Hierarchy Of Relations Research Articles

Locating agency at the urban grassroots: Resistance and reworking in the everyday politics of informal settlements

Agency of the urban poor living in informal settlements in Southern cities can manifest in numerous ways in their encounters and negotiations with the formal state and various other actors located in the hierarchy of power relations. A certain form of agency rooted in oppositional consciousness can emerge from their everyday experiences of various forms of structural violence and oppression. Drawing on ethnographic case studies carried out in two informal settlements in Dhaka city, this article examines a range of oppositional acts carried out by the settlements’ residents against various formal and informal actors to understand how grassroots agency is manifested and negotiated in such acts. It utilises Katz’s conceptualisation of resistance and reworking as expressions of agency in interrogating the strategies and practices informal settlement residents use in order to negotiate with and reformulate the conditions and possibilities of their everyday lives. Findings elucidate their capacities and modalities of collective resistance against acts of repression carried out by formal and informal actors as well as against the dominant, vilifying discourses of informal settlements. It further illustrates how they can rework the law to negotiate and claim space within structures of domination. The article concludes by arguing that these acts of resistance and reworking are not just a coping response to constant repression and domination, but a means of claiming a more secure citizenship in the city.

Grammatical Relations Hierarchy in English

The grammatical relations are one part of traditional grammar that deals with important concepts such as subject, direct object, and indirect object. The main aim of this paper is to give a descriptive account of the term "grammatical relations hierarchy" in the English language depending on the theory of “Relational Grammar” as it demonstrates the relationship between these syntactic categories. Relational grammar predicates the hierarchy of these syntactic phenomena as subject > direct object > indirect object > non-terms. This paper attempts to describe the importance of these concepts and the hierarchy in the occurrence of these arguments in different constructions in order to identify the most privileged syntactic phenomena. This paper is concerned with giving general information about the concept of grammatical relations and the grammatical relations hierarchy. Then it attempts to show whether the word order of the grammatical relations in the English language obeys this hierarchy. Various constructions have been investigated for the purpose of demonstrating the position of these grammatical relations and the syntactic environments they are privileged to occur. The research has concluded that in the majority of the analyzed linear orders, the subject lies at the top of the hierarchy, and is the most privileged syntactic argument in English sentence constructions. However, in certain syntactic transformations like reflexivization and extraction constructions, it loses this privilege and shares it with other syntactic arguments like direct and indirect objects

Multicomponent Painlevé ODEs and related nonautonomous KdV stationary hierarchies

AbstractFirst, starting from two hierarchies of autonomous Stäckel ordinary differential equations (ODEs), we reconstruct the hierarchy of Korteweg de Vries (KdV) stationary systems. Next, we deform considered autonomous Stäckel systems to nonautonomous Painlevé hierarchies of ODEs. Finally, we reconstruct the related nonautonomous KdV stationary hierarchies from respective Painlevé systems.

An end-to-end neural framework using coarse-to-fine-grained attention for overlapping relational triple extraction

Abstract In recent years, the extraction of overlapping relations has received great attention in the field of natural language processing (NLP). However, most existing approaches treat relational triples in sentences as isolated, without considering the rich semantic correlations implied in the relational hierarchy. Extracting these overlapping relational triples is challenging, given the overlapping types are various and relatively complex. In addition, these approaches do not highlight the semantic information in the sentence from coarse-grained to fine-grained. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end neural framework based on a decomposition model that incorporates multi-granularity relational features for the extraction of overlapping triples. Our approach employs an attention mechanism that combines relational hierarchy information with multiple granularities and pretrained textual representations, where the relational hierarchies are constructed manually or obtained by unsupervised clustering. We found that the different hierarchy construction strategies have little effect on the final extraction results. Experimental results on two public datasets, NYT and WebNLG, show that our mode substantially outperforms the baseline system in extracting overlapping relational triples, especially for long-tailed relations.

A two-step hybrid multi-criteria approach to analyze the significance of parameters affecting microwave-assisted pyrolysis

Biomass is a viable alternative to fossil fuels due to the abundant availability of solid waste and the associated greenhouse gas emissions. Various conversion methods, including physical, thermal, biochemical-microbial, and chemical processes, have been utilized to convert biomass to energy. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) is one of the prominent techniques to convert biomass into energy. Various parameters affect the yield and quality of the product in MAP. Studies addressing comprehensive insight into all influencing parameters are limited. Moreover, the relative hierarchy of the parameters is not evaluated in any of the past research works. Considering this limitation, this study proposed a two-step approach based on a multi-criteria technique that aid stakeholders to analyze the significance of each parameter. The proposed approach is built on the theory of Fuzzy Delphi and the Analytical Hierarchy Process. A total of 27 different parameters affecting MAP are identified through extant literature. Analysis based on the proposed approach suggests that microwave power is the most significant parameter influencing MAP. The impact of co-processing feedstock is very minimal among all the identified parameters. The relative hierarchy of all the parameters drawn in this study help stakeholders performs MAP with the least resources.

