of structure of PE : MCw has a density of 590 kg/m3 and a porosity of 40%, roughness of 2.0, composite of structure of PE : ST has a density of 640 kg/m3 and a porosity of 50%, the roughness of 2.5; wherein the reference sample - PE - has the parameters: density 860 kg/m3 and a porosity of 0%, roughness 0. To determine the immobilization capacity of the new composite materials, a laboratory experimental immobilizer was used, which is a container filled with 70% of the useful volume of the active sludge suspension and 30% of the floating loading samples. Immobilization was carried out under aeration conditions during 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 hours. As a result of tests it is established that the sample of structure of PE : MCc for 72 hours of immobilization showed a gain of biomass of the order of 12%, the sample of structure of PE : MCw - 5%, the sample of structure of PE : ST – 7%, PE – 3%. The condition of the organisms AS after fixing was evaluated by washings with immobilized samples, as a result of microscopy of washouts, the presence of living representatives of the biocenosis of AS in all samples was established, but they differ in number: for the sample of structure of PE : MCc - numerous, PE : MCw, PE : ST - average number, PE - small number. Further studies on the modification of the synthetic polyolefin matrix by functional fillers, including those from a number of polysaccharides, are of interest, allowing to increase the affinity of the carrier material with the extracellular matrix of activated sludge.

Optical properties wheat starch iodine polysaccharides

The amylosecontents in starch is one of its qualitycharacteristics. Generally it is a specific sign of astarch-containing material and the starch received from it. Physical and chemical properties of starch and its use in the national economy depend on it. In small quantities the amylose is received by starch fractionating. It is the difficult and expensive technology. Selectors carry out research workson creation of new varieties of potatoes, grain and leguminous crops with the increased content of amylose in starch. They need techniques of definition of amylose in different types of raw materials. But before developing a technique, it is necessary to investigate optical properties of this or that type of starch and the components making it. It showed from researches, different types of starchhad differentoptical properties of itscomponents. For example, the technique developed for definition of amylose in corn starch isn't acceptable for its definition in starch of triticale and wheat. Earlier we studied properties of iodine polysaccharides of corn and triticale starches and factors affecting the optical properties of iodine polysaccharides. In this work it was investigated the influence of amylose, concentration of iodine and potassium iodide at KI:I from 3 to 15 on an optical density of wheat iodine polysaccharidessolutions. It is established that the iodine amylose of wheat has a maximum at 600 nanometers, an iodine amylopectin has at 565 nanometers. Spectra of wheatpolysaccharides differ in value of an optical density ?max and a form of curves from related polysaccharides of triticale. Concentration of an iodine in the studied solution has to be equal 0.6 mg/cm3, and a ratio of potassium iodide to an iodine has to be 5.

Chitin: A "Hidden Figure" in the Fungal Cell Wall.

Chitin and chitosan are two related polysaccharides that provide important structural stability to fungal cell walls. Often embedded deeply within the cell wall structure, these molecules anchor other components at the cell surface. Chitin-directed organization of the cell wall layers allows the fungal cell to effectively monitor and interact with the external environment. For fungal pathogens, this interaction includes maintaining cellular strategies to avoid excessive detection by the host innate immune system. In turn, mammalian and plant hosts have developed their own strategies to process fungal chitin, resulting in chitin fragments of varying molecular size. The size-dependent differences in the immune activation behaviors of variably sized chitin molecules help to explain how chitin and related chitooligomers can both inhibit and activate host immunity. Moreover, chitin and chitosan have recently been exploited for many biomedical applications, including targeted drug delivery and vaccine development.

Polyamines stimulate the CHSY1 synthesis through the unfolding of the RNA G-quadruplex at the 5′-untraslated region

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), a group of structurally related acidic polysaccharides, are primarily found as glycan moieties of proteoglycans (PGs). Among these, chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate, side chains of PGs, are widely distributed in animal kingdom and show structural variations, such as sulfation patterns and degree of epimerization, which are responsible for their physiological functions through interactions with growth factors, chemokines and adhesion molecules. However, structural changes in CS, particularly the ratio of 4-O-sulfation to 6-O-sulfation (4S/6S) and CS chain length that occur during the aging process, are not fully understood. We found that 4S/6S ratio and molecular weight of CS were decreased in polyamine-depleted cells. In addition, decreased levels of chondroitin synthase 1 (CHSY1) and chondroitin 4-O-sulfotransferase 2 proteins were also observed on polyamine depletion. Interestingly, the translation initiation of CHSY1 was suppressed by a highly structured sequence (positions -202 to -117 relative to the initiation codon) containing RNA G-quadruplex (G4) structures in 5'-untranslated region. The formation of the G4s was influenced by the neighboring sequences to the G4s and polyamine stimulation of CHSY1 synthesis disappeared when the formation of the G4s was inhibited by site-directed mutagenesis. These results suggest that the destabilization of G4 structures by polyamines stimulates CHSY1 synthesis and, at least in part, contribute to the maturation of CS chains.

