Design Support Research Articles

Optimized analysis and reinforcement design model for RC/SCC box-section bridges using developed advanced design framework

In recent years, there has been a significant rise in the construction of reinforced concrete (RC) and steel-concrete composite (SCC) box-section bridges. However, design codes do not provide specific design methods for the RC plates of such bridges where the plates experience both intricate forces and moments. The current design approaches are primarily based on conventional one-dimensional beam element theory, which neglects the complex spatial force characteristics of the structural elements, potentially leading to unsafe design. Therefore, it is imperative to address this issue. To bridge this gap, a comprehensive analysis and reinforcement design procedure named as the developed advanced design framework (DADF) is proposed in this study. The spatial analysis of bridges was performed using a refined numerical model, called the spatial grid model (SGM), to consider the structural spatial effects with limited model scales. Subsequently, the internal force corresponding matrix (IFCM) was implemented through Python scripts to determine the most critical internal force combination for an RC plate element. Additionally, the three-layered sandwich model (T-LSM) was employed with limit analysis to automatically design reinforcement for all elements, serving as a practical tool for design. This research demonstrates that the implementation of the DADF can significantly reduce steel reinforcement in the RC plates of such bridges by up to 48 %, and 23 % in total, showcasing the efficiency of the developed framework. Overall, the findings emphasize that the proposed DADF offers a robust procedure for steel reinforcement design of RC/SCC box-section bridges.

A Study on the Surface Oxidation Pretreatment and Nickel Plating Mechanism of Carbon Fiber.

This study explores the effects of various temperatures on the surface modification of carbon fibers, as well as the effect of differing voltages and currents on the morphology, deposition rate, and thickness of the Ni plating layers. Post-treatment characterization of the samples was conducted utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) methods, thus facilitating a discussion on the mechanism of Ni plating. The findings demonstrate that at a temperature of 500 °C, the carbon fiber surface exhibits the highest concentration of functional groups, including hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH), and carbonyl (-C=O), resulting in the most efficacious modification. Specifically, exceeding 500 °C leads to significant carbon fiber mass loss, compromising the reinforcement effect. Under a stable voltage of 7.5 V, the Ni-plated layer on the carbon fibers appear smooth, fine, uniform, and complete. Conversely, at a voltage of 15 V, the instantaneous high voltage induces the continuous growth of Ni2+ ions along a singular deposition point, forming a spherical Ni-plated layer. In addition, a current of 0.6 A yields a comparatively uniform and dense carbon fiber coating. Nickel-plated layers on a carbon fiber surface with different morphologies have certain innovative significance for the structural design of composite reinforcements.

Numerical and Theoretical Analyses of Laminated Veneer Lumber Beams Strengthened with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Sheets

This study outlines a method of utilizing the finite element method and a simple mathematical model to predict the behavior of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) beams strengthened with composite sheets. The numerical models were created using the Abaqus 2017 software. The LVL was considered as a linearly elastic or elastic–plastic material, factoring in Hill’s yield criterion. The composites were simulated as linearly elastic–ideally plastic materials. The mathematical models were predicated on the methodology of transformed cross-section. The theoretical and numerical outcomes were juxtaposed with previous empirical investigations. The comparison encompassed load-bearing capacity, stiffness, and deformation under peak force. Furthermore, presentations of normal stress maps in the LVL and composite have been illustrated. The derived maps were juxtaposed with the delineations of failure modes. An adequate correlation was identified between the theoretical, numerical, and empirical values in the case of beams reinforced with aramid, glass, and carbon sheets. The relative deviation varied from several to multiple percentages. This technique is not applicable for evaluating load-bearing capacity and deformation when only dealing with sheets with low elongation of rupture. This is a consequence of their premature failure. The proposed models may be utilized by researchers and engineers in the design of reinforcements for timber structures.

Numerical Integration Study of Penetration and Blasting Damage for Composite Underground Protective Structure with Reinforcement Layers

In response to the increasing threat of powerful earth-penetrating weapons, underground protective structures typically employ composite structural systems with reinforced steel layers. However, current numerical studies often simplify the entire structural system to plain concrete when assessing damage effects, and penetration and blasting processes are treated separately using a restart method. In this paper, we adopt an integrated simulation approach to analyze the resistance performance of composite protective structures with reinforcement layers. The results reveal significant differences in failure modes between plain concrete and reinforced concrete protective structures. The diameter of the steel bars and the spacing between mesh layers notably impact the penetration and blasting damage. Based on the results of a parameter analysis, we propose a method for optimizing the design of reinforcements in composite underground protective structures. The results of the study show the following: (1) The penetration and blast damage patterns of EPWs on plain concrete and composite protective structures with reinforcing mesh are significantly different. Compared to the plain concrete layer, the composite protection structure can effectively resist the damage of EPWs. (2) With the increase in reinforcement diameter, the decrease in reinforcement mesh spacing, and the increase in reinforcement dosage, the penetration depth gradually decreases; the amount and range of the blast damage also decrease accordingly. (3) Under the condition of the same reinforcement ratio, reducing the number of layers of reinforcement mesh, increasing the diameter of reinforcement, and configuring the reinforcement on the top of the protective structure as much as possible can improve the performance of the protective layer against penetration. At the same time, the reasonable arrangement of the reinforcement mesh can also enhance the ability of the protective structure to resist blasting damage.

Optimal design of seismic reinforcement for structures with asymmetric rigidity plans using genetic algorithm

Optimal design of seismic reinforcement for structures with asymmetric rigidity plans using genetic algorithm

Numerical Analysis of Laminated Veneer Lumber Beams Strengthened with Various Carbon Composites.