Gri İlişkisel Analiz ve Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci ile Sigorta Şirketlerinin Performansı Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir Çalışma

In this study, financial performances of certain selected non-life insurance companies operating in Turkey between 2014-2018 are compared with two multi-criteria decision-making methods. The analytical hierarchy process is integrated into the grey relational analysis. First, the weights of the financial ratios are computed with the analytical hierarchy process, and then the companies are ranked by grey relational analysis using the weights found. The grey relational analysis results in which the financial ratios are taken as equally weighted are compared with the results in which the weights found with the help of the analytical hierarchy process. It is realized that the grey relational analysis results are affected by the weight of the financial ratios calculated with the analytical hierarchy process. In addition, it is observed that the ranking obtained by the combination of grey relational analysis and analytical hierarchy process is more compatible with the data in the financial reports.

Nicotine products relative risk assessment: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: The nicotine products relative risk assessment estimates the relative risk of tobacco-related diseases due to use of 15 nicotine products. This update adds new data to the original analysis and creates separate categories for United States and rest of world varieties of smokeless tobacco, as well as bidi cigarettes. Methods: The PubMed®, MEDLINE and Clinicaltrials.gov databases were searched systematically. The study lists were exported, screened at the title, abstract and full-text level according to pre-defined inclusion/exclusion criteria. The study quality was assessed, and risk of bias was accounted for in the screening criteria. The extracted data was synthesized into a toxin emissions/content analysis for 12 Group 1 carcinogens, used to estimate lifetime cancer risk, and epidemiological meta-analysis of over 40 tobacco-related diseases. The two analyses were integrated into a combined risk score for each nicotine product, weighted by the risk of bias due to missing data, and incorporated into the relative risk spectrum. Results: In this update, 70 new studies were added to the synthesis, making a total of 123 studies included. All combustible tobacco products score between 40 and 100, with bidis and smokeless (rest of world) also in this range. All other products have a combined risk score of 10 or less, including U.S. chewing tobacco, U.S. dipping tobacco, snus, heat-not-burn tobacco, electronic cigarettes, non-tobacco pouches and nicotine replacement therapy. Discussion: Consistent with previous studies, we define a group of high-risk nicotine products, scoring between 40 and 100 on the spectrum, and reduced risk nicotine products, scoring less than 10. Limitations of this study include the potential for bias due to missing data, the heterogeneity of the data included in the relative risk hierarchy synthesis, and the assumed consumption levels.

Lateral Relations in World Politics: Rethinking Interactions and Change among Fields, Systems, and Sectors

Abstract Scholarship drawing from a wide array of perspectives including field theoretical and functional differentiation approaches has shed increasing light on the sectoral dimensions of world politics. In contrast to dominant approaches emphasizing hierarchy and power in relations between global fields, this article offers a novel interpretive framework for understanding how diverse fields, systems, or sectors may interact and facilitate change in world politics beyond the operation of established hierarchies and power dynamics. Taking forward the previously underutilized concept of symbolically generalized media of communication, this article elucidates two processes of international political change by which different fields, systems, or sectors may transform world politics. The first process, lateral retreat, is illustrated with reference to the case study of the Protestant Reformation, in which internal changes in the religious field facilitated the development of an increasingly autonomous political domain. The second process, lateral penetration, is illustrated with reference to the international political response to the climate change and Covid-19 crises, in which the scientific sector contributed toward transformed political priorities and associated hierarchies, at least in the short term. These diverse cases are used to indicate the broad potential scope of application of the concept of symbolically generalized media of communication to enrich relational theorizing in the study of international relations, and to improve understanding of diverse dynamics of international political change missed in traditional power- (and anarchy-) centric accounts.