Chitin Facilitated Mineralization in the Eastern Oyster

Chitin is often reported in molluscan shell, where it likely contributes to the mechanical strength of the biomineral. However, the role of this polysaccharide in relation to the process of shell formation is not well understood. We investigated the deposition of chitin during shell repair in the Eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, by inserting stainless steel and glass implants in a region of shell damage. This work documents the time course of deposition of both chitin fibrils and calcium carbonate layers. Chitin is detected by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) using a chitin-specific fluorescent probe that was produced from clones of a chitin-binding domain. The presence of fibrils was confirmed using electron microscopy of implants. The fibrils’ dimensions were reduced after treatment with both acid and bleach, suggesting that chitin interacts with inorganic minerals and other organic components such as proteins and lipid as early as in 5 hours after shell damage. With CLSM, it was shown that chitin co-localized with membrane, suggesting the importance of cells located on the implants in the process of fibril formation. Using observations from this study as well as those from the literature on chitin synthase production in molluscs and fungi, we propose a cellular mechanism of chitin deposition related to shell formation.

Mucosal immunomodulatory evaluation and chemical profile elucidation of a classical traditional Chinese formula, Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang

Ethnopharmacological evidenceWith fast development and high pace life in modern society, autoimmune diseases like inflammatory bowel disease had become increasingly common. Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang (BZYQT), a famous traditional Chinese medicine prescription (TCMP), has been used for 700 years mainly in Eastern Asia countries for the treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory disorder, and weakness after serious diseases. These diseases were proved to be closely related to human immune system, among which, mucosal immune system is the largest immune system. So it is necessary to discover the mucosal immune related bioactive components of BZYQT. Aim of the studyTo evaluate the mucosal immunomodulatory bioactivity of BZYQT and ingredients. Materials and methodsPeyer's patches were collected from mice administrated orally with BZYQT, its related Octadecylsilane (ODS) fractions and polysaccharide part. Productions of several cytokines including IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and IFN-γ from T lymphocytes were tested with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) by Peyer's patch cells ex vivo experiments. Chemical profile including low molecular part and polysaccharide part were investigated. Low molecular part of BZYQT and related ODS fractions were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS) based on LC-MS information from self-established compound library. exclusion chromatography, and chemical property has been analyzed. ResultThree-days’ administration of BZYQT enhanced productions of IL-4 and IFN-γ in T lymphocytes of Peyer's patches in addition to IL-2. Some hydrophobic low molecular weight fractions (30%, 70% and 100% MeOH ODS fraction), which were fractionated from BZYQT by ODS column chromatography, showed enhancing or suppressive effects on productions of IL-2, IL-4 or IL-5 in T lymphocytes of Peyer's patches after oral administration. Besides, 161 components from hydrophobic low molecular weight fractions of BZYQT were unequivocally identified or tentatively characterized by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS according to retention time behaviors and fragments, and most of them were flavonoids and saponins from Glycyrrhizae Radix, Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, and Cimicifugae Rhizoma. Polysaccharide part was separated and purified both by anion-exchange and size. BZYQT also contained at least one neutral and three weakly or strongly acidic polysaccharides, and analysis of their chemical properties indicated that a neutral polysaccharide was glucan, and acidic polysaccharides possessed heteroglycan and pectic arabinogalactan features. Murine administration of polysaccharide fractions of BZYQT induced different changes on functions of T lymphocytes in Peyer's patches from hydrophobic low molecular weight fractions. By experiment using intranasally-immunized mice, BZYQT negatively regulated antibody response in lung as combinatorial actions of its low molecular weight ingredients and polysaccharides. ConclusionBZYQT contains several low and macromolecular weight ingredients, which affect to immune-function of T lymphocytes in Peyer's patches, and the formula expresses its regulative activity on lower respiratory immune system through combinatorial actions of these ingredients on immunocompetent cells in Peyer's patches.

