Related Materials Research Articles

Giant dielectric response and relaxation behavior of Bi3+/W6+ co-doped TiO2 ceramics.

With the rapid development of electronic information technology, dielectric ceramics are widely used in the field of passive devices such as multi-layer ceramic capacitors. In this paper, (Bi2/3W1/3)xTi1-xO2 (BWTOx) ceramics with superior dielectric properties have been prepared by using a traditional solid-state method. Remarkably, at a (Bi2/3W1/3)4+ doping level of 0.01, a (Bi2/3W1/3)0.01Ti0.99O2 ceramic achieved a giant dielectric permittivity of ∼1.5 × 104 and a low loss tangent of ∼0.07 at 1 kHz, as well as a good temperature independence, which could satisfy the operating temperature standards for X9R capacitors. The abnormal dielectric relaxation in the low temperature region can be explained by the interface polarization. Data based on the complex impedance spectroscopy and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy results indicate that the colossal permittivity of BWTOx ceramics is mainly ascribed to the internal barrier layer capacitance effect. The findings of this work could provide valuable insights for achieving large dielectric constants and good temperature stability simultaneously in BWTOx and other related electronic ceramic materials.

Influence of Water Concentration on High-Temperature Reactive Condensation of Chromium Vapors Generated in 800 °C Air

Reactive evaporation of chromium (Cr) from stainless steels used in solid oxide electrochemical systems, such as solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) systems, is well-documented. However, the condensation and interactions of volatilized Cr species onto and with surrounding interfaces during complex and dynamic system exposures is less understood. Understanding these interactions during operation is critical for improving system performance and safeguarding environmental, health and safety, as some condensed species contain toxic hexavalent Cr (Cr(VI)). The objective of this study is to investigate the condensation pathways of Cr vapors within representative high-temperature system environments. To accomplish this objective, Cr vapors, produced by high-temperature (800 °C) air exposures of trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) oxide (Cr2O3) powder with variable moisture content, were condensed onto various ceramic materials at lower temperatures (<400 °C). The total amount of Cr and ratios of oxidation states were measured using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and diphenyl carbazide (DPC) colorimetric/direct UV–vis spectrophotometer analyses. Increased Cr condensation was observed with increased water content, with similar Cr(VI) to total Cr ratios. Results and interpretations are discussed in context of improving understanding of Cr reactive condensation in SOFC/SOEC and related high-temperature materials and systems.

Gases and gas-releasing materials for the treatment of chronic diabetic wounds.

Chronic non-healing wounds are a common consequence of skin ulceration in diabetic patients, with severe cases such as diabetic foot even leading to amputations. The interplay between pathological factors like hypoxia-ischemia, chronic inflammation, bacterial infection, impaired angiogenesis, and accumulation of advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs), resulting from the dysregulation of the immune microenvironment caused by hyperglycemia, establishes an unending cycle that hampers wound healing. However, there remains a dearth of sufficient and effective approaches to break this vicious cycle within the complex immune microenvironment. Consequently, numerous scholars have directed their research efforts towards addressing chronic diabetic wound repair. In recent years, gases including Oxygen (O2), Nitric oxide (NO), Hydrogen (H2), Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), Ozone (O3), Carbon monoxide (CO) and Nitrous oxide (N2O), along with gas-releasing materials associated with them have emerged as promising therapeutic solutions due to their ability to regulate angiogenesis, intracellular oxygenation levels, exhibit antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects while effectively minimizing drug residue-induced damage and circumventing drug resistance issues. In this review, we discuss the latest advances in the mechanisms of action and treatment of these gases and related gas-releasing materials in diabetic wound repair. We hope that this review can provide different ideas for the future design and application of gas therapy for chronic diabetic wounds.

Developing a logic model for communication-based interventions on antimicrobial resistance (AMR).