The hummingbird & me: Experiences with shattering as a settler educator and emerging scholar

I explore my experiences as a settler teacher and emerging scholar by unpacking time and place in the short children’s story The Little Hummingbird by Michael Nicoll Yahgaulanaas. I demonstrate my understanding with a hyperlapse video of traditional beading, a skill taught to me by local Indigenous Elders. I begin to unpack myself and others by centering myself as the hummingbird, the protagonist of the short story who continues to put drops of water on a raging forest fire, even though it will not put out the flames. In this retelling, I problematically view myself as a settler hero who is doing “good”, ignoring the ongoing nature of colonialism and the benefits I gain from the hierarchy of relations in Canada. In the second retelling, I become the fire destroying the forest. I recount the shattering of my settler-as-hero self-proclaimed identity, and begin to accept how I am complicit in colonial violence towards Indigenous peoples. By watching my hands work the pattern and beads, I physically depict the slow work necessary for arriving at the actualization of bigger possibilities for settler teachers and emerging scholars, like a hummingbird with a drop of water to douse fire.

Can Black Lives Matter in a Black Country?

Abstract This essay probes the project of security (defined as the protection of whiteness, class hierarchy, and heteropatriarchy) in relation to the desire for safety (glossed as “having somebody”). In probing this relation within a context in which police violence and extrajudicial killing are not typically seen as part of the global phenomenon of anti-Black racism, it seeks to contribute to a conversation in which raciality is not tethered to physicality, but instead is grounded in both historical-ideological and onto-epistemological phenomena that produce whiteness as the apex of humanity in the modern West. The essay explores the relation between security and safety through the rubric of diaspora in two senses—first as a phenomenon of Western modernity via plantation-based New World slavery, which catalyzed the development of enduring categories of (non)personhood and their elaboration into hierarchies of humanity; and second as a phenomenon of migration and the constitution of transnational sociocultural spheres. Diaspora, thus, generates forms of pan-Africanism and Black consciousness as much as it produces agendas related to transnational governance and global security infrastructures. The essay argues that to more complexly understand security from the South, these two notions of diaspora must be held in productive tension. In this way, security is revealed as a racializing project grounded in coloniality, even within majority Black spaces. The essay concludes by illuminating other terrains on which to build accountability and safety.

ЕПІСТОЛЯРНИЙ ДИСКУРС ЯНА КОЛЛАРА

The article analyzes the epistolary discourse of Ján Kollár using the categories and concepts of modern linguistic pragmatics. The subject of the study was 16 letters addressed to V. Ganka, V. Kopitar, K. Ya. Erben, S. Grobon, V. A. Maciejowski in the period from 1824 to 1851. The study of the material is based on the method of subjectobject interpretation of the addressee’s communication. The analysis of Ján Kollár’s texts showed that his epistolary discourse is a speechlanguage work that was created with regard to the chronologically determined national epistolary tradition. Contacts and the content of Ján Kollár’s communication concerned primarily the socio-political and cultural sphere related to his professional activities. The socio-cultural dimension, within which the communication took place, determined the addressee’s socio-pragmatic role, and their civil position, influenced the topics of the correspondence, its personal and subject components, and assumed dialogue. The components of the studied epistolary discourse are characterized by the following features: formality — informality, distance — non-distance of communication, the hierarchy of relations, and observance of etiquette norms with their mainly emotional verbal design. Markers of politeness in Ján Kollár’s letters are etiquette lexical means, as well as tropes metaphors, and phraseology, which are methods of expressing the author’s empathic moods. Individual features include numerous author innovations. Thus, the social and socio-psychological characteristics of the author affected the language, structure, and content of his epistolary discourse. Kollár’s epistolary legacy is also important in the extralingual aspect. It serves as an additional source for studying the role of the author in social, literary, and scientific circles of his time.

Beyond the binary: harnessing ‘moments of mismatch’ as critical data in global south research contexts

ABSTRACT What explains why reductive explanations of social phenomena in the global South persist? This paper addresses this question by considering how researchers’ assumptions of their positionality premised upon global North–South explanations of power shape how they collect and determine the scope of their data. Building upon standpoint theory’s emphasis of knowledge production as material sites of inquiry, we first consider how researchers’ positionality assumptions informed how they constructed ‘the entirety’ of their research sites in one global South context, Jordan. Second, we explore ‘moments of mismatch’: when researchers’ assumptions of their positionality do not align with interlocutors’ perceptions. We highlight these moments because they reveal critical relational hierarchies beyond global North–South dichotomies that literally shaped how the researchers subsequently expanded and changed the scope of their sites of inquiry in turn. We argue that these moments of mismatch provide fruitful opportunities to engage in more thorough forms of reflexivity that reflect the dynamism of social relations of power in the global South.