Safety evaluation of two α-amylase enzyme preparations derived from Bacillus licheniformis expressing an α-amylase gene from Cytophaga species

A safety assessment was conducted for a symthetic variant Cytophaga sp. α-amylase enzyme expressed in Bacillus licheniformis and formulated into two distinct product formats: whole broth (a preparation in which the production organism is completely inactivated, but containing residual cell debris) and clarified preparation (from which the production organism is completely removed). The enzyme was improved via modern biotechnology techniques for use in the endohydrolysis of starch, glycogen, related polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. Applications range from carbohydrate processing, including the manufacture of sweeteners, fermentation to produce organic acids, amino acids and their salts, and potable or fuel alcohol, with resulting co-products (distillers' grains and corn gluten feed/meal) destined for use in animal feed. The toxicological studies summarized in this article (90-day rodent oral gavage and in vitro genotoxicity studies) noted no test article-related adverse effects and thus substantiate the safety of the α-amylase in not only the clarified form but also as a whole-broth preparation. Consistent with the decision tree analysis for enzymes produced with modern biotechnology techniques, this paper provides supporting information that this variant amylase with homology to an amylase from a potentially pathogenic organism (Cytophaga sp.) can be safely produced in an expression host that belongs to a Safe Strain Lineage, for safe use as processing aid to manufacture human and animal food.

Molecular and rheological characterization of different cell wall fractions of Porphyridium cruentum

Cell wall related polysaccharides of the red microalga Porphyridium sp. were shown to be a promising source of new sustainable thickening agents. Isolated extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) consisted of high molecular weight polymers, showing a higher intrinsic viscosity compared to several commercially used hydrocolloids. Aqueous solutions of EPS (2% w/w) were characterized by substantial viscosities and weak gel behavior. Even though the extracted water soluble cell wall polysaccharides exhibited the same monosaccharide profile as EPS (composed of galactose, glucose, xylose and glucuronic acid), a lower molecular weight and intrinsic viscosity was observed for this fraction, resulting in poor rheological properties. Therefore, it was hypothesized that the physicochemical properties were related with a different molecular structural organization of these monosaccharides and sulfate groups. The main challenge for commercialization of extracellular polysaccharides of Porphyridium sp. remains the purification of these fractions to obtain polysaccharide extracts with low protein and salt contents.

Comparison of microalgal biomasses as functional food ingredients: Focus on the composition of cell wall related polysaccharides

Microalgae are rich in several nutritional and health-beneficial components, showing great potential as functional food ingredients. To this extent, knowledge of the biomass composition is essential in the selection of suitable microalgae species for specific food applications. Surprisingly, although cell wall polysaccharides are generally reported to play a role in functionality, limited attention has been given to the cell wall related polysaccharides of microalgae so far. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize dry biomasses of ten microalgae species with potential as functional food ingredients, with a particular focus on the composition of cell wall related polysaccharides. The investigated species were Arthrospira platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, Diacronema lutheri, Tisochrysis lutea, Nannochloropsis sp., Odontella aurita, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Porphyridium cruentum, Schizochytrium sp. and Tetraselmis chuii. Lipids, proteins and ash made up a large fraction of the biomasses, except for the freshwater algae C. vulgaris and A. platensis which were mainly composed of proteins and polysaccharides. Generally, low amounts of storage polysaccharides (2–8%) were observed in the investigated microalgae species, while extracellular polymeric substances were only present in P. cruentum, O. aurita, C. vulgaris and A. platensis. Cell wall polysaccharides contributed approximately 10% of the biomass and were composed of heteropolysaccharides, showing at least five different monosaccharides. Moreover, the presence of uronic acids and sulfate groups provides anionic characteristics to the cell wall related polysaccharides of several microalgae. As a result, these polysaccharides show potential to display interesting functionalities as bioactive or technological substances.

Entanglement properties of carboxymethyl cellulose and related polysaccharides

Entanglement network of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was characterized based on the dynamic viscoelasticity of the concentrated solutions in an ionic liquid. According to the concentration dependence of the molecular weight between entanglements (M e), M e for the molten state (M e,melt) for CMC was estimated to be 3.9 × 103 as a chain variable reflecting the chemical structure of the polysaccharide. Furthermore, relations between M e,melt and other chain variables were examined to elucidate the specificity in the entanglement properties of CMC and related polysaccharides. It was shown that the number of entanglement strands (P e), the ratio of the cube of the tube diameter, and the volume occupied by the entanglement strand, for CMC was 72 being significantly larger than the universal value of ca. 20 recognized for flexible polymers. Anomalous values of P e > 20 were also obtained for related polysaccharides such as cellulose and amylose.