Among the many benefits of implementing numerical analysis on real objects, economic and environmental considerations are likely the most important ones. Nonetheless, it is also crucial to constrain the duration and space necessary for conducting experimental investigations. Although these benefits are clear, the applicability of such models must be appropriately verified. This research subjected validation of numerical models depicting the behavior of unstrengthened and strengthened laminated veneer lumber (LVL) beams. As a reinforcement, a carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheet and laminates were used. Experiments were conducted on full-scale members within the framework of the so-called four-point bending testing method. Numerical simulations were performed using the Abaqus software. Two types of material models were examined for laminated veneer lumber: linearly elastic and linearly elastic-perfectly plastic with Hill's yield criterion. A distinction was made in the material properties of carbon composites based on their location on the height of the cross-section. The outlined numerical models accurately depict the behavior of real structural elements. The precision of predicting load-bearing capacity amounts to a few percent for strengthened beams and a maximum of eleven percent for unstrengthened beams. The relative deviation between numerical and experimental values of bending stiffness was at a maximum of seven percent. Applying the elastic-plastic model enables accurate representation of the load versus deflection relation and the distribution of stress and deformation of strengthened beams. Based on the findings, directives were provided for further optimization of the positioning of composite reinforcement along the span of the beam. Reinforcement design of existing laminated veneer lumber members can be made using presented methodology.

Durability of Fe-SMA/steel single-lap joints exposed to hygrothermal environments

Due to the adverse impact of hygrothermal environments and fatigue load, the performance degradation of existing steel structures necessitates repairs to extend their service life. Structures retrofitted by bonding iron-based shape memory alloy (Fe-SMA) have been demonstrated as an active non-destructive repair method. Nevertheless, the deterioration of the adhesives triggered by hygrothermal environments is a crucial challenge in its practical reinforcement applications. In this study, 54 Fe-SMA/steel single-lap joints (SLJs) are aged in 55°C and 98 % relative humidity environments for 30, 60 and 110 days, and tested under shear loads. The long-term performance, failure patterns, load-displacement responses and shear-resistance capacity of the SLJs are investigated, considering the essential parameters of aging time, overlap length and adhesive types. The experimental results exhibit that the failure patterns of aged Fe-SMA/steel SLJs depend highly on the adhesive types. The shear-resistance capacity of Fe-SMA/steel SLJs decreases dramatically with the prolongation of aging time. After 110 days of aging, the shear-resistance capacity of type-C, type-S and type-P SLJs decreases by about 14 %, 39 % and 49 %, respectively. When the overlap length increases from 50 mm to 150 mm, the shear-resistance capacity of type-C, type-S and type-P Fe-SMA/steel SLJs improves by 21 %, 39 % and 22 %, respectively, increasing the overlap length can safeguard the optimal functionality and long-term performance of the retrofitted steel structures. While the environments are relatively aggressive, it is recommended to use type-C adhesive to obtain the satisfactory serviceability of the retrofitted steel structures. The experimental achievements are significant for repairing deteriorated steel infrastructures by bonding Fe-SMA, guaranteeing the long-term performance and normal-use safety of structural reinforcement design, and reducing carbon emissions due to the avoidance of reconstruction.

Analisis Dinding Penahan Tanah Tebing Sei Seruyan Desa Pembuang Hulu Kecamatan Hanau

River buffers are an important part of a road network system because they have a significant effect if the river collapses or if it does not function properly. Because riverbanks are structures that cross roads and other traffic, the collapse of riverbanks will reduce or withstand traffic and also cause buildings that stand alongside eroded rivers and landslides, which in turn will disrupt the comfort of community traffic and live and disturb economic relations. So it is very important to calculate the structure of the cliff building in Pembuang Hulu Village, Hanau District, so that it does not endanger the road users and community comfort activities. This study uses secondary data collection methods, then calculated in three models of variations in the condition of the retaining wall to obtain stability and structural analysis which can then calculate the value of bolster safety and sliding safety in buildings. Based on the calculation results obtained as follows, the capacity value of the soil behind the building of the retaining wall is qa = qu / 3 = 17.933 t/m^2 where the safety factor = 3.00 is normal qae = qu / 2 = 26,900 t/m^2 where the safety factor = 2.00 earthquake conditions. The value of stability and analysis of the structure of the retaining wall against rolling is Fg = 3.027>1.5, the shear is Fs = 1.587> 25.25 and foundation reinforcement 221.5 and the minimum stress value of qmin = 3.8006 tons/m² and the maximum stress value of qmax = 9.6454 tons/m² . The reinforcement design of the walls and the foundation of the soil retaining building to be safe against landslides is to reinforce 1925 the walls using 2225. guide

The Utilization of Shape Memory Alloy as a Reinforcing Material in Building Structures: A Review.

Shape memory alloy (SMA), a type of smart material, is widely used in the design of reinforcement and repair, isolation, and shock absorption of building structures because of its outstanding characteristics, such as the shape memory effect (SME), superelasticity (SE), and high damping. It not only improves the bearing capacity, ductility, and mechanical properties of the structural components of buildings but can also effectively slow down the strong response of engineering structures under the effect of an earthquake. It plays a key role in energy dissipation and shock absorption as well as sustainable development. To promote the application of SMA in building structures, this paper summarizes the research on the use of SMA as a reinforcing material in building structures, including work related to SMA material characteristics and types, SMA-reinforced structural components, and SMA isolation devices. In addition, the shortcomings of SMA applications in building structures are analyzed, and valuable suggestions for future research methods are put forward. SMA has been applied to engineering practice in the form of embedded and external reinforcement, which shows that it has broad application prospects in future buildings.

Study on the Mechanical Performance of RC Beams under Load Reinforced by a Thin Layer of Reactive Powder Concrete on Four Sides

To repair reinforced concrete beams efficiently in a limited building space, the four-sided application of a reinforcing thin layer of reactive powder concrete (“RPCTL”) was proposