Reinwardtia Research Articles

Ethno-medicinal study of religiously sacred plants used by the Hindu community in southwestern parts of Bangladesh

ABSTRACT Hinduism has profound religious beliefs and cultural connections with many plants employed in various religious rituals to worship gods and goddesses. Most of these plants are believed to have curative properties for many ailments. In view of the Hindu population decline in Bangladesh during the last decades, there is a need to gather ethnopharmacological data on these sacred plants. This study focuses on documenting the therapeutic uses of plants significant to Hindu practices in southwestern Bangladesh. Through free listing interviews with 28 Hindu participants, medico-religious data on plants were collected using open-ended and semi-structured questionnaires. Results revealed 56 plant species from 32 botanical families as religiously sacred, with Aegle marmelos being most culturally significant. The study identified 89 diseases treated by these plants, with Curcuma longa being the most cited species, followed by Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. It introduced two new ethnomedicinal plant species, Oxystelma esculentum and Reinwardtia indica, previously unreported in Bangladesh. Additionally, new medicinal uses were uncovered, highlighting the intricate relationship between culture, religion, and traditional medicinal knowledge within the Bangladeshi Hindu community. This study represents the first attempt to compile a comprehensive list of plants utilized in Hindu religious practices in Bangladesh.

Phytochemical Study and Screening the Effect of Uv Light on the Antimicrobialactivity of Reinwardtia Indica Leaves Extract

Phytochemical Study and Screening the Effect of Uv Light on the Antimicrobialactivity of Reinwardtia Indica Leaves Extract

Expanding the TLC studies on the unexplored medicinal plant Reinwartdtia indica

The current study is an extension of our previously published work focused on TLC profiling of various extracts if Reinwardtia indica. In the previous report, we have shown that R. indica contains a vast spectrum of compounds that can find their role in novel drug development. Further, here we present quantitative reports of these important phytochemical compounds and their TLC profiling. The plant samples of R. indica were collected from Bugani village, Srinagar Garhwal, and crushed to powder. The plant powder was used as it is for quantitative analysis while extraction was carried out in four different solvents for TLC profiling. Results of the quantitative analysis showed a considerable amount of phenolics, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and steroids. TLC profiling suggests the presence of more than single metabolites among all the groups that can be further exploited for novel drug formulations. Overall, the present study adds further scientific shreds of evidence to the acclaimed medicinal potential of R. indica. Therefore, the baseline data generated so far can be the basis of advanced research on this unexplored and underutilized plant.

Reinwardtia indica: phytochemical screening and evaluation of wound healing activity of the extracts in experimental model rats.

Reinwardtia indica is traditionally used for wound healing. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the wound healing activity of leaves extracts of R. indica using the excision wound model in rats. The leaves of R. indica were collected from Gondrang, Chitwan, Nepal. Leaves were shade dried, extracted by double maceration and subjected to phytochemical screening. Then, the fusion method was used for the formulation of ointment and evaluated. Rats (n=24) were divided into four groups with 6 in each. Excision wound model was used, 2 cm diameter (314 mm2), 2 mm depth wound was created. The treatment was given daily topically to all groups and the % mean wound contraction rate was calculated on days 4, 8, 12 and 16. The result was analyzed statistically using Graph pad prism version 5. Phytochemical test revealed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, phenol, terpenoid, carbohydrate, etc. All the evaluation parameters showed satisfactory results. The extract of R. indica ointment (2% w/w and 5% w/w) increased the wound contraction rate day by day. The % means wound contraction rate, on day 12, (80% and 88%), and on day 16, (97% and 100%) and statistically significant difference was at p<0.0001. The R. indica extract ointment showed an increased wound contraction rate. So, in further R. indica could be used for commercial production of wound healing ointment.