Lipopolysaccharides of Pantoea agglomerans 7604 and 8674 with structurally related O-polysaccharide chains: Chemical identification and biological properties

Structurally related O-specific polysaccharide (O-antigen) and lipid A components were obtained by mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of two strains of bacteria Pantoea agglomerans, 7604 and 8674. Studies by sugar analysis along with 1D and 2D 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy enabled elucidation of the following structures of the O-polysaccharides, which differ only in the linkage configuration of a side-chain glucose residue:R=α-d-Glcp in strain 7604 or β-d-Glcp in strain 8674Lipid A samples were studied by GC–MS and high-resolution ESI–MS and found to be represented by penta- and tetra-acyl species; lipid A of strain 8674 also included hexaacyl species. A peculiar feature of lipid A of both strains is the presence of the major cis-9-hexadecenoic (palmitoleic) acid, which has not been found in P. agglomerans strains studied earlier. The LPSs of both strains were pyrogenic, reduced the average adhesion and the index of adhesiveness and showed a relatively low level of lethal toxicity. O-antiserum against strain 7604 showed one-way cross-reactivity with the LPS of strain 8674, and O-antisera against both strains cross-reacted with LPSs of some other Р. agglomerans strains but more strains were serologically unrelated. These structural and serological data indicate immunochemical heterogeneity of Р. agglomerans strains and will find demand in classification of Р. agglomerans by O-antigens. [Display omitted]

A bioinformatics analysis of 3400 lytic polysaccharide oxidases from family AA9

Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases of family AA9 catalyze the oxidative cleavage of glycosidic bonds in cellulose and related polysaccharides. The N-terminal half of AA9 LPMOs displays a huge sequence variability that is in contradiction with the substrate simplicity so far observed for these enzymes. To understand the cause of the high multigenicity that prevails in the family, we have performed a clustering analysis of the N-terminal region of 3400 sequences of family AA9 LPMOs, and have evaluated the coincidence of the clusters with distal visible features that may accompany functional differences. A method based on local pairwise alignments was devised to avoid the pitfalls of a global multiple alignment. Our analysis allowed the definition of 64 clusters, which successfully segregated several visible features associated to LPMO family AA9, such as the presence of carbohydrate-binding modules, of modules of unknown function and of the conspicuous H → R substitution at the first residue of the histidine brace that holds the catalytic copper. Our analysis shows that the hypervariability of the N-terminal half of the AA9 sequences is not driven by random evolution as sequence similarity does not follow solely taxonomy. The results suggest that some clusters are perhaps able to target chitin instead of cellulose, and that preference for C1 or C4 oxidation (or lack thereof), does not appear to constitute a strong evolutionary constraint. On an evolutionary standpoint, there seems to be little constraints that apply to the N-terminal half of the sequences other than the conservation of the histidine brace. The weak evolutionary constraints that apply to the N-terminal half of AA9 LPMOs explain both their hypervariability and multigenicity.

Characterization and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides extracted from enzymatic hydrolysate of Ginkgo biloba leaves

Three high purified polysaccharide monomers (GBP11, GBP22, and GBP33) were obtained from enzymatic hydrolysate of Ginkgo biloba leave using DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow column and Sephadex G-100 column, and their basic structural characterization were investigated by utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography, high-performance ion chromatography, and Infrared Spectroscopy. In addition, antioxidant activities of related polysaccharides were also evaluated. The results showed that the molecular weight of GBP11, GBP22, and GBP33 were 1.944 × 103 KDa, 5.167 × 103 KDa, and 45.98 KDa, singly, and they were mainly made up of glucose, galactose, arabinose, and rhamnose with a molar ratio of 62.2:1.98:3.84:1.24, 3.57:68.0:4.67:0.36 and 5.34:48.8:1.70:8.97, respectively. Moreover, GBP22, GBP, and GBP11 demonstrated the strongest free radical scavenging activity on DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide anion, showing that they have potential application value on the functional food and cosmetic industry. Practical applications Enzymatic hydrolysate of Ginkgo biloba leaves includes lots of carbohydrate, it will cause eutrophication and environment pollution if it is directly poured out. This research indicates that carbohydrate extracted from enzymatic hydrolysate of Ginkgo biloba leaves are made up of different polysaccharide monomers with various molecular weight and monosaccharide composition. Moreover, these polysaccharide monomers possess appreciating antioxidant activities. Therefore, this research could lay a foundation for the high-value application of polysaccharides in functional food and cosmetic industry, and provide theoretical reference for the treatment of waste water.

