Related Beliefs Research Articles

Is Seeing Believing? Hallmark Movie Viewership and Relationship Beliefs.

The Hallmark Channel, a highly watched cable network, is known for its consistently idealistic portrayals of romantic relationships. Despite its popularity, no research has examined whether increased viewership of Hallmark movies covaries with endorsement of relationship beliefs. According to cultivation theory, what we watch impacts our beliefs and perceptions of reality. Additionally, the Differential Susceptibility to Media Effects Model (DSMM) proposes that certain variables, such as developmental (i.e., age, relationship length) and dispositional factors (e.g., attachment style, gender), may make certain viewers more or less susceptible to the effects of media viewership. Based on this grounding, the main purpose of this study was to determine if watching more Hallmark movies is associated with endorsing certain beliefs about romantic relationships and opposite-sex friendships when controlling for several susceptibility factors. A nationwide sample of heterosexual, married participants (N = 279) completed measures of Romantic Beliefs, Implicit Theories of Relationships, and beliefs about opposite-sex friendships and reported on their media consumption. More frequent Hallmark movie viewership was associated with increased endorsement of several relationship beliefs, above and beyond susceptibility factors (e.g., attachment, relationship length) and daily television consumption. Specifically, greater Hallmark movie viewership was positively associated with greater endorsement of multiple unrealistic relationship beliefs, destiny beliefs, and believing that opposite-sex friendships are problematic. The findings of the current study provide further support for cultivation theory and DSMM.

Origin, Settlement, and Beliefs of the Bisukha and Bidakho of the Luhya Community-Kenya

This study interrogated the origin, settlement and the beliefs of the Bisukha and Bidakho sub-ethnic groups in the larger Luhya ethnic group. The paper has unravelled the etymologies of the Luhya, Isukha and Idakho terms. Furthermore, it has established the origins, migrations and settlements of the Bisukha and Bidakho, the differences and simulations that exist between them. The paper has also delved into the social-cultural economic and political institutions with their related beliefs, taboos and practices. The reviewed literature established a number of lacunae which this study has endeavoured to fill. The historical and ethnographic research designs were employed by the study. Oral interviews were used to collect the data, which was analysed within the environmental deterministic theoretical approach. The major finding is that; the various social, economic, cultural and political practices were done with the wisdom of maintaining the ecological set up for sustainability. That is, the pre-colonial Bisukha and Bidakho kept their ecological balance of give and take strategies that did not constrain the ecosystem. Acronyms: AMAA - African Mutual Assistance Association, FGDs - Focused Group Discussions, NKCA - North Kavirondo Central Association, UNEP- United Nations Environmental Programme

Assessment of Voice Content for Voice Hearers: Psychometric Evaluation of the Perth Voice Content Questionnaire.

The experience of hearing voices is common to an estimated 7% of the general population, with the presence of negative content being the best predictor of whether individuals will require clinical support. Whilst largely neglected in the literature to date, there are calls to consider the significance of voice content for reducing voice-related distress. However, no quantitative and comprehensive measure of voice content with suitability for research and clinical use exists. This pilot study aimed to demonstrate preliminary psychometric properties of a newly developed measure, the Perth Voice Content Questionnaire (PVCQ), designed to measure the intensity and themes of positively and negatively valenced voice content, primarily of the dominant voice. The PVCQ and measures of voice severity and related beliefs were completed by 47 voice-hearing participants. The measure was found to be internally consistent, loaded onto two distinct factors of positive and negative content, and these factors were associated with voice-related distress and negative beliefs about voices and positive beliefs about voices, respectively, indicating good validity. The PVCQ offers the first self-report measure of voice content, with preliminary psychometric properties indicating its suitability for clinical and research use.

