Rejection Coefficient Research Articles

Performance and detection range of acoustic receivers in mangrove habitats.

Acoustic telemetry has been used to monitor the movement of aquatic animals in a broad range of aquatic environments. Despite their importance, mangrove habitats are understudied for the spatial ecology of elasmobranchs, with acoustic telemetry rarely used inside mangrove habitats. One reason for this may be a general assumption that acoustic signals would not be able to be detected by receivers in such shallow, structurally complex, environments. This study tested whether acoustic receivers can be used inside mangrove habitats to track the movement of sharks and rays. Thirty-eight receivers were deployed in a mangrove system in Pioneer Bay, Orpheus Island, Great Barrier Reef, including inside mangroves, mangrove edges, and adjacent reef flat areas. The detection range and receiver performance metrics, such as code detection efficiency, rejection coefficient, and noise quotient, were examined and tested among habitats. The results highlighted that the signal from transmitters was successfully detected inside mangrove habitats as well as on the adjacent reef flat. The range to detect at least 50% of transmissions was up to 20 m inside mangroves and up to 120 m outside mangroves. The performance metrics of acoustic receivers inside the mangrove habitat were characterized by low background noise, low rejection rates, and reasonably high code detection efficiency. Furthermore, this study tested the application of this method on juvenile blacktip reef shark Carcharhinus melanopterus and mangrove whipray Urogymnus granulatus, and demonstrated that it can be used to successfully track animals inside mangrove habitat. This novel method could reveal further information on how sharks and rays use mangrove habitats.

Development and Study of Novel Ultrafiltration Membranes Based on Cellulose Acetate.

Recently, increasing attention of researchers in the field of membrane technology has been paid to the development of membranes based on biopolymers. One of the well-proven polymers for the development of porous membranes is cellulose acetate (CA). This paper is devoted to the study of the influence of different parameters on ultrafiltration CA membrane formation and their transport properties, such as the variation in coagulation bath temperature, membrane shrinkage (post-treatment at 80 °C), introduction to casting CA solution of polymers (polyethylene glycol (PEG), polysulfone (PS), and Pluronic F127 (PL)) and carbon nanoparticles (SWCNTs, MWCNTs, GO, and C60). The structural and physicochemical properties of developed membranes were studied by scanning electron and atomic force microscopies, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements. The transport properties of developed CA-based membranes were evaluated in ultrafiltration of bovine serum albumin (BSA), dextran 110 and PVP K-90. All developed membranes rejected 90% compounds with a molecular weight from ~270,000 g/mol. It was shown that the combination of modifications (addition of PEG, PS, PL, PS-PL, and 0.5 wt% C60) led to an increase in the fluxes and BSA rejection coefficients with slight decrease in the flux recovery ratio. These changes were due to an increased macrovoid number, formation of a more open porous structure and/or thinner top selective, and decreased surface roughness and hydrophobization during C60 modification of blend membranes. Optimal transport properties were found for CA-PEG+C60 (the highest water-394 L/(m2h) and BSA-212 L/(m2h) fluxes) and CA-PS+C60 (maximal rejection coefficient of BSA-59%) membranes.

Pomegranate Juice Clarification Using Ultrafiltration: Influence of the Type of Variety and Degree of Ripeness

Fruit consumption guarantees the supply of most of the necessary nutrients for a complete and balanced diet, as it is a relevant source of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. In particular, pomegranate has very interesting medicinal properties, such as an anti-inflammatory effect and the protection of the cardiovascular system, among others. During pomegranate juice production, it appears cloudy and must be clarified to remove suspended solids such as colloids and high-molecular weight tannins. The membrane clarification process is a cost-effective alternative to the conventional methods, resulting in a high-quality product. In this work, the clarification of pomegranate juice using the Triple System Model F1 membrane module was carried out for the Mollar and Wonderful varieties with early and late maturity. Three ultrafiltration membranes with different molecular weight cut-off and different chemical compositions were used. The rejection coefficient and permeate flux (which represent the selectivity of the membranes and the process efficiency, respectively) were measured. GR-40PP showed the best results in terms of membrane selectivity and process efficiency, achieving adequate physicochemical juice parameters. Regarding the comparison of the maturity degree, in general terms, the Mollar variety showed better results. Ripe pomegranates showed greater selectivity, while the process efficiency was higher for the early samples.