The importance of communication in enhancing people's awareness and understanding of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is consistently recognised in global and national action plans (NAPs). Despite this, there have been relatively few national AMR communication campaigns which use a structured approach to take account of the local context, encompass co-design with the target audience and use a logic model to help inform its design, implementation and evaluation. Designing a logic model for communication-based interventions can help map out the planning, resources, messaging, assumptions and intended outcomes of the campaign to maximise its impact, ensure it is fit for context and minimise any unintended consequences on individuals and society. Building on an AMR research project in Tanzania, Supporting the National Action Plan for AMR (SNAP-AMR), we co-designed the SNAP-AMR Logic Model with key stakeholders to implement AMR communication campaigns and related legacy materials to be employed in support of the Tanzanian NAP, but with broader relevance to a range of contexts. In developing the SNAP-AMR Logic Model, we reviewed relevant communication theories to create and target messages, and we considered behavioural change theories. We defined all key elements of the SNAP-AMR Logic Model as follows: (1) resources (inputs) required to enable the design and implementation of campaigns, e.g. funding, expertise and facilities; (2) activities, e.g. co-design of workshops (to define audience, content, messages and means of delivery), developing and testing of materials and data collection for evaluation purposes; (3) immediate deliverables (outputs) such as the production of legacy materials and toolkits; and (4) changes (outcomes) the campaigns aim to deliver, e.g. in social cognition and behaviours. The SNAP-AMR Logic Model efficiently captures all the elements required to design, deliver and evaluate AMR communication-based interventions, hence providing government and advocacy stakeholders with a valuable tool to implement their own campaigns. The model has potential to be rolled out to other countries with similar AMR socio-cultural, epidemiological and economic contexts.

UNEARTHING VULNERABILITY PROFILE OF THE ‘GIRL CHILD’ IN SELECTED SINGLE-SEX SECONDARY SCHOOLS OF LUSAKA, ZAMBIA

The purpose of this study was to explore the vulnerability profile of the ‘girl child’ in selected single sex secondary schools of Lusaka district of Zambia. The study applied a qualitative approach with a Hermeneutics Phenomenological research design. The sample comprised of 38 participants who included 8 vulnerable girls in each school and 4 guidance teachers. Interviews were used to collect data from the guidance teachers while focused group discussions were used to collect data from the pupils. The study established that the vulnerable profile included lack of proper dietary habits and good nutrition. Under household responsibilities, girls were overworked at home and performed many chores which made them to underperform in schools. Meanwhile, economic vulnerability included lack school materials like bookracks, desks, and brooms, lack of money for school upkeep, lack of proper school uniforms, shoes, socks, jerseys, necktie, and no lunch money. The parents of the girl children could not afford school extra tuition, school related books and materials. Lastly was the emotional vulnerability which included various emotional abuses which the learners underwent in the community and school indirectly and directly. The study concludes that secondary school girls were vulnerable differently in the secondary schools and these should be looked at with critical analysis for learners to excel in schools. The study recommends that teachers and parents should work together to ensure that they support their children for them to perform better in the Zambian education system.

Bond behavior of magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC) coating for steel reinforcement in conventional concrete and related repair materials

This research investigates the bond behavior of magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC) coated mild steel bars in conventional concrete, focusing on its relation to both epoxy coated and mild steel bar bond behavior related to the magnitude of variation. In traditional concrete a passive layer protects the mild reinforcing steel from corrosion until the concrete becomes carbonated and then mild steel will start to corrode with access to moisture and oxygen. To combat this, it is common to incorporate an additional layer of protection to the reinforcing steel, such as an epoxy coating or galvanizing the steel with zinc. A novel coating that has been developed to resist corrosion is magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC). MKPC demonstrates potential as an anti-corrosion coating for new construction and repair due to its rapid hardening, early strength, and good bond qualities based upon prior work conducted at Missouri S&T [Zhang et al. (2023)] The aim of this paper is to investigate those bond qualities. Ultimately, the results aim to inform engineering practices and improve the understanding on the bond behavior of MKPC anti-corrosion coated mild steel bars, how it compares to mild steel and epoxy coated steel in conventional concrete for infrastructure development, thereby addressing a critical need in the field.

From lab to field: Prussian blue frameworks as sustainable cathode materials.