DETERMINATION OF EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN SEVERITY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LOW BACK PAIN

OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of the study was to determine which emotional and behavioral factors affect the pain severity and to what extent in patients with chronic low back pain (LBP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and seventy-eight patients with LBP participated in the cross-sectional study. The primary outcome was the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) evaluated the pain severity during rest (VASrest) and activity (VASact). Secondary outcomes included the Pain Beliefs Questionnaire (PBQ), The Pain Coping Questionnaire (PCQ) and The Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ). RESULTS: While PBQ scores increased, VASrest and VASact scores decreased significantly (p< 0.05). There was a positive and significant correlation between VASrest and only Medical Remedies Subparameter of PCQ(p=0.008), and between VASactivity and only Helpless Subparameter of PCQ (p<0.05). VASrest and VASact had positive and significant associations with FABQ scores (p< 0.05). The results of the regression analysis showed that pain-related psychologic beliefs are the main determinants of VASrest(p=0.014) and VASact (p=0.006). Pain related organic beliefs had a significant but lower effect on VASrest (p=0.019) and VASact (p=0.031). It was observed that seeking a medical remedy for pain at rest had a significant effect on reducing the VAS scores(p=0.024). CONCLUSIONS: Inadequacies in the management of negative beliefs associated with pain contribute to the exacerbation of pain even at rest. However, neither fear avoidance behavior nor coping strategies except medical remedies developed for pain at rest do not reduce pain severity.

Exploring the practice of Iranian adolescent females during menstruation and related beliefs: a qualitative study

BackgroundMenstruation is a natural occurrence that women experience during their reproductive years and may encounter many years throughout their lifespan. Many adolescent females lack accurate knowledge about menstruation, so they may face issues from receiving incorrect information from unreliable sources. Our study aimed to investigate the practices and beliefs surrounding menstruation among Iranian adolescent females.MethodsThis qualitative study was conducted using conventional content analysis. A purposeful sampling method was used to select 18 adolescent females from secondary and high schools located in the three regions of Neyshabur City-Iran. Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews.ResultsThree main themes were extracted, consisting of lifestyle and related beliefs, lake of support, and awareness and information.Conclusionsmisconceptions and wrong behaviors during menstruation indicate that the lake of knowledge an traditional factors influence adolescent girls’ health. The study provides the basis for intervention planning in this regard and different levels (individual, intrapersonal, health systems, and community).

Extremism in the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic

The main aim of this paper is to statistically evaluate the level of knowledge of extremism and the personal inclination toward it among professional soldiers of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic. While establishing recommendations for its elimination, the authors examined individual factors that affect manifestations of extremism. These recommendations allow us to focus on the education and education of professional soldiers of the armed forces in order to prevent radicalization of their attitudes. The aim of the research was to determine, on the basis of a questionnaire, the group of professional soldiers of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic with the greatest intolerant beliefs in relation to minorities in society and the group with the lowest awareness of extremism. The subject of the research was the professional soldiers of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic and their knowledge of extremism and intolerant beliefs towards minorities in society. Based on the analysis conducted on a representative sample of professional soldiers of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic, at the end of the article, the authors identify four groups of these soldiers with the highest potential extremist behaviour. These are groups created from views based on rank, education, age, and type of civil service.

The role of relationship beliefs in predicting levels and changes of relationship satisfaction

Relationship beliefs (i.e., destiny and growth beliefs) are associated with important relationship outcomes. Destiny beliefs describe the belief that a relationship is meant to be while growth beliefs describe the tendency that relationships can be cultivated and maintained through effort. Based on a longitudinal sample of people in romantic relationships ( N = 904 couples), we examined whether destiny and growth beliefs predict current levels and trajectories of relationship satisfaction across 2 years. Using dyadic growth curve models, we found that individuals with stronger destiny beliefs generally reported higher initial relationship satisfaction. Furthermore, those with higher growth beliefs experienced a slower decline in relationship satisfaction over time. Vice versa, higher relationship satisfaction also predicted increases in growth beliefs, but not destiny beliefs over time. These findings were also supported when directly asking participants about their subjectively perceived trajectories of relationship satisfaction: Growth beliefs, but not destiny beliefs, went along with the perception that relationship satisfaction has increased in the past and will further increase in the future. The findings suggest that relationship beliefs are relevant for long-term outcomes and could have important implications for developing interventions to help couples maintain relationship satisfaction in the long term.