Standardization of Ayurvedic Drug- Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Hippophae salicifolia, Ocimum tenuiflorum and Reinwardtia indica and Combined Herb-Herb

The herbal medicines have reached extensive acceptability as therapeutic agents for various clinical diseases due to global demand. Therefore, standardization is the essential and initial step to drug development. It is for the establishment of consistent biological activity, a consistent chemical profile and biomarker identification. It improves the safety and efficacy of herbal medicine to provide the best herbal medicine to society and increase popularity rather than non-standardized extracts. In addition, it is essential to practice or maintain a quality assurance program for the production and manufacturing of herbal medicine that includes the basis of organoleptic characters and photomicrographs, physicochemical, proximate analysis phytochemical evaluation and quality control analysis and order to assess the quality of drugs, based on the concentration of their active principles. WHO has provided specific guidelines for the assessment of the safety, efficacy and quality of herbal drugs as a prerequisite for global harmonization and of utmost importance. In the present study, the herbal extracts were cleaned, dried in the shade and powdered by passing through the sieve as per the method described in the standard protocol. An overview covering various techniques employed in the extraction and characterization of Nyctanthes arbortristis, Hippophae salicifolia, Ocimum tenuiflorum and Reinwardtia indica, standardization is reported in this study. The obtained data would be very significant for future clinical aspects, as the bioactive molecules present in the extracts may exhibit synergistic effect with other bioactive compound and show a better therapeutic value. Thus, this study provides standardized and therapeutically potential data of active polyherbal formulations for the different ailments.

Neuroprotective effect of Reinwardtia indica against scopolamine induced memory-impairment in rat by attenuating oxidative stress.

Reinwardtia indica belongs to Linaceae family and used as a folk medicine in Asian countries. Traditionally, it has been used in the treatment of paralysis and anti-microbial in wound healing, etc. The current study was undertaken in order to investigate the antioxidant and memory protective effect of the alcoholic (99.90%) (AERI) and hydro-alcoholic (70:30) leaves extract (HAERI) of Reinwardtia indica, against scopolamine-induced memory impairment in animals and also tried to determine the possible mechanism of action. In addition, phytochemical profiling of alcoholic leaves extract was also conducted through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Rats were pretreated with AERI, HAERI (dose 250 and 500mg/kg) and Donepezil (standard drug) along with scopolamine (1mg/kg) for a period of 14days followed by different test like elevated plus maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze to assess learning and memory ability. Acetylcholine levels, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT & GSH), histopathology of the brain and biochemical test were also performed at the end of the treatment period. The scopolamine treatment resulted in learning and memory deficits which were partially and significantly ameliorated by the AERI at higher dose among other doses of extracts. The AERI at higher dose also counteracted the scopolamine-induced decrease in acetylcholine levels, increase in AChE activity, and decrease in antioxidant enzymes activities. No significant changes observed in the biochemical estimation of all dose of extracts. Histology of brain tissue showed the marked cellular changes in only scopolamine treated group while the standard, AERI and HAERI treated group were showing less damage at hippocampus region of the brain. The phytochemicals found after chemical profiling through GC-MS also supported the activity because of the presence of chemicals already reported for the neuroprotective, memory-enhancing and antioxidant activity, etc. The results demonstrated that the ability of the AERI at higher dose among all doses of extracts has more potential to revert the scopolamine-induced learning and memory deficits in rats by attenuating the decreased level of acetylcholine and antioxidant enzymes.

Evaluation of the Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Mimosa rubicaulis and Reinwardtia indica.