The Activity of Cellulase Enzymes of Ganoderma applanatum and Ganoderma tropicum

Background: Ganoderma can live as saprobes on rotting stumps and roots by decomposing lignin as well as cellulose and related polysaccharides. It is because of mushrooms cellulolytic activities. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the cellulolytic activity of the crude extract of Ganoderma applanatum and G. tropicum from Garut (Indonesia). Method: Colorimetric method using dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS). Results: The cellulolytic activity of G. applanatum and G. tropicum in the pH range of 3.5-10.0 was 0.051-0.109 and 0.063-0.131 UI/mL, respectively. The cellulolytic activity of G. applanatum and G. tropicum in the temperature range of 35-65 °C was 0.100-0.184 and 0.077-0.110 UI/mL, respectively. Conclusion: The activity of cellulase enzymes were affected by temperature and pH. The cellulolytic activity of G. applanatum was the same as G. tropicum.

Storage related changes of cell wall based dietary fiber components of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) stems

Storage related changes in the cell wall composition potentially affect the texture of plant-based foods and the physiological effects of cell wall based dietary fiber components. Therefore, a detailed characterization of cell wall polysaccharides and lignins from broccoli stems was performed. Freshly harvested broccoli and broccoli stored at 20°C and 1°C for different periods of time were analyzed. Effects on dietary fiber contents, polysaccharide composition, and on lignin contents/composition were much more pronounced during storage at 20°C than at 1°C. During storage, insoluble dietary fiber contents of broccoli stems increased up to 13%. Storage related polysaccharide modifications include an increase of the portions of cellulose, xylans, and homogalacturonans and a decrease of the neutral pectic side-chains arabinans and galactans. Broccoli stem lignins are generally rich in guaiacyl units. Lignins from freshly harvested broccoli stems contain slightly larger amounts of p-hydroxyphenyl units than syringyl units. Syringyl units are predominantly incorporated into the lignin polymers during storage, resulting in increased acetyl bromide soluble lignin contents. NMR-based analysis of the interunit linkage types of broccoli stem lignins revealed comparably large portions of resinol structures for a guaiacyl rich lignin. Incorporation of syringyl units into the polymers over storage predominantly occurs through β-O-4-linkages.

The binding of the bone morphogenetic protein antagonist gremlin to kidney heparan sulfate: Such binding is not essential for BMP antagonism

Gremlin-1, a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist, has essential roles in kidney and limb bone development, and is important in chronic diseases including tissue fibrosis. It also functions as an activating ligand of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2 (VEGFR2), and binds strongly to the sulfated polysaccharide, heparin. Here we investigated the extent to which gremlin binds to the related polysaccharide heparan sulfate (HS), which unlike heparin is widely distributed spread within tissues. We determined that both highly sulfated HS and kidney HS are able to partially compete for the binding of heparin to gremlin, whereas low sulfated HS is a poor competitor. In further investigations of the interaction between gremlin and HS, we found that wild-type gremlin is able to bind broadly across the various regions of kidney in an HS-dependent manner, with particularly intense binding to tubular structures in the renal cortex. In a model of chronic kidney disease, fibrotic changes in the kidney result in a loss of gremlin binding sites. Gremlin mutants with reduced affinity for heparin showed negligible binding under the same conditions. These mutants nonetheless remain functional as BMP antagonists on C2C12 myoblastic cells transfected with a Smad 1 reporter gene construct. Overall our findings indicate that on secretion, gremlin will bind to HS structures on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix, thus providing for a localised reservoir which can modulate BMP activity in a temporospatially restricted manner. Although binding of heparin/HS to gremlin has been shown elsewhere to be necessary for gremlin activation of VEGFR2, this does not appear to be essential for BMP antagonism by gremlin. Thus these sulfated polysaccharides differentially regulate the activities of gremlin.

Structure and bioactivity of a polysaccharide containing uronic acid from Polyporus umbellatus sclerotia

Polyporus umbellatus is a medicinal fungus, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands years for treatment of edema, scanty urine, vaginal discharge, jaundice and diarrhea. The structure of a soluble polysaccharide (named PUP80S1), purified from the sclerotia of Polyporus umbellatus was elucidated by gas chromatography (GC), GC–mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. PUP80S1 is a branched polysaccharide containing approximately 8.5% uronic acid and having an average molecular weight of 8.8kDa. Atomic force microscopy of PUP80S1 reveals a globular chain conformation in water. Antioxidant tests, Oxygen radical absorption capacity and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assays indicate that PUP80S1 possesses significant antioxidant activity. But the related polysaccharide, PUP60S2, which contains more uronic acid residues and a higher level of branching, shows better antioxidant activity. These results suggest that structure features of polysaccharides play an important role in their physiological functions.