Template-assisted fabrication of polyether ether ketone hollow fiber membrane for highly efficient separation of binary dye mixtures

Poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) is among the most reliable membrane materials in membrane-based separation processes due to its excellent properties especially under harsh environment. Successfully implementing the controllable construction of the pore structure into the fabrication process of PEEK hollow fiber membranes (HFMs) can make a significant contribution to addressing the issue of membrane selectivity and permeability. Herein, we developed a flexible route for manufacturing PEEK HFMs by melt-spinning technology combined with the template-assisted crystallization process. This route effectively reduced the amount of organic solvent in the membrane preparation process, and the crystallization induced strategy remarkably improved the connectivity of membrane pore structure and fixed pore structure of PEEK HFMs. Furthermore, we conducted a comprehensive investigation into the separation mechanism and performance stability of the prepared membranes in binary dye mixtures. The results unveiled that the suitable pore structure of the PEEK HFMs that maintained a high salt permeability with a high dye retention, synergized with strong negative charge contributed to excellent performance in dye/salts or dye/dye binary mixtures separations. A long-term stability of PEEK HFMs for treatment of the simulated textile wastewater with rejection coefficient of above 99% to dyes like congo red (CR) and a low NaCl rejection (<10%) indicated that PEEK HFMs have a bright prospect in dye/salt separation for water purification and resource reclamation.

Spicing up membrane distillation: Enhancing PVDF membrane performance with cinnamic acid

The increasing demand for freshwater is driving the rapid development of new water treatment materials. Furthermore, there is significant pressure to replace the toxic substances often used in membrane production with environmentally friendly, biocompatible, and natural compounds. In this work, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes were modified for the first time with a naturally occurring, non-toxic, biodegradable substance – cinnamic acid. The application of its molecules for membrane modification allows for diminishing the problem of bioaccumulation and toxicity in the environment. The procedure was selected with the accordance of green chemistry principles (green modifier – cinnamic acid, and green solvent – ethanol), and employed to chemically bind the modifier to the membrane surface. The modified membranes exhibited an increase in the hydrophobicity of the surface. The water contact angle increased from 124.7° for the pristine membrane to 139.3° for the membrane modified with a 10 % concentrated solution of cinnamic acid (PVDF-Cin10). All membranes possessed an excellent salt rejection coefficient. Membrane antiwetting features have been determined under challenging conditions of salt (3 M NaCl) and low surface tension liquid (sodium dodecyl sulfate). The dynamic goniometric studies were implemented to evolve membranes' wetting stability.

Morphology and characteristics of polyethersulfone membrane modified with polyethylene glycol hexadecyl ether and nanocarbon

The development of polyethersulfone (PES) membranes to improve membrane performance can be done in various ways; one is by combining two types of additives (organic and inorganic) in one dope polymer solution. In this study, researchers analyzed the effect of combining polyethylene glycol hexadecyl ether (PEG-HE) as an organic additive and nanocarbon as an inorganic additive on the characteristics and performance of PES membranes. The membrane performance test includes analysis of pure water flux and rejection of synthetic fertilizer factory wastewater (Mg2+) with a concentration of 300 ppm. The membrane characterization was carried out by analyzing the morphology of the membrane structure using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), water contact angle (WCA), porosity, and membrane pore size. Ultrafiltration experiment showed that the modified PES membrane with PEG-HE and Nanocarbon had the highest pure water flux. The most significant rejection coefficient of 96.88% was found in an ultrafiltration experiment using pure PES membranes. The characteristic of other membranes will be described in detail in this article.

Prediction of Flux and Rejection Coefficients in the Removal of Emerging Pollutants Using a Nanofiltration Membrane.

The removal of three emerging pollutants: carbamazepine, ketoprofen, and bisphenol A, has been studied using the nanofiltration flat sheet membrane NF99HF. The removal efficiencies of the membrane have been evaluated by two system characteristic parameters: permeate flux and rejection coefficient. The influence of two operating variables has been analysed: operating pressure and feed concentration. Before and after the tests with emerging pollutants, the membrane has been characterized by determining its water permeability coefficient and its magnesium chloride rejection coefficient to find out if the removal of emerging pollutants causes membrane fouling. The results show that operating pressure has significant separation effects, obtaining the highest efficiencies at a pressure of 20 bar for pollutant concentrations between 5 and 25 mg/L. Moreover, rejection of ketoprofen was found to be dependent on electrostatic repulsion, while rejection of bisphenol A was significantly affected by adsorption onto the membrane. Finally, the experimental data have been fitted to the solution diffusion model and to the simplified model of Spiegler-Kedem-Katchalsky to predict the behaviour of the nanofiltration membrane in the removal of the tested pollutants. Good agreement between the experimental and predicted carbamazepine and bisphenol A data has been obtained with each model, respectively.