Many plants have the property of wound healing, but most of the people are using costly allopathic medicine for the wound. This might be due to lack of awareness about the traditional uses and lack of scientific study of ethnomedicinal plants. So, this study aimed to carry out the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of two medicinal plants which are used traditionally for wound healing activity, i.e.,Mimosa rubicaulis and Reinwardtia indica. Different parts of Mimosa rubicaulis (root, stem, and leaves) and Reinwardtia indica (flower and leaves) were used for the study. Extractions were done by maceration using ethanol as solvent. Antibacterial activity was carried out by the well diffusion method, and antioxidant activities were screened by DPPH radical scavenging and NO scavenging assays. Extract of M. rubicaulis has shown a weak zone of inhibition towards S. aureus and P. vulgaris whereas R. indica has shown no zone of inhibition towards selected bacterial strains. Leaf, root, and stem extracts of M. rubicaulis have shown potent antioxidant activity, i.e., IC50 value of 9.8 µg/ml, 10.19 µg/ml, and, 13.64 µg/ml, respectively. Similarly, leaf extract of R. indica exhibited antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 19.73 μg/ml. The percentage inhibition of NO radicals of root and stem of M. rubicaulis and leaves of R. indica was 31%, 21%, and 22%, respectively. Out of these two plant species, M. rubicaulis had shown antibacterial activity towards selected microorganism, but antioxidant activity was shown by both plant species. These properties on above mentioned two plant species might help for the development of a marketed formulation for antibacterial and wound-healing agent since wound healing is promoted by antibacterial and antioxidant activities.

Toxicity assessment of the alcoholic leaves extract of Reinwardtia indica

The present study aimed to evaluate the safety of the alcoholic leaves extract of Reinwardtia indica in Charles foster rats through an acute and sub-acute oral administration.For assessment of acute oral toxicity test, ratswere orally treated with single dose of the alcoholic leaves extract of Reinwardtia indica at the doses of 50, 250, 500, 1000 2000 and 5000 mg/kg. In sub-acute toxicity study, using the OECD guidelines no. 407, the extract was administered at the doses of 50, 250, 500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg/day for 28 consecutive days and at the dose of 2000 mg/kg satellite group also used for 6 weeks.In acute toxicity above mentioned doses neither showed mortality nor exterior signs of toxicity. In sub-acute, study no significant changes found in haematological and biochemical level ofthe treated rat after 14 days and 28 days in comparison to control. The histopathology of rat brain, kidney, liver, and heart also showed the no cellular changes after extract treated rat.The alcoholic leaves extract of Reinwardtia indica was found non-toxic in single drug dose administration up to 5000 mg/kg (acute study) and in sub-acute administration up to 2000 mg/kg.

Acute and sub-acute toxicity study of hydro-alcoholic leaves extract of Reinwardtia indica in rats

The present study was to assess the toxicity of hydro alcoholic leaves extract of Reinwardtia indica in Charles foster rats through an acute and sub-acute study. In the acute study, rats were treated orally with single dose and for sub-acute study different doses were given orally for 28 consecutive days. At the dose of 2000 mg/kg satellite group was also used for 6 weeks as per OECD guidelines-407. General behavioral parameters were assessed in acute toxicity and found no mortality or exterior signs of toxicity. While in the sub-acute study; biochemical, hematological and histopathology along with the body weight, food, and water consumptions parameters were screened in the animals after 14 & 28 days. The study reveals the insignificant (P < 0.05) change in treated group in comparison to the control. The hydroalcoholic leaves extract of Reinwardtia indica was found non-toxic up to 5000 mg/kg in acute study whereas up to 2000 mg/kg dose level in the sub-acute study.

Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of a novel Himalayan plant Reinwardtia indica dumort: Scientifically unexplored

Reinwardtia indica (Lineceae) is a medicinal plant cultivated in the Himalayan region. It is effectively used in folk medicines for the treatment of various health complications. In the present study, the shade dried leaves and stem were extracted in three different solvents such as ethyl acetate, ethanol, and hydro-alcoholic. The antioxidant efficacy of these extracts was confirmed by using different in vitro assays: DPPH free radical scavenging, superoxide radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation, metal ion chelating capability and reducing power determination. Total phenol content was maximum in hydro alcoholic extract of leaf (540.37 mg per g of gallic acid equivalents) and stem (330.51 mg per g of gallic acid equivalents) while flavonoid content was maximum in ethanolic extract of leaf (305 mg per gram of rutin equivalents) and ethyl acetate extract of stem (170.6 mg per gram of rutin equivalents). The antioxidant activity of these extracts was positively correlated with their total phenol and flavonoid content. Among all tested extracts, ethanolic extract of leaf exhibit maximum zone of inhibition against all tested clinical isolates of bacterial (E. coli 11.00 ± 1.73 mm, P. aeurogenosa 11.67 ± 0.58 mm and S. aureus 10.33 ± 1.53 mm) and fungal (C. albicans 11.33 ± 1.10 mm) pathogens, while ethyl acetate extracts of the leaf and stem showed minimum inhibitory concentration against all tested microorganisms. Thus, R. indica extracts can be used as potent natural antioxidant having antifungal and antibacterial action.

Antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized using flavonoid rich alcoholic leaves extract of Reinwardtia indica

The present work discusses the establishment of a green route for the rapid synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using an alcoholic extract of Reinwardtia indica (AERI) leaves which act as a reducing as well as a capping agent. The change in color from yellowish green to dark brown confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs. A characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 436 nm advocated the presence of AgNPs. The synthesis process was optimized using one factor at a time approach where 1.0 mM AgNO3 concentration, 5 mL 0.4% (v/v) of AER inoculum dose and 30 min of sunlight exposure were found to be the optimum conditions. The synthesized AgNPs was characterized by several characterizing techniques such as HR- TEM, SAED, HR-SEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR and AFM analysis. For evaluation and comparison of AgNPs with AERI used human pathogen E. coli, P. aeurogenosa, S. aeurus and C. albicans for antimicrobial, for cytotoxicity study SiHa cell line at concentration of (10, 50, 100, 250 and 500 µg mL−1) and for enzymatic assay superoxide dismutase, catalase, malondialdehyde and glutathione peroxidase method were used. The size of nanoparticle in the range of 3–15 nm was confirmed TEM, spherical shape by SEM and crystal lattice nature by XRD. AFM results revealed the 2 D and 3 D pattern of particle scatter nature on the surface. This protocol as simple, rapid, one step, eco-friendly, nontoxic and AgNPs showed strong antimicrobial activity as well as cytotoxic potential in comparison to AERI.

Reinwardtia glandulifera (Linaceae), a new species from Kachin State, northern Myanmar

Reinwardtia Dumortier (1822: 19) (Linaceae) with one species Reinwardtia indica Dumortier (1822: 19) is mainly distributed in northern India, China and Southeast Asia (Dressler et al. 2014). The genus belongs to subfamily Linoideae, tribe Eulineae (Winkler 1931, Dressler et al. 2014). Reinwardtia indica is heterostylous, and dimorphic pollen and stigmas are reported (Bahadur et al. 1996, Sugawara et al. 2002). Historically, two Reinwardtia species, R. tetragyna Planchon (1848: 523) and R. trigyna (Roxburgh, 1799:357) Planchon (1848: 522) have been recorded in Myanmar (Kress et al. 2003), but R. trigyna has been treated as a synonym of R. indica (Grierson &amp; Long 1987, The Plant List 2013, Dressler et al. 2014).

NEW SPECIES OF CATANTHERA AND MEDINILLA (MELASTOMATACEAE) FROM HALMAHERA, INDONESIA AND A NEW NAME FOR A MEDINILLA FROM MADAGASCAR

VELDKAMP, J. F. &amp; KARTONEGORO, A. 2017. New species of Catanthera and Medinilla (Melastomataceae) from Halmahera, Indonesia and a new name for a Medinilla from Madagascar. Reinwardtia 16(1): 25 - 30. - One new species of Catanthera and four of Medinilla (Melastomataceae) from Halmahera, Moluccas, Indonesia, are described. One also occurs in Morotai. A new name was needed for M. intermedia H. Perrier (1932), non Blume (1831), from Madagascar.