The effect of Sleep Leadership Training on U.S. Army human performance team members

Most U.S. Servicemembers (SMs) get less than the recommended amount of sleep per night, which has been shown to be directly influenced by local leadership. Previous research demonstrated that a brief sleep leadership training (SLT) protocol resulted in improved knowledge and attitudes regarding sleep among U.S. Army leaders, and improvements in the sleep health of their SMs. Human Performance Teams (HPT) offer one solution to propel the cultural change related to sleep, however, little is known about HPT members' own sleep related knowledge, practices, attitudes, and beliefs. This mixed-methods study determined the effect of (SLT) on the sleep-related knowledge, practices, attitudes, beliefs, and perceived competency of HPT members, explored their experiences addressing SM sleep, and gauged their perceived value in receiving the training. Thirty-one individuals received 2 days of SLT. Baseline and 6-week post training follow-up measures were collected, and participants were invited to participate in semi-structured interviews to explore their unique experiences addressing sleep, as well as their perceived value in receiving SLT. Training had no significant effects on HPT members' sleep practices or sleep beliefs, some significant effects on their attitudes and knowledge about sleep, and significant effects on their perceived competence to address sleep in their units. Results suggest that HPT members benefited from the training through enhancement of their competence to address sleep with leadership. However, they struggle to obtain sufficient sleep themselves. More research is needed to identify methods of overcoming specific barriers to sleep imposed on SMs.

Children's motivation for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity during the Daily Mile: A theory of planned behaviour perspective

Sustained motivation for Daily Mile participation at higher physical activity intensities may contribute to the attainment of children's daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) targets and long-term health benefits. However, individual variability exists in the amount of MVPA accumulated by children during the Daily Mile. The current study explored children's motivation for participating in the Daily Mile at MVPA intensity, using a theory of planned behaviour framework. Twenty-five children (mean age = 10.07 ± 0.60 years) from the Northwest of England were recruited to the study; 52% were female and 88% were White. Participants completed a questionnaire, with an open-ended response format, probing behavioural, control, and normative beliefs for participation in the Daily Mile at MVPA intensity. Template analysis was conducted independently by two researchers to identify main themes and subthemes. Findings showed that children possessed a range of behavioural, control, and normative beliefs about MVPA participation during the Daily Mile. Prominent behavioural beliefs included fitness enhancement, implications for concentration and learning, positive affective states, and pain and discomfort. Key control beliefs included weather, space and health restrictions, and distractions from peers. Finally, peers and parents were salient normative beliefs. Children possessed a range of modal beliefs in relation to MVPA participation during the Daily Mile. Implications of the findings, and methods for practitioners seeking to maximise the contribution of the Daily Mile to children's daily MVPA targets are discussed.

The Effect of Irrational Relationship Beliefs on Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence in Emerging Adults: Moderating Effect of Gender.

Attitudes toward intimate partner violence (IPVA) can be considered as approval/acceptance or disapproval/nonacceptance of physical violence against the intimate partner, psychological abuse, and control of the intimate partner. Individual (such as antisocial tendencies and irrational relationship beliefs [IRB]) and social factors (such as traditional norms and beliefs) shape IPVA. Studies on intimate partner violence (IPV) have revealed a significant relationship between IPVA and IPV. For this reason, IPVA is key to understanding IPV. This study was conducted to examine the effect of IRB on IPVA in Turkish emerging adults and the moderating effect of gender. Participants consisted of 551 students studying at a university in Central Anatolia. Of the participants, 374 were female, and the remaining 177 were male. All participants had at least one previous relationship experience. In the preliminary analysis performed, males' IPVA scores were higher than those of females. The study findings revealed that IRB and gender positively and significantly predicted IPV attitudes. Another important finding showed that the effect of IRB on IPVA was stronger for females. The results highlighted the importance of working on transforming irrational beliefs into rational beliefs in women's acceptance of IPV.

Making meat moral: A comparison of rearing and killing practices in Swedish cattle farming

AbstractTo eat or not eat meat? That has become a central sustainability question. This article zooms in on the moral sustainability of cattle farming and does so from an on‐farm perspective: through an ethnographic study of two Swedish cattle farms, we explore how rearing animals for food is made moral. The farms represent two distinct styles of farming, and discursive and non‐discursive methods are used to analyse differences in narratives and practices. We combine insights from the farming styles literature with affective and multispecies approaches to theorise farming moralities as situated, embedded and relational beliefs that pertain to practices of work. Our study demonstrates how scale and endogeneity are key factors shaping farming morality by generating different on‐farm notions of animal agency and interspecies relationships. We discuss the implications of this conclusion for a potential shift in meat practices.