Holmium-Containing Metal-Organic Frameworks as Modifiers for PEBA-Based Membranes.

Recently, there has been an active search for new modifiers to create hybrid polymeric materials for various applications, in particular, membrane technology. One of the topical modifiers is metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which can significantly alter the characteristics of obtained mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). In this work, new holmium-based MOFs (Ho-MOFs) were synthesized for polyether block amide (PEBA) modification to develop novel MMMs with improved properties. The study of Ho-MOFs, polymers and membranes was carried out by methods of X-ray phase analysis, scanning electron and atomic force microscopies, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, dynamic and kinematic viscosity, static and dynamic light scattering, gel permeation chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis and contact angle measurements. Synthesized Ho-MOFs had different X-ray structures, particle forms and sizes depending on the ligand used. To study the effect of Ho-MOF modifier on membrane transport properties, PEBA/Ho-MOFs membrane retention capacity was evaluated in vacuum fourth-stage filtration for dye removal (Congo Red, Fuchsin, Glycine thymol blue, Methylene blue, Eriochrome Black T). Modified membranes demonstrated improved flux and rejection coefficients for dyes containing amino groups: Congo Red, Fuchsin (PEBA/Ho-1,3,5-H3btc membrane possessed optimal properties: 81% and 68% rejection coefficients for Congo Red and Fuchsin filtration, respectively, and 0.7 L/(m2s) flux).

The synthesis and characterization of demulsifying poly vinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Disc

Oil/water separation is still a challenging universal task. Here we fabricated an amphiphilic polymeric (APD) PVDF disc that can be used to separate free oil/water mixtures and recover the pure water from W/O emulsions. The modification of the disc includes deposition of copper oxide (CuO) was integrated on the surface via the impregnation method; the CTAB was used as a porogen to increase the roughness of the surface, Morphology of the disc was investigated by SEM and the result showed the nanoparticles were entrapped on the surface and inside the disc. FTIR results strongly predicted the correlation of CTAB, PVDF, and CuO nanoparticles of the modified disc. Separation and wettability test of the FRR% (Flux recovery ratio), permeate flux/oil rejection coefficient (R %) and the water-uptake test confirmed the antifouling properties, permeability of water, oil-rejection, and porosity of the disc. The purpose of impregnation CuO enhanced the hydrophilicity and anti-fouling properties of the PVDF disc.

Microplastic Removal in Krueng Aceh River Water Using Ultrafiltration Membrane from Polyethersulfone Polymer (PES)

The Company's input pipes contained microplastics, per the preliminary test findings. While the water yield produced by PDAM Tirta Daroy contains 150 particles/L, the Tirta Daroy Drinking Water Area has 275 particles/L. Microplastics found in the water pose a major risk to living beings if they are consumed. This work aims to characterize the properties, flux, and polyethersulfone (PES) membrane rejection coefficient, which were made utilizing the phase inversion technique with a solvent and additives called N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). In Sungai Krueng Aceh, titanium dioxide (TiO2) is utilized to filter out microplastics from the water. Results of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) examination of Membrane Morphology demonstrate that the resulting membrane is an asymmetrical membrane of two layers, the upper layer relatively thin and the lower layer porous. When compared to the PES membrane when it was 15% DMF/TiO2, the 20% DMF/TiO2 membrane exhibits a finger-like cross-sectional structure called a macrovoid) with more and larger numbers. Analysis of the microplastic rejection coefficients proved the effectiveness of PES, DMF, and TiO2 membranes in removing microplastics. Results of tests on the effectiveness of rejecting microplastics after undergoing process filtration with a microplastic rejection coefficient of 94% and 14.2 particles/L utilizing a 20% PES/DMF/TiO2 membrane Performance of PES membranes: The PES membrane with 20% DMF/TiO2 has a water flux of 0.467 L/m2.hour compared to 15% DMF/TiO2 0.733 L/m2.hour. This study's findings on membrane Ultrafiltration have the potential to be used as a water filter standard in PDAM.