Prussian blue and Prussian blue analogues have attracted increasing attention as versatile framework materials with a wide range of applications in catalysis, energy conversion and storage, and biomedical and environmental fields. In terms of energy storage and conversion, Prussian blue-based materials have emerged as suitable candidates of growing interest for the fabrication of batteries and supercapacitors. Their outstanding electrochemical features such as fast charge-discharge rates, high capacity and prolonged cycling life make them favorable for energy storage application. Furthermore, Prussian blue and its analogues as rechargeable battery anodes can advance significantly by the precise control of their structure, morphology, and composition at the nanoscale. Their tunable structural and electronic properties enable the detection of many types of analytes with high sensitivity and specificity, and thus, they are ideal materials for the development of sensors for environmental detection, disease trend monitoring, and industrial safety. Additionally, Prussian blue-based catalysts display excellent photocatalytic performance for the degradation of pollutants and generation of hydrogen. Specifically, their excellent light capturing and charge separation capabilities make them stand out in photocatalytic processes, providing a sustainable option for environmental remediation and renewable energy production. Besides, Prussian blue coatings have been studied particularly for corrosion protection, forming stable and protective layers on metal surfaces, which extend the lifespan of infrastructural materials in harsh environments. Prussian blue and its analogues are highly valuable materials in healthcare fields such as imaging, drug delivery and theranostics because they are biocompatible and their further functionalization is possible. Overall, this review demonstrates that Prussian blue and related framework materials are versatile and capable of addressing many technical challenges in various fields ranging from power generation to healthcare and environmental management.

In-process monitoring of graphene nanoplatelet production using Raman spectroscopy and NMR relaxation.

As the range of applications of graphene related 2D materials (GR2Ms) widens, the production volumes of these materials are also increasing. To maintain confidence in the quality of the GR2M feedstock, industry requires in situ measurement methods that can be deployed easily in a production environment and provide reliable results quickly. In this paper, we demonstrate the potential of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation and Raman spectroscopy to address this need. 1H NMR relaxation measurements performed at-line were able to provide results in under one minute, providing near real-time feedback for production monitoring. Alongside this, Raman spectroscopy was deployed in-line to enable obtaining real-time information from production, without the need to manually sample the material. By comparing the results against existing measurement methods, as well as laboratory-based Raman spectroscopy and 1H NMR relaxation measurements, we demonstrate potential quality control approaches for GR2M production.

High capacitive pt and NiOx loaded supercapacitors with commercial and green synthesized carbon-based materials

Supercapacitors have gained great interest due to their high-power energy density, suitability for clean energy and energy storage applications. In this study, we used commercial multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), polypyrrole (PPy) and synthesized porous carbon (PC) from Astragalus brachycalyx plant as supporting materials to prepare Pt-NiOx/PPy-MWCNT and Pt-NiOx/PC electrodes by a straightforward method and tested their electrochemical properties for supercapacitor applications. X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were employed to characterize synthesized electrodes. The XRD results confirmed the composition and crystalline structure of related materials in the Pt-NiOx/PPy-MWCNT and Pt-NiOx/PC electrodes. While the MWCNT supporting materials with PPy exhibited filled rod like structure, PC supporting materials showed porous surfaces according to SEM images. The EDS analysis approved chemical composition of the Pt-NiOx/PPy-MWCNT and Pt-NiOx/PC depending on their ingredients. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements were used to characterize capacitor behaviors of the electrode materials in a Swagelok-type cell. The Pt-NiOx/PPy-MWCNT and Pt-NiOx/PC materials displayed 252.36 F/g and 390.97 F/g capacitance values, respectively. The electrochemical experiments revealed that the synthesized materials can be used as energy storage electrode materials for supercapacitor applications.

Event Driven Phase-Locked Loop with Application to Atomic Force Microscopy Oscillation Non-Resonant Modes

Traditional PLLs are circuits synchronizing a generated periodic, usually harmonic, signal with a reference input signal in frequency (period) and phase. They are sophisticated, usually expensive, nonlinear control systems with difficult to achieve stability. Traditional PLLs are intensively used in various applications including RF communications, mechatronics, AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) resonant modes, etc. However, similar synchronization for lower frequencies can be achieved by significantly simpler control methods and schematics. One such new method, called EDriPLL (Event Driven PLL), is the subject of this paper. The idea is to design a discrete event system that receives and generates events at the start of a new (maybe variable) period of the reference signal. Thus, EDriPLL design belongs to the discrete event systems field rather than electronic signal schematics. It can be applied, for instance, when synchronizing a team of robots with subordinate robots receiving sync events with transition noise from the leader; they estimate actual time of the sending events and synchronize themselves with the leader at high frequency. The application illustrated in this paper is estimation of times of events when the AFM tip (periodically) begins to move closer to the sample in the ONR (Oscillation Non-Resonant) mode. ONR mode allows mapping of force curves and related material properties of the sample in real time. High throughput LabVIEW FPGA implementation of EDriPLL and an illustration of an ONR AFM mode synchronized by EDriPLL are presented. There are many other applications of this technique in mechatronics and robotics. It may also be used in human-machine interactions.

Crystal engineering of a new platform of hybrid ultramicroporous materials and their C2H2/CO2 separation properties.

Hybrid ultramicroporous materials (HUMs) comprised of combinations of organic and inorganic linker ligands are a leading class of physisorbents for trace separations involving C1, C2 and C3 gases. First generation HUMs are modular in nature since they can be self-assembled from transition metal cations, ditopic linkers and inorganic "pillars", as exemplified by the prototypal variant, SIFSIX-3-Zn (3 = pyrazine, SIFSIX = SiF6 2-). Conversely, HUMs that utilise chelating ligands such as ethylenediamine derivatives are yet to be explored as sorbents. Herein, we report the structures and sorption properties of two HUMs based upon the chelating ligand N 1,N 2-bis(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine (enmepy), [Zn(enmepy)(SiF6)] n (SIFSIX-24-Zn) and [Zn(enmepy)(SO4)] n (SOFOUR-2-Zn). These HUMs are isostructural and exhibit high C2H2 uptakes of 85 cm3 g-1 (3.79 mmol g-1) and 79 cm3 g-1 (3.52 mmol g-1), and C2H2/CO2 IAST selectivities of 7.4 and 8.1 (1 bar, 1 : 1 mixture, 298 K), respectively. Dynamic column breakthrough experiments resulted in separation factors of 5.26 and 2.05, and CO2 effluent purities of 99.991 and 99.989%, respectively. Temperature programmed desorption experiments at 60 °C resulted in rapid desorption of CO2, followed by fuel grade C2H2 (>98%), affording productivities of 9.45 and 7.96 L kg-1 and maximum C2H2 outlet purities of 99.92% and 99.66%, respectively. This study introduces the use of diamine chelating ligands in HUMs for gas separations through two parent sorbents that are prototypal for families of related materials, one of which, SOFOUR-2-Zn, uses the earth-friendly sulfate anion as a pillar.

Photo-controlled order-to-order host-guest self-assembly transfer for an afterglow effect with water resistance.

Due to the general incompleteness of photochemical reactions, the photostationary structure in traditional photo-controlled host-guest self-assembly transfer is usually disordered or irregular. This fact readily affects the photoregulation or improvement of related material properties. Herein, a photoexcitation-induced aggregation molecule, hydroxyl hexa(thioaryl)benzene (HB), was grafted into β-cyclodextrin to form a host-guest system. Upon irradiation, the excited state conformational change of HB can drive an order-to-order phase transition of the system, enabling the transfer of the initial linear nanostructure to a photostationary worm-like nanostructure with orderliness and crystallinity capability. Along with the photoexcitation-controlled phase transition, an afterglow effect was obtained from the films prepared by doping the host-guest system into poly(vinyl alcohol). The afterglow effect had a superior water resistance, which successfully overcame the general sensitivity of doped materials with the afterglow effect to water vapor. These results are expected to provide new insights for pushing forward chemical self-assembly from the light perspective, towards materials with superior and stable properties under light treatment.

Multi-layered heterogeneous interfaces created in Co0.85Se@Ni3S4/NF to enhance supercapacitor performances by multi-step alternating electrodeposition.