Do Good Intentions Lead to Expected Outcomes? Professional Learning Amongst Early Career Academics in a Problem-Based Program

This paper presents findings from a study of pedagogical beliefs and practices amongst early career academics attending an extensive professional development program. The research questions of this study were as follows: how do early career academics define their pedagogical beliefs in relation to a pedagogical development program, and how do their beliefs manifest in their pedagogical practice? This study was based on a qualitative document analysis of 145 project reports written as the finalizing part of the early career academics’ participation in the program. Reports were collected with the consent of participants, coded, and analyzed to search for emerging pedagogical beliefs and subsequent practices. The findings indicate that while almost all participants express beliefs that are aligned with the core values of the university, their reported practices are quite diverse. Based on this, we propose a framework for understanding teaching development amongst early career academics centered on their individual development and their interaction with students. This framework provides a contribution to our understanding of the teaching trajectories of early career academics and the intricate interplay between pedagogical beliefs and pedagogical practice. This framework may be of use for educational developers when planning and conducting pedagogical development activities.

Policy opinions regarding the teaching of Critical Race Theory in schools

Critical Race Theory (CRT) has recently been positioned as a serious problem requiring urgent policy response among partisan media outlets. Making a case for pressing policy demands, several policy makers have proposed federal, state, and local level legislation and other measures to restrict how race, racism, or American history in general can be taught in K-12 schools, higher education institutions, and state agencies. Anti-CRT rhetoric in media and policy proposals have also propagated the notion of CRT as being divisive as well as ubiquitous in public education. Given this, it is critical to examine whether policy opinions regarding reactionary legislation is based on a real understanding of CRT. We conduct a conceptual and theoretical inquiry into anti-CRT rhetoric relying on the sociological concepts of moral panics and folk devils. Then, we examine familiarity, knowledge, ideology, policy beliefs, and policy opinions regarding CRT in education using nationally representative survey data. The analysis showed that most parents are not familiar with CRT, and the average parent neither opposes nor supports teaching of CRT. The opposition to teaching of CRT is largely driven by political affiliation and related ideological beliefs and positions.

Is Epistemic Trust relevant for Vaccine Hesitancy? A study during the Covid-19 pandemic

Vaccine hesitancy and conspiracy beliefs are social issues of growing concern which have arisen particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to investigate the multifaceted relationship between a hesitant attitude towards vaccination, conspiracy thinking, fear of infection, and the dimensions of epistemic trust, mistrust, and credulity. 297 Italian adult participants completed an online survey during the pan-demic time frame which included self-report questionnaires that measured the variables of interest. Group differences pertaining to prior vaccination behavior in scores of con-spiracy beliefs about vaccines and vaccine hesitancy were explored. A negative associa-tion was found between years of education and both vaccine hesitancy and conspiracy beliefs about vaccines, and a positive one with epistemic trust; higher education may protect the individual from misinformation and help in discerning between real knowledge and fake or imprecise news. A mediation model was developed between ep-istemic stance, vaccine conspiracy belief, vaccine hesitancy, and COVID-19-specific variables: the affective dimension (fear of contagion) and the behavioral one (number of vaccine doses). The model demonstrates how certain structural characteristics, such as epistemic credulity and skepticism towards vaccine benefits, may indirectly affect the number of COVID-19 vaccine doses taken through fear of contracting the virus. The re-sults support the value of exploring vaccine hesitancy and conspiracy beliefs in relation to epistemic trust dimensions, specifically in the post-pandemic era, and are discussed in light of the recent literature.

Nurses' encounters with patients having end-of-life dreams and visions in an acute care setting - A cross-sectional survey study.