Synthesis and characterization of MOF/silica cellulose acetate based membranes: Removal of uremic toxins in haemodialysis spent dialysate

The phase inversion technique associated to the Loeb-Sourirajan membranes made possible the creation of membranes in all the range of pressure-driven membrane processes.The present work addresses the synthesis and characterization of CA/SiO2 and CA/SiO2/MOF membranes specific for the removal of the uremic toxins - urea and p-cresil sulfate - from the spent dialysate fluid of haemodialysis. The MOF (Metal Organic Framework) synthesized - UiO2–66(Zr) - is added to casting solutions that differ on the acetone/formamide ratio – CA22, CA22/SiO2, CA34 and CA34/SiO2. The membranes with the higher acetone/formamide ratio, CA22 and CA22/SiO2, have lower hydraulic permeabilities,1.29 Kg/h/m2/bar and 4.1 Kg/h/m2/bar, respectively. The incorporation of UiO2–66(Zr) leads to the increase of their hydraulic permeabilities. This pattern is not verified for the CA34/SiO2 membranes.The molecular weight cut-off for the series of CA22 membranes ranges from 2.9 to 28.3 kDa and for the CA34 series ranges from 8.9 to 35.7 kDa.The incorporation of UiO2–66(Zr) leads to lower rejection coefficients to the two uremic toxins - urea and p-cresil sulfate. In average over the transmembrane pressure range of 0.5–4.0 bar the rejection coefficients are below 5 %.

Experimental Evaluation of the Process Performance of MF and UF Membranes for the Removal of Nanoplastics.

Despite the high removal ability of the wastewater treatment technologies, research efforts have been limited to the relatively large-sized microplastics, leaving nanoplastics outside the studied size spectrum. This study aims to evaluate the process performance of MF and UF membranes for the removal of single and mixed solutions of polystyrene nanospheres (120 and 500 nm) and BSA. The process performance was evaluated in terms of the rejection coefficient, the normalized flux, and the permeability recovery. The fouling mechanism of these pollutants was studied, evaluating the effect of different membrane materials, membrane pore sizes, and nanoplastic sizes, as well as the synergetic effect of the mixture of foulants. This study was complemented by surface membrane characterization. Polystyrene nanospheres were successfully removed with all the membranes studied, except for the MF membrane that obtained PS 120 nm rejection coefficients of 26%. Single nanoplastic particles were deposited in UF membranes creating a pore blocking and cake layer formation, whilst the nanoplastics of 120 nm were accumulated inside the MF membrane creating an internal pore blocking. In mixed solutions, the BSA acted in two different ways: (i) as a stabilizer, hindering the deposition of nanoplastics and (ii) as a main foulant that caused a substantial flux reduction.

Cellulose Acetate Membrane Synthesis of Banana Peel

The membranes can be synthesized from organic and inorganic materials. One of the based organic materials used was a cellulose acetate membrane from banana peel. Banana peel comprised 65% cellulose, and therefore it had the potential to be processed into a membrane. Cellulose acetate membranes are synthesized using a mixture of cellulose acetate from a banana skin with 55% acetone and 27% dimethylformamide using a phase inversion technique. SEM results pictured porous membranes with a pore size of about 5 μm. The results demonstrate the flux capability of a synthesized cellulose acetate membrane of 0.440 L / m2.h with a rejection coefficient of 97.6%. It was concluded that banana peel waste could be used as raw material to manufacture cellulose acetate membranes.

Characterization of Polysulfone Membrane with Variation of Ethanol Concentrations in Coagulation Bath for Ultrafiltration Membrane

The aim of this research is to study influence of ethanol concentrations in coagulation bath to charecteristic of physical properties and polysulfone membrane performance. Ethanol concentrations that used is 0; 40; 50; 60 ; 70; 80; 90 %. Process of making for polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane is prepared with phase inversion technique. Polysulfone membrane is made from polysulfone solved in N,N- dimetilacetamida (DMAc) and additive poly(ethylene glikol) (PEG) 600 in proportion 18 %: 77 %: 5 %. The result showed that increasing ethanol concentrations causes the increasing of density and increase concentrations from 0 - 50 % causes increasing swelling degree, but decreasing swelling degree from concentrations 60 - 90 %. However influence of ethanol concentration in coagulation bath to membrane performance is increasing of water flux, permeability coefficient, and rejection coefficient to dextran. It based on of result that polysulfone membrane with ethanol concentrations 80 dan 90 % included membrane classification ultrafiltration by rejection coefficient value above 90 %.