Aniline blue and Calcofluor white staining of callose and cellulose in the streptophyte green algae Zygnema and Klebsormidium.

Plant including green algal cells are surrounded by a cell wall, which is a diverse composite of complex polysaccharides and crucial for their function and survival. Here we describe two simple protocols to visualize callose (β-1→3-glucan) and cellulose (β-1→4-glucan) and related polysaccharides in the cell walls of streptophyte green algae by using standard dyes and epifluorescence microscopy.

Calculating the energy value meadow hay - NEL, based solely on the NDF and compared with commonly used calculations NEL

DOI: 10.15414/afz.2015.18.04.95–98 Received 9. July 2015 ǀ Accepted 28. August 2015 ǀ Available online 7. December 2015 In our study was compare the accuracy of prediction of the energy value NEL of meadow hay. Predictive equations calculated from the results of our monitoring is NEL = 12.9085 - 0.1276x, where x = the NDF. Values of prediction equation which we calculated is comparable with the values indicated by the other authors. The great advantage of our prediction equation is the unpretentiousness of its calculation. Own calculation of NEL requires more analytically determined values. The number of analysis needed to calculate predictive equations and the time needed for all analysis is in our determination in the prediction of NEL, big advantage. It is further enhanced by lower finance costs. Keywords : meadow hay, prediction of the energy, NEL, NDF References HARRIS B. JR. (1993) Nonstructural and structural carbohydrates in dairy cattle rations. [Online] University of Florida, IFAS Extension. Available at http://ufdc.ufl.edu/U8566/00001/1j. [Accessed: 2015-06-10]. ISHLER V., HEINRICHS J. and VARGA G. (1996) From feed to milk: Understanding rumen fiction. [Online] Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences. Available at: http://extension.psu.edu/animals/dairy/nutrition/nutrition-and-feeding/rumen-function/from-feed-to-milk-understanding-rumen-function. [Accessed: 2015-06-10]. ISHLER, V. and VARGA, G. (2007) Carbohydrate nutrition for lactating dairy cattle: Information and tools to assist in managing dairy nutrition, including resources on forages, pasture, heifers, and calves. [Online] Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences. Available at: http://www.das.psu.edu/research-extension/dairy/nutrition/pdf/chonutrition.pdf. [Accessed: 2015-06-10]. LINN J. G. and MARTIN N. P., (1999) Forage Quality Test and Interpretations. In: Mendenhall, K. (ed.) 2009. The organic dairy handbook: a comprehensive guide for the transition and beyond. Cobleskill, NY: Northeast Organic Farming Association of New York. Available at: http://www.nofany.org/organic-farming/technical-assistance/organic-dairy . [Accessed: 2015-07-12]. MIKA V. et al. (1998) Forage quality. Praha: UZPI (in Czech). MUDŘIK, Z. et al. (2006) Foundations of modern cattle nutrition. Prague: CZU (in Czech). NRC (2001) Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle: Nutrient requirements of domestic animals. 7th revised edition. Washington: National Reserach Council. NOCEK, J. E. and RUSSELL, J. B. (1988) Protein and Energy as an Integrated System. Relationship of Ruminal Protein and Carbohydrate Availability to Microbial Synthesis and Milk Production. In J. Dairy Sci., vol. 71, pp. 2070-2107. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79782-9 POND, W. G. et al. (2005) Basic animal nutrition and feeding. 5th edition. New York: Wiley. SOMMER, A. et al. (1994) Nutrient requirements and nutritive value tables for ruminants. Pohořelice: VUVZ (in Czech). UNDERSANDER, D. et al. (1993) Forage analyses procedures. Madison: National Forage Testing Association. VAN SOEST, P. J., ROBERTSON, J.B. and LEWIS, B.A. (1991) Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. In J. Dairy Sci, vol. 74: 35 pp. 83-3597. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2 VENCL, B. et al. (1991) The new evaluation systems for cattle feeds. Praha: AZV CSFR (in Czech). WEISS, P. H. (2010) Refining the net energy system WCDS. In Advances in Dairy Technology, vol. 22, pp. 191-202. ZEMAN, L. et al.(1995). Catalog of feeds (tables of feeds nutritional values). Pohořelice: VUVZ (in Czech)