This study aimed to estimate the proportion of acute care nurses witnessing end-of-life dreams and visions or having these reported by a patient or relative, and to canvass their related attitudes and beliefs. A cross-sectional survey study was conducted from February 2023 to May 2023. Participants were medical and surgical nurses from a 200-bed acute care hospital in metropolitan Australia. Fifty-seven nurses participated from a workforce of 169 (34% response rate), of whom 35 (61%) reported they had encountered end-of-life dreams and visions. The nature of end-of-life dreams and visions encountered was similar to those reported in previous studies by patients and clinicians. Nurses generally held positive attitudes towards end-of-life dreams and visions but identified an unmet need for education and training on this aspect of end-of-life care. Our results suggest that nurses in acute care encounter end-of-life dreams and visions in a similar proportion to oncology and long-term care but lower than in palliative care settings. Education and training regarding end-of-life dreams and visions are needed to ensure the provision of comprehensive, patient-centred end-of-life care. No patient or public contribution. Research in sub-acute and long-term care settings suggests that end-of-life dreams and visions are a common accompaniment to the dying process. No research has yet focused on the acute care setting, despite this being the place of death for the majority of people in most high-income countries. This study demonstrates that acute care nurses encounter end-of-life dreams and visions in similar proportions to oncology and long-term care nurses but lower than palliative care nurses. Acute care nurses would benefit from education and training regarding end-of-life dreams and visions to enable the provision of holistic person-centred end-of-life care. This study was reported using the STROBE Checklist for cross-sectional studies.

Rational factionalization for agents with probabilistically related beliefs

General epistemic polarization arises when the beliefs of a population grow further apart, in particular when all agents update on the same evidence. Epistemic factionalization arises when the beliefs grow further apart, but different beliefs also become correlated across the population. I present a model of how factionalization can emerge in a population of ideally rational agents. This kind of factionalization is driven by probabilistic relations between beliefs, with background beliefs shaping how the agents’ beliefs evolve in the light of new evidence. Moreover, I show that in such a model, the only possible outcomes from updating on identical evidence are general convergence or factionalization. Beliefs cannot spread out in all directions: if the beliefs overall polarize, then it must result in factionalization.

Healthcare workers’ experience of a coach-led digital platform for better well-being

ABSTRACT This study aimed to use a coach-led digital health platform to mitigate burnout and enhance wellbeing among hospital workers. Individual interviews were conducted with 11 healthcare workers to explore their experiences of working with a coach through text-based communication on a digital support platform. Interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. Three overarching themes were identified: (1) Human-centred Conversation, Facilitated Awareness, (2) Learning and Growth, (3) Forward Momentum in the pillars of Lifestyle Medicine. Participants had a positive human-centered connection with their coach and felt safe to communicate openly with her via online chat messages. The coach facilitated participants’ awareness, learning and growth by helping them to identify the goals they wanted to achieve. Participants experienced forward momentum in the pillars of Lifestyle Medicine, including sleep, relationships, meaning and purpose in life, exercise, eating well, along with reduced loneliness and burnout. This study found that participants can experience an inherently human-centred connection through text-based communication with an online coach. There were some limits to this connection, including individual preferences and beliefs in relation to the digital means of communication. Participants felt connected to their coach and experienced benefits that extended beyond achieving individual goals to improving their lifestyle and wellbeing.

COVID-19 related messaging, beliefs, information sources, and mitigation behaviors in Virginia: a cross-sectional survey in the summer of 2020.

Conflicting messages and misleading information related to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic (SARS-CoV-2) have hindered mitigation efforts. It is important that trust in evidence-based public health information be maintained to effectively continue pandemic mitigation strategies. Officials, researchers, and the public can benefit from exploring how people receive information they believe and trust, and how their beliefs influence their behaviors. To gain insight and inform effective evidence-based public health messaging, we distributed an anonymous online cross-sectional survey from May to July, 2020 to Virginia residents, 18 years of age or older. Participants were surveyed about their perceptions of COVID-19, risk mitigation behaviors, messages and events they felt influenced their beliefs and behaviors, and where they obtained information that they trust. The survey also collected socio-demographic information, including gender, age, race, ethnicity, level of education, income, employment status, occupation, changes in employment due to the pandemic, political affiliation, sexual orientation, and zip code. Analyses included specific focus on the most effective behavioral measures: wearing a face mask and distancing in public. Among 3,488 respondents, systematic differences were observed in information sources that people trust, events that impacted beliefs and behaviors, and how behaviors changed by socio-demographics, political identity, and geography within Virginia. Characteristics significantly associated (p<0.025) with not wearing a mask in public included identifying as non-Hispanic white, male, Republican political identity, younger age, lower income, not trusting national science and health organizations, believing one or more non-evidence-based messages, and residing in Southwest Virginia in logistic regression. Similar, lesser in magnitude correlations, were observed for distancing in public. This study describes how information sources considered trustworthy vary across different populations and identities, and how these differentially correspond to beliefs and behaviors. This study can assist decision makers and the public to improve and effectively target public health messaging related to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and future public health challenges in Virginia and similar jurisdictions.