Heterogeneous interface construction is of far-reaching significance to optimize the electrochemical performance of electrodes. Herein, a multi-step alternating electrochemical deposition (MAED) method is proposed to alternately deposit Co0.85Se and Ni3S4 nanosheets on a nickel foam (NF), forming a special alternate layer-by-layer structure with multi-layered heterogeneous interfaces. The creation of the multi-layered heterogeneous interfaces provides a large interfacial area for redox reactions with optimum interstitials facilitating ion diffusion, thus greatly improving the electrochemical energy storage efficiency. With the increase in the layer number, the material exhibits increasingly better energy storage performance, and 8L-Co0.85Se@Ni3S4/NF exhibits the highest specific capacitances of 2508 F g-1 and 1558 F g-1 at a scan rate of 2 mV s-1 and a current density of 1 A g-1. The 8L-Co0.85Se@Ni3S4/NF//polypyrrole (PPy)/NF asymmetric supercapacitor provides a maximum operation potential window of 1.55 V and energy densities of 76.98 and 35.74 W h kg-1 when the power densities are 775.0 and 15 500 W kg-1, respectively, superior to most of the related materials reported. Through MAED, the deposited phase and the layer number can be accurately controlled, thus providing an efficient strategy for interface construction so as to increase the electrochemical activity of the energy storage materials.

Highly efficient circularly polarized electroluminescence based on chiral manganese(ii) complexes.

Currently reported circularly polarized luminescent devices are primarily based on rare earth and noble metal complexes or lead perovskite materials. Reports on electroluminescent devices employing eco-friendly luminescent materials are notably scarce. In this study, we strategically designed and synthesized manganese complexes featuring Binapo as the chiral ligand. The complex structure reveals a tetrahedral coordination configuration, with the R/S configurations exhibiting a mirror relationship. Leveraging the strong ligand field and chiral structural characteristics of Binapo, the enantiomers display red emission and exhibit significant circularly polarized luminescence with a circularly polarized luminescence asymmetric factor (g lum) of 5.1 × 10-3. The circularly polarized electroluminescent performance was investigated by using a solution processing method and host-guest doping strategy. Our efforts resulted in device performance with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) exceeding 4%, and its electroluminescent asymmetric factor (g EL) reached an impressive -8.5 × 10-3. This surpasses the performance of most devices relying on platinum (Pt) and iridium (Ir) metal complexes and perovskite related materials. Our work establishes a pathway for the development of cost-effective and environmentally friendly chiral electroluminescent materials and devices.

Development of the WeChat Public Account I Love Parasitology and its Preliminary Application in the Teaching of Human Parasitology.

To better construct teaching resources, enhance real-time interaction and feedback between teachers and students in and out of class, and improve the teaching quality of parasitology, our team set up a WeChat public account I love Parasitology. The data sources were mainly from original pictures and multimedia materials of different parasites collected and produced by our team, as well as related materials collected from traditional publications and digital media. With the instant interactive platform, course schedules and corresponding teaching contents were sent by push notifications, case-based learning was carried out, and 2-way communication between students and teachers was achieved. Teaching effectiveness was assessed using a self-evaluation questionnaire. A WeChat public account suitable for our daily teaching of parasitology was established. The second recursion and implementation of the learning resources allowed students to conduct in-depth reading and get unrestricted access to high-quality resources through the public account. In addition, all contents were in digital forms and made the original resources reborn, which would make up for our current and future shortage of physical teaching specimens. Moreover, the results from the questionnaire indicated that all these actions encouraged students to master theoretical knowledge, improved their abilities of case analysis and communication, and increased their knowledge of academic progress. Our WeChat public account can provide excellent learning materials for students and is a good supplement to the routine education of human parasitology.

Installation of superacidic carbon acid moieties into polymer materials via post-polymerization modification.

In the fields of polymer and material chemistries, strong acid units have mainly included sulfonic acids, which has limited the extension of related material chemistries. Here, a unique carbon acid functionality, namely the bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]methyl group, was integrated with polymers via a simple postpolymerization modification with the outstandingly electrophilic 1,1-bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]ethylene. The proposed synthesis protocol was verified as an efficient process even for solid-state reactions. The synthesis afforded an organic material with a surface decorated with bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]methyl units. The fabricated membranes featuring surface bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]methyl units functioned as efficient organocatalysts with high catalytic activity for the Mukaiyama aldol reaction. This study provides a simple method for installing superacidic carbon acid moieties onto the surfaces of materials without tedious chemical treatments.

A microphysiological system for handling graphene related materials under flow conditions.