An Anti-saturation phase retrieval algorithm based on optimal composite fringe patterns for 3D measurement with shiny surface

Three-dimensional (3D) measurement of shiny surfaces poses a challenge to the structure light method due to camera saturation caused by the reflective light. Addressing this problem, we propose an anti-saturation retrieval algorithm based on optimal composite fringe patterns. Based on the generalized expression of composite phase-shifting profilometry, we derive a complete phase error model, determine the best phase-shifting ratio theoretically, and finalize the optimal composite fringe pattern. Then, considering the phase retrieving problem occurred in the saturated regions, we present a novel anti-saturation retrieval algorithm by introducing a rejection coefficient, and accurately retrieve the phases of saturated region only with unsaturated values. Experimental results demonstrate that our method possesses a strong anti-saturation ability for shiny surface measurement with no need of adjusting camera exposure or projector brightness.

Evaluation of Commercial RO Membrane for BaCl2 Separation

The conventional methods of the BaCl2 solution separation are characterized by high energy consumption, reagent requirement, and other technological limitations. The pressure-driven membrane process can be an alternative, but the number of published investigations in this field is limited. The study of the effectivity of the BaCl2 diluted solution separation using the commercially available reverse osmosis membrane was carried out. It was defined that the spiral wound membrane module HID TFC 1812-75 GPD (nominal permeate flux is 281 l/d) has acceptable characteristics of productivity and selectivity. In particular, the permeate flux through these membranes for the BaCl2 solutions does not differ from the fluxes for other salt solutions in the considered range of the applied pressures (0.2-0.6 MPa). The rejection coefficient values were in the range of 0.9-0.95 and slightly varied with applied pressure. Therefore, such membranes are suitable for wastewater purification from the remains of BaCl2. At the same time, the concentration ratio does not exceed 1.5-2, consequently, the application of such membranes on the concentration stage requires deeper justification based on the economical parameters. The significant influence of the concentration polarization on the separation effectivity was not detected up to applied pressures 0.5 MPa.

Ultrafiltration Membranes Modified with Reduced Graphene Oxide: Effect on Methyl Green Removal from Aqueous Solution

In this work, three types of ultrafiltration membranes with different characteristics (GR60PP, RC70PP and GR80PP) have been tested for the removal of the dye methyl green. The tests were first carried out with the three membranes without any modification and then with the membranes' surfaces modified with reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The modification was achieved through physical treatment. The CR70PP membrane did not support the modification treatment and was discarded. The other membranes were initially characterized with distilled water tests to study the permeability to the solvent, and later, the permeate fluxes and the values of rejection coefficients were obtained at different working pressures with a fixed dye initial concentration. In addition, SEM images and SEM-EDX spectra of the native and modified membranes were obtained before and after the dye tests. The GR60PP membrane has shown the best results in relation to the modification because it has increased its rejection levels. On the opposite, the GR80PP membrane performs better without surface modification, achieving the highest rejection values and the highest permeate fluxes in its native form.

Leaching of dissolved organic carbon from commercial reverse osmosis membranes exacerbates interferences in organic solute rejection during bench-scale filtration