Childhood trauma histories in men and women assessed by the childhood attachment and relational trauma screen (CARTS) and the global psychotrauma screen (GPS): Results from the global collaboration on traumatic stress (GC-TS)

BackgroundWhether there are biological sex differences in rates of childhood trauma exposure perpetrated by female versus male biological parents remains largely unknown. Moreover, the relative risk posed by various vulnerability factors for transdiagnostic mental health outcomes among females vs. males in adulthood has received insufficient attention. ObjectiveTo compare biological sex differences in the long-term impact of childhood abuse and neglect on transdiagnostic mental health outcomes, especially comparing the outcomes of childhood maltreatment perpetrated by biological mothers vs. fathers. Participants and setting3129 participants (2784 female [89 %]) were recruited online, the majority (82 %) of whom endorsed having a childhood trauma history and a high number of mental health problems. MethodsOnline surveys were administered. Specifically, the Childhood Attachment and Relational Trauma Screen (CARTS) was completed as a relationally-contextualized screening measure of both positive and traumatic-neglectful experiences during childhood, comparing severity of perpetration by male vs. female biological parents. Further, the Global Psychotrauma Screen (GPS) was completed to assess the relative risk of five vulnerability factors, including childhood abuse and neglect, for long-term transdiagnostic mental health outcomes. Statistical analyses elucidate group differences between males and females primarily by way of t-tests and associated effect sizes (Cohen's d). ResultsBiological sex differences were shown for childhood maltreatment perpetration by male vs. female biological parents, wherein responses to CARTS showed that females reported that their biological mothers exhibited less positivity (d = 0.21), less attachment security (d = 0.22), more negative feelings toward them (d = 0.28), were more emotionally abusive (d = 0.17), and held more negative relational beliefs about them (d = 0.24). Comparably, males reported that their biological fathers were more physically abusive (d = 0.15) and that they held more negative relational beliefs toward their fathers (d = 0.25). Risk factors including having a history of childhood trauma and neglect were associated with transdiagnostic mental health problems among both females (d = 0.57) and males (d = 0.46), with other risk factors evidencing similar results. ConclusionsChildhood trauma and neglect is a risk factor for transdiagnostic mental health outcomes among both females and males, although the two biological sexes may exhibit different levels of risk of being maltreated by female and male biological parents. Specifically, females reported having more emotionally abusive biological mothers, while males reported having more physically abusive biological fathers.

A Narrative Review of the Dichotomy Between the Social Views of Non-Monogamy and the Experiences of Consensual Non-Monogamous People

Monogamy is deeply rooted in most Western societies, shaping how people construe and behave in romantic relationships. These normative views facilitate the emergence of negative perceptions and evaluations when people choose not to adhere to mononormativity. Even though people in consensual non-monogamous (CNM) relationships are targets of stigmatization, research shows a dichotomy between these negative views and the relational experiences of CNM people. Indeed, people in CNM and monogamous relationships have comparable relationship functioning and quality and struggle with similar relationship problems. One of the differences is that CNM relationships afford people to explore their sexuality and fulfill their needs with multiple partners, without agreed-upon extradyadic behavior being perceived as infidelity or having deleterious consequences to relationship maintenance. These positive experiences notwithstanding, CNM people are continuously pressured by mononormativity and stigmatization, increasing the risk of internalized CNM negativity and worse personal and relational outcomes. One possible way to counteract CNM stigmatization and improve the lives of CNM people is by changing discourses surrounding non-monogamy and improving acceptance, not only in professional settings but also in the general population. Another strategy is to understand how the relationship beliefs and scripts of younger generations can help promote more inclusive and diverse societies.