Decision-Making for Typical Pavement Structure Based on Life-Cycle Economic Evaluation and Key Performance Indicators

The economy and rationality of the typical structural scheme for asphalt pavement are directly related to the formation of its service target. Based on the original highway asphalt pavement structure in Jilin Province, the evaluation index system was established by the research of the literature, investigation and Delphi method, and the results of expert consultation were tested by indicators such as enthusiasm, authority and coordination. The Kendall coordination coefficient was 0.803, indicating a strong degree of evaluation consistency. Then, using the finite element method and pavement economic analysis method, the key parameters of pavement structure asphalt, pavement design performance and economy are calculated. Finally, the key indicators in the pavement design process are quantified by using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and gray relational theory, the weight of each key indicator and the correlation degree of the pavement structure are calculated, and pavement structure 1 is determined to be the best solution. The results show that a decision model for typical structural types of asphalt pavement can be established by using an improved gray relational analytic hierarchy process. In this study, the decision-making model can quickly and conveniently determine the most suitable typical pavement structure, the selected structures are checked, and the calculation results meet the requirements of the specification. However, given the limited reference cases, the proposed pavement structure decision-making method needs to be verified and improved through more practical applications.

Frozen by threat or motivated to move? Emotionally charged horizons of opportunities in development work of universities

How do emotions function in the development work and change attempts of universities? This article investigates the emotional dimensions of development of higher education and how emotions relate to the conditions of academic work, and the university as a forum for those initiatives. Building theories from affective cultural studies, the article drafts and explores the concept of ‘emotionally charged horizon of opportunity’. This concept defines emotions as relational, culturally situated social forces connected with relationships, collective mentalities and belief systems, which the article explores by example of two cases: a national attempt to renew a degree structure on a disciplinary level, and a departmental initiative of development of the academic unit. Taking a discourse analytic approach with the focus on emotions, the analysis comprises two major findings. First, affectivity was present in the practices of development work, in the hierarchies of power, group relations and identities of the academic culture. Second, the actors’ expectations about the future, the emotional judgments attached to these expectations, and the position of the actors were crucial for the development process.

“You enjoy being a second class citizen”: Unicorn dynamics and identity negotiation on subreddit r/polyamory

Recent attention to the non-monogamous identity known as the “unicorn” has increased the visibility of a poorly understood sexual minority. Conflicting definitions in popular media, heightened social stigma, and reports of inequitable, and even abusive, relationship dynamics justify attention to unicorns. With very few academic studies to date on unicorn identity, an exploratory study was conducted to address a gap in sexuality research. Discourse analysis of an online polyamorous community offered a definition of unicorns and revealed that those interested in unicorn dynamics are treated as an “out-group” in polyamorous spaces. Further, evidence of community gatekeeping revealed that unicorns threaten polyamorous identity security and trigger identity negotiations that may be impeding queer feminist efforts to undo relational and sexual hierarchies.

Belonging, mobility, and the socialist policies in Kapišová, Slovakia

The article focuses on the local practice of the central policies of socialist Czechoslovakia that aimed to regulate the movement of the Roma, namely the legal efforts to settle nomadic persons and subsequently the plan of controlled resettlement of the Roma from eastern Slovakia to the Bohemian lands. Although migration was a shared experience of the inhabitants of a historically marginalized region of eastern Slovakia, the mobility of the Roma was securitized and understood in central policies as a qualitatively different movement of the “Gypsies.” Focusing primarily on life trajectories of the Roma that were all connected to the social space of a particular municipality in north-eastern Slovakia, the study examines the ways in which various aspects of their mobility affected negotiations of their ambivalent position in the local hierarchy of socioeconomic relations. Particularly, it shows that in spite of the realization of these restrictive policies, some Roma were able to maintain not only the continuity of migration as an independent economic strategy, but also the continuity of local belonging, even with the help of other non-Romani actors. This locally focused study contributes to a broader debate about the character of the Roma’s agency and their social position in Central and Eastern Europe (see e.g. Marushiakova and Popov 2021). On the one hand it strives to break up with the idea of homogeneity of the Roma experience vis-à-vis the socialist policies, and on the other it builds on the research into the relationship between local belonging and (self-)identification of the Roma.