Materials in contact with purified (e.g., Drinking water, ultrapure-water) water are sources of dissolved organic carbon which can increase the regrowth potential. Reverse osmosis (RO) membrane materials are composed of flexible polymers that are also in contact with treated water, but their contribution to DOC and microbial regrowth in bench-scale filtration studies is not reported. Bench-scale filtration studies use less volumetric throughput compared to pilot and full-scale filtration systems, which likely exacerbates the influence of leachates on for DOC measurement in permeates. This limits our ability to determine if standard membrane preparation procedures ensure sufficient removal of leachable organics. Migration of DOC from 8 different reverse osmosis membrane filters was assessed by two different experimental approaches; (1) Immersion assay—membranes were soaked in a pasteurized, isotonic water solution with a low and constant concentration of DOC. (2) Volume throughput (VT) test—Permeate was collected at defined VT steps to determine the impact of VT on the washout of DOC during system start-up. Test water from the immersion assay and the filtration test were analyzed with respect to (i) DOC (mg/L), (ii) microbial regrowth potential (% increase in bacterial activity), (iii) DOC fractional composition via LC-OCD. The presented study identified variations in the leachability of DOC between commercial RO membranes. Leaching of DOC from RO membranes varied by supplier and membrane composition. Alfa Laval RO98 exhibited the highest release of DOC compared to the other membranes tested during the immersion assay, suggested by an increase in test water DOC from 0.3 mg/L to 7.43 ± 1.54 mg/L, (n = 3) within 48 h. Aquaporin biomimetic-based membranes had the lowest release of DOC after 48 h of immersion (0.702 ± 0.17 mg DOC/L, n = 3). Higher concentrations of leached DOC did not lead to a higher regrowth potential on the released solute. Results of the filtration test demonstrate that DOC leaching from the membrane can exceed the point of flux-stabilisation, which is the common endpoint of membrane preparation. In all membranes tested, the chemical composition of DOC was dominated by low molecular weight acids, indicative of monomers used during membrane interfacial polymerization. The implication of this study suggests that on bench-scale filtration less volumetric throughput compared to pilot-full scale filtration exacerbates the influence of leachates on for example DOC measurement in permeates; promoting interferences in DOC permeate measurement and corresponding rejection coefficient. Relevance for full-scale filtration systems is limited due to higher volume throughputs applied during system start-up and commissioning.

Integration of Ultra- and Nanofiltration for Potato Processing Water (PPW) Treatment in a Circular Water Recovery System.

The article analyzes integrated ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF) processes for potato processing wastewater treatment for the purpose of which a laboratory filtration system for flat sheet membranes with the effective surface area of 1.4 × 10-2 m2 (UF: polysulfone, cut-off: 10,000 Da; NF: polypiperazine amide, cut-off: 150-300 Da) was used. As part of the study, the effect of the transmembrane pressure of UF (0.2 MPa and 0.4 MPa) and NF (1.0 MPa and 1.8 MPa) on the permeate flux and rejection coefficient was investigated and the impact of sewage preparation methods on the degree of pollution reduction was determined. Moreover, a method for a fouling layer removal from the UF membranes is also proposed. The results of the analyses conducted by the authors show that the pretreatment stage offers additional advantages to TSS and turbidity removal. In both cases (0.2 and 0.4 MPa), UF used after the pretreatment process resulted in a 97-99% reduction in these impurities. The analysis of the determined rejection coefficients shows that the use of NaOH and H2O2 for the regeneration of the UF membrane has a positive effect on filtration efficiency. Regarding NF, the rejection coefficients for most tested parameters were higher for the 1.8 MPa process compared to 1.0 MPa, and approximately 80% of water was recovered.

Separation Mechanisms and Anti-Fouling Properties of a Microporous Polyvinylidene Fluoride-Polyacrylic Acid-Graphene Oxide (PVDF-PAA-GO) Composite Membrane with Salt and Protein Solutions.

This research demonstrates the preparation of composite membranes containing graphene oxide (GO) and investigates the separation mechanisms of various salts and bovine serum albumin (BSA) solutions. A microporous polyvinylidene fluoride-polyacrylic acid-GO (PVDF-PAA-GO) separation layer was fabricated on non-woven support. The GO-incorporating composite resulted in enlarged pore size (0.16 μm) compared with the control membrane (0.12 μm). The zeta potential of the GO composite was reduced to -31 from -19 mV. The resulting membranes with and without GO were examined for water permeability and rejection efficiency with single salt and BSA solutions. Using the non-woven/PVDF-PAA composite, the permeance values were 88-190 kg/m2hMPa, and the salt rejection coefficients were 9-28% for Na2SO4, MgCl2, MgSO4, and NaCl solutions. These salt removals were based on the Donnan exclusion mechanism considering the ion radii and membrane pore size. Incorporating GO into the separation layer exhibited limited impacts on the filtration of salt solutions, but significantly reduced BSA membrane adhesion and increased permeance. The negatively charged protein reached almost complete removal (98.4%) from the highly negatively charged GO-containing membrane. The GO additive improved the anti-fouling property of the composite membrane and enhanced BSA separation from the salt solution.