Relapse Behavior Research Articles

Language and Representation: A Socio‐Naturalistic Approach to Human Development. By Chris Sinha

Relapse and Addictive Behaviour. Edited by M. Gossop.Cognitive Therapy in Clinical Practice: An Illustrative Casebook. Edited by J. Scott, J. M. G. Williams & A. T. Beck.Treating Drug Abusers. Edited by G. Bennett.

Book Reviews

Books reviewed in this article Last Call: a journey into—and out of—alcohol addiction BRUCE BLACKADAR Paradoxes of Gambling Behaviour WILLEM A. WAGENAAR Relapse and Addictive Behaviour MICHAEL GOSSOP (Ed.) Consequences of Adolescent Drug Use: impact on the lives of young adults MICHAEL D. NEWCOMB & PETER M. BENTLER Agricultural Alcohol and Social Change in the Third World TIMO KORTTEINEN Alcohol Education: a handbook for health and welfare professionals BARBARA HOWE Methods of Assessing the Reinforcing Properties of Abused Drugs MICHAEL A. BOZARTH (Ed.)

Autologous bone marrow transplantation in follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma before and after histologic transformation

Patients with disseminated follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) are only occasionally cured with standard chemotherapy regimens. Although most of these tumors are initially responsive to chemotherapy, in 40% to 70% of patients the lymphoma will eventually transform to an NHL of higher grade malignancy and a poorer prognosis. We treated 18 patients having an original diagnosis of follicular NHL with high-dose therapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation. The lymphomas of 10 of the patients had already undergone histologic transformation and eight still had a follicular histologic pattern. The former group had been followed for a longer time from the diagnosis of NHL and had been more extensively treated with conventional chemotherapy regimens. All eight patients with follicular NHL at the time of transplantation are alive for 246+ to 1,804+ days and seven of the patients are in complete remission. In contrast, of the 10 patients in histologic transformation only 1 is alive and in CR. This reflects the inability of these patients to tolerate the high-dose chemotherapy and myelosuppression as well as resistance of their lymphoma to this therapy. This difference in survival between the two groups was highly significant (P = .002). We conclude that the outcome of patients with follicular NHL transplanted early before histologic transformation is better than for those who are transplanted later in the course of their illness. Because of the relapsing behavior of follicular NHL, a longer follow-up is necessary to prove any impact on the natural history of the disease.

Prevention of sexually transmitted diseases: relapse behaviour of visitors to the venereal diseases clinics in Amsterdam

The study was carried out among visitors to 2 Amsterdam venereal disease clinics in early 1986. The majority of the 205 respondents lived in Amsterdam (82%) were born in the Netherlands (68%) had Dutch nationality (82%) and were 20-40 years old (83%). The sample consisted of 104 women and 101 men 43% of them with a college diploma or higher. 1/3 indicated that they had had a sexually transmitted disease (STD) once before and one-third had had an STD at least twice in the past 2 years. 36% came for a check-up 34% had physical complaints 17% came for a follow-up and 13% had been warned by a partner or a health care worker. The majority of the respondents with complaints or those who had been warned came to the clinic within 1 week (57%); 23% came within 2 weeks and 20% delayed their visit more than 2 weeks. 69% of the respondents had only heterosexual contacts and 15% only homosexual contacts (all men). 16% of the male and 25% of the female respondents were working as prostitutes. 60% of the respondents had a permanent partner and 19% had had sexual intercourse with 1 other person in addition to the permanent partner. 1/4 of the men reported that they had visited a prostitute during the past 6 months. The majority of the respondents did not use condoms during penis-vagina penis-anus and anus-penis contacts because of less sensitivity reduced arousal and inconvenience. A bivariate analysis showed that relapse behavior was positively related to having many partners and to working as a prostitute. The use of condoms was positively related to having many partners working as a prostitute having a nationality other than Dutch having little education and having been examined previously for STDs. When they had complaints the group with little education was more likely to visit the clinic for an examination at an earlier stage than the group with a high level of education.