Exploring the Relationship of Form and Hierarchy from the Perspective of Architectural Space and Components Taking the Mandarin’s House in Macau as an Example

In Macau, China, there are still many traditional buildings built at the end of the 19th century. Among the traditional residential buildings with Lingnan style, the Mandarin’s House is the largest, covering an area of 4,000 square meters. It consists of a number of buildings of different styles and open spaces. There are more than 60 large and small rooms. It is a rare family-style building complex in Macau. The building has a depth of more than 120 meters along the direction of Rua da Barra. The gate building, the servant room building and the two juxtaposed courtyard buildings behind the main gate building are arranged in sequence. In the 1950s and 1960s, the descendants of the Zheng family lived in different places and developed independently. Many spaces in the Mandarin’s House were sub-leased, and at one time more than 300 people lived in it. The scene of "Seventy-two Tenants" appears. It is precisely because there are so many families and tenants living there that the size of the space, the architectural components and the details of the decoration can all reflect the hierarchical system still retained in the late Qing Dynasty.

Distantly Supervised Relation Extraction via Recursive Hierarchy-Interactive Attention and Entity-Order Perception

Wrong-labeling problem and long-tail relations severely affect the performance of distantly supervised relation extraction task. Many studies mitigate the effect of wrong-labeling through selective attention mechanism and handle long-tail relations by introducing relation hierarchies to share knowledge. However, almost all existing studies ignore the fact that, in a sentence, the appearance order of two entities contributes to the understanding of its semantics. Furthermore, they only utilize each relation level of relation hierarchies separately, but do not exploit the heuristic effect between relation levels, i.e., higher-level relations can give useful information to the lower ones. Based on the above, in this paper, we design a novel Recursive Hierarchy-Interactive Attention network (RHIA) to further handle long-tail relations, which models the heuristic effect between relation levels. From the top down, it passes relation-related information layer by layer, which is the most significant difference from existing models, and generates relation-augmented sentence representations for each relation level in a recursive structure. Besides, we introduce a newfangled training objective, called Entity-Order Perception (EOP), to make the sentence encoder retain more entity appearance information. Substantial experiments on the popular New York Times (NYT) dataset are conducted. Compared to prior baselines, our RHIA-EOP achieves state-of-the-art performance in terms of precision–recall (P–R) curves, AUC, Top-N precision and other evaluation metrics. Insightful analysis also demonstrates the necessity and effectiveness of each component of RHIA-EOP.

Universal bounds on cooling power and cooling efficiency for autonomous absorption refrigerators.

For steady-state autonomous absorption refrigerators operating in the linear response regime, we show that there exists a hierarchy between the relative fluctuation of currents for cold, hot, and work terminals. Our proof requires the Onsager reciprocity relation along with the refrigeration condition that sets the direction of the mean currents for each terminal. As a consequence, the universal bounds on the mean cooling power, obtained following the thermodynamic uncertainty relations, follow a hierarchy. Interestingly, within this hierarchy, the tightest bound is given in terms of the work current fluctuation. Furthermore, the relative uncertainty hierarchy introduces a bound on cooling efficiency that is tighter than the bound obtained from the thermodynamic uncertainty relations. Interestingly, all of these bounds saturate in the tight-coupling limit. We test the validity of our results for two paradigmatic absorption refrigerator models: (i) a four-level working fluid and (ii) a two-level working fluid, operating in the weak (additive) and strong (multiplicative) system-bath interaction regimes, respectively.

Дифференциация государств по климатической амбициозности: влияние на мировую политику

Climate politics forms a subsystem of world politics. In this subsystem, states are differentiated by their ambitions to decarbonize their economies. These ambitions proceed from national policies and the nationally determined contributions (NDC) submitted by states in accordance with the Paris Agreement. Based on states’ climate ambitions, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) produce multiple reports ranking states and evaluating their contributions. The main parameter of state differentiation by climate ambition is the expected year of achieving carbon neutrality. In 2019–20, the UK and the European Union (EU) promoted this parameter with the Green Deal, and eventually other metrics were overshadowed. The previously used climate parameters and rankings based on them were contradictory and depended heavily on the chosen methodology. Apart from being untrustworthy, they put some western countries in unfavourable positions. N. Luhmann’s new systems theory identifying “carbon neutrality” is taken as the main code of the climate communication subsystem that differentiates the climate subsystem of world politics from other functional subsystems. In this review article, how the emerging code of carbon neutrality is used by states and international organizations to form a new hierarchy in international relations is examined. Various constructivist and normative theories, from Foucault’s poststructuralism to the historicism and normativity of the English School, are applied in order to capture the possible implications of the political use of carbon neutrality for international relations. The article concludes with a discussion of the potential prospects of climate politics hierarchization for power redistribution in international relations.