The field of nanotechnology has developed rapidly in recent decades due to its broad applications in many industrial and biomedical fields. Notably, 2D materials such as graphene-related materials (GRMs) have been extensively explored and, as such, their safety needs to be assessed. However, GRMs tend to deposit quickly, present low stability in aqueous solutions, and adsorb to plastic materials. Consequently, traditional approaches based on static assays facilitate their deposition and adsorption and fail to recreate human physiological conditions. Organ-on-a-chip (OOC) technology could, however, solve these drawbacks and lead to the development of microphysiological systems (MPSs) that mimic the microenvironment present in human tissues. In light of the above, in the present study a microfluidic system under flow conditions has been optimised to minimise graphene oxide (GO) and few-layer graphene (FLG) adsorption and deposition. For that purpose, a kidney-on-a-chip was developed and optimised to evaluate the effects of exposure to GO and FLG flakes at a sublethal dose under fluid flow conditions. In summary, MPSs are an innovative and precise tool for evaluating the effects of exposure to GRMs and other type of nanomaterials.

대학에서의 경험·협력·탐구 중심 교육과정에 관한 경험

This research aims to explore the experience and significance of educational curriculum innovation in higher education by conducting a case study on development and implementation of a curriculum named IU-EXCEL The IU-EXCEL has been created by University I in Korea and focuses on experience, collaboration, and enquiry-based learning. This research investigates the experiences of professors and students, as well as the factors influencing the outcomes and impacts of this educational approach through the analysis of diverse materials in relation to IU-EXCEL such as reports on the development of this curriculum, interviews, meetings for the curriculum’s development, and observations of classes, The research findings reveal several key points. Firstly, in examining professors’ experiences with the curriculum, it was evident that they were encountering new experiences amidst a balance between comfort and challenge, and between criterion-referenced and norm-referenced assessment methods. Secondly, when examining students’ experiences with this curriculum, it was noted that students tend to separate theory from experience in their understanding and perceive criterion-referenced assessment as unfair. Thirdly, the outcomes of the EXCEL curriculum included enhancement of job-specific competencies, personal growth, and relationship building. Finally, success factors for this curriculum included professors’ attitudes toward teaching and relationships within the school community. Based on these research findings, suggestions for improving the experience, collaboration, and enquiry-based curriculum have been proposed.

Status of Human Development Index with Reference to Nepal

This paper is based on ‘the status of Human Development Index (HDI)’ since 1990 to 2022. Even though the term "human development" is frequently used, its meaning varies depending on the region. The first time Human Development Report (HDR) was introduced in 1990s and new approach and indices for advancing human flourishing in the different time interval. The main purpose of this paper is to track the trends in national human development indices and to observe the circumstances surrounding human development. Primary source of secondary data used for meta-analysis of human development reports and related materials. The HDR emphases on a distinct issue that effect on measuring the multi-dimensional human development. HDI is getting popular to measure the development of a country with related to socio-economic status. It combines three critical indicators namely; education, life expectancy and standard of living. Nepal’s HDI position is 143rd ranked, among 191 countries in 2021. HDI reports shows in 2022 puts the 0.602 value. So, Nepal is Medium human development category. Between 1990 and 2022, Nepal's HDI value changed from 0.399 to 0.602, a change of 50.9 percent. Bagmati province scores the highest HDI value with (0.669) and Kathmandu valley has the highest HDI score with 0.622 values. In comparison with rural areas, urban regions have a higher score, but the gap narrows for the rural areas. So, the Nepalese’s Human Development Indicators are increasing trends.

역사 교과서와 교육과정의 마한사 서술 분석

The history of Mahan is historically important in relation to the identity of today's Republic of Korea and the Korean people. Nevertheless, the lack of relevant materials and the resulting indifference are treated lightly in textbooks. Textbooks dealing with Mahan alone do not exist, but are described as part of Samhan. The first Korean history textbook published immediately after independence devoted a significant portion to history of Mahan. During the 3rd Curriculum period, the amount of description of the history of Mahan increased significantly. However. Most of the content was copied directly from the Sanguozhi dongyizhuan. In addition, as the introduction of related archaeological materials was reduced, both the quantity and quality of the content deteriorated.&#x0D; In order to normalize the description of the history of Mahan in history textbooks in the future, it is necessary to properly recognize the problems and their causes and correct them. In particular, the status and existence of Mahan as a regional history should actively reflect recent research results and be written in content that everyone can accept.