Risk factors for late relapse in male and female ex-smokers

Three hundred twenty-nine ex-smokers (149 males and 180 females) who had maintained abstinence for at least 3 months prior to intake were followed for a period of 1 year to ascertain individual characteristics from cognitive, behavioral, environmental, and health domains that were predictive of later relapse. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed significant associations between relapse, family history, and stress variables in males and between relapse, family history, stress, pre-and postcessation smoking characteristics, work-related variables, and physical activity in females. Within the predictor sets, both risk and protective factors were identified. The male and female models are discussed separately, compared, and related to previous research. Implications for further model development are specified; most notably, the utility of conceptualizing relapse independent of gender is questioned. Future research efforts could focus on the role played by family smoking history in adult relapse behavior. Smoking cessation interventions may need to tailor their efforts specifically to men and to women. Along with techniques to manage stress both during and after cessation, women may benefit especially from interventions that provide nicotine replacement and counseling for work-related difficulties.

The dependence syndrome concept as a psychological theory of relapse behaviour: an empirical evaluation of alcoholic and opiate addicts.

SummaryThis paper examines the drug dependence syndrome (DSS) concept as a psychological theory of relapse to alcohol or opiate use following a period of abstinence from these substances. The results of several empirical studies of relapse in alcoholics and opiate users are described. Measures of the alcohol dependence syndrome provided good prediction of reinstatement in alcoholics, but severity of drug dependence did not predict reinstatement as consistently in opiate users. It is concluded that while the DDS concept may have merit as a psychological explanation of reinstatement, it should be subjected to a more rigorous program of research aimed at better operational measures and more intensive hypothesis testing, especially in samples of drug users.

Observations on early and late post-sporozoite tissue stages in primate malaria. IV. Pre-erythrocytic schizonts and/or hypnozoites of Chesson and North Korean strains of Plasmodium vivax in the chimpanzee.

In a continuing reexamination of plasmodial tissue stages within the context of the hypnozoite theory of malarial relapse, 2 strains of Plasmodium vivax with distinct and disparate relapse characteristics in humans were studied in chimpanzees. Following intravenous inoculation of massive numbers of salivary gland sporozoites, both the frequently relapsing Chesson strain and a North Korean strain characterized by predominantly delayed relapses exhibited relapse patterns and antimalarial sensitivity in the splenectomized chimpanzee essentially indistinguishable from those seen in humans. Examination of hepatic biopsies obtained at 7 and 10 days after infection revealed both pre-erythrocytic (pre-e) schizonts and hypnozoites in tissue obtained from the animal infected with the Chesson strain, but only rare hypnozoites (no pre-e schizonts) at 7 days in the animal infected with the North Korean strain. These findings, combined with the comparability of relapse behavior--which indicates the suitability of the chimpanzee as a model for the natural (human) host-parasite relationship--are essentially as predicted by the hypnozoite theory, despite the small numbers of tissue forms seen. Pre-erythrocytic schizogony of the Chesson strain in the liver was essentially indistinguishable from that of other strains studied, also underlining the suitability of this model system for tissue stage studies of P. vivax.

The roentgenocephalometric study of the relapse behavior of overjet and overbite and its factors: Masafumi HasegawaJ. Jpn. Orthod. Soc. 42:1–23, 1983

The roentgenocephalometric study of the relapse behavior of overjet and overbite and its factors: Masafumi HasegawaJ. Jpn. Orthod. Soc. 42:1–23, 1983

Dependence, relapse and extinction: A theoretical critique and a behavioral examination

Re-examines the "decay of extinction" notion proposed by Hunt and Matarazzo (1970) to account for relapse in the treatment of alcoholism and dependence disorders. The attempt to reduce complex relapse behaviors to a simple curve is criticized both from the point of view of using group data to describe an individual process and the nature of cumulative data itself. Because individual differences are marked, a simple group curve cannot describe the process of relapse. A behavioral examination then is presented, based on records of the drinking behavior of 79 alcoholics over a 12-month period after treatment. The main finding is that there are marked individual differences in the process of relapse. Furthermore, the frequency of heavy drinking seems to be most related to a pattern of drinking characterized by marked month-to-month variation in the frequency of heavy drinking rather than a more stable pattern.