Phytochemical Screening and TLC Profiling of Various Extracts of Reinwardtia indica

Reinwardtia indica, belongs to family Linaceae known as yellow flax or pyoli commonly found in the Himalaya. The plant has varied ethno medicinal importance such as aerial parts are used to prevent bleeding of cuts and as mouthwash; leaves are used in the treatment of paralysis and as natural antibiotic. Qualitative phytochemical screening of chloroform, acetone, ethanol, methanol and aqueous extracts was performed to explore scientific basis of ethno medicinal potential. It confirmed the presence of many phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavanoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, phlobatanins etc. in various extracts. Most of the phytochemicals were found in methanol and ethanol extracts. Thin Layer chromatography (TLC) of the acetone, methanol, chloroform and aqueous extract was performed for four important phytochemicals alkaloids, flavanoids, tannins and phenol. Flavanoids showed their presence in all extracts with one spot in each (Rf 0.8 for acetone, 0.918 for methanol, 0.816 for chloroform and 0.737 for aqueous extract). Alkaloids and tannins were found in acetone and methanol extract while phenol was present only in methanol extract (Rf 0.8). These findings provided the evidence that Reinwardtia indica is a potent source for some medicinally important phytochemicals and it justifies its use as a medicinal plant. This can be further investigated for the isolation and identification of active biochemical compound of medicinal utilities

Dimorphism of Pollen Grains and Stigmas in the Heterostylous Subshrub, Reinwardtia indica (Linaceae) in Myanmar

Morphological characteristics of the heterostylous subshrub, Reinwardtia indica occuring in Mandalay Division, Myanmar, were examined. The species is typically distylous, and shows dimorphism in polle

Marantaceae in Sulawesi

ARDIYANI, M., POULSEN, A. D., SUKSATHAN, P., BORCHSENIUS, F. 2010. Marantaceae in Sulawesi. Reinwardtia 13(2): 213-220. - Six species of Marantaceae occur in Sulawesi. We present a key to the species together with a taxonomic treatment with notes on species delimitation, distribution, habitat and ecology, vernacular names and uses. One species endemic to Sulawesi and not covered by any contemporary publication, Phrynium longispicum (Warb. ex K. Schum.) Suksathan & Borchs. is described and neotypified. Donax canniformis (G. Forst.) K. Schum., Phrynium pubinerve Blume, Phrynium robinsonii (Valeton) Suksathan & Borchs, Stachyphrynium latifolium (Blume) K. Schum. and Stachyphrynium repens (Korn.) Suksathan & Borchs. are also reported from Sulawesi and characterized. For the two last species these occurrences represents an extension of their previously known range across Wallace's line.

THE DISTRIBUTION OF GLOMEROMYCOTA IN CACAO RHIZOSPHERE IN INDONESIA

KRAMADIBRATA, K. 2009. The distribution of Glomeromycota in cacao rhizosphere in Indonesia. Reinwardtia 12(5): 347–356. A study on the distribution of Glomeromycota (AF) in cacao soils in several cacao plantations in Java and Bali showed that Acaulospora walkeri as a dominant species and A. scrobiculata as a predominant species.

VULPIA (GRAMINEAE) IN MALESIA

SUMADIJAYA, A. & VELDKAMP, J. F.2009. Vulpia (Gramineae) in Malesia. Reinwardtia 12(5): 343–346.- A brief account of Vulpia (Gramineae) in Malesia is which consisting of V. bromoides and V. myuros is provided here, based on material seenprimarily by JFV in BO, K, L, CANB.

GLOMEROMYCOTA RECOVERED FROM CACAO SOIL

KRAMADIBRATA, K. 2009. Glomeromycota recovered from cacao soil. Reinwardtia 12(5): 357–371.-Glomeromycotan fungi were studied from several cacao plantations in Indonesia (Java and Bali) and Ecuador. The identity of 28 species of Glomeromycota associated with cacao is presented.

Reinwardtia indica Dumort. (Linaceae): A new record for Andhra Pradesh

Reinwardtia indica Dumort. (Linaceae), a distylous subshrub and species of ethnobotanical and horticultural interest, is reported as a new addition to the flora of Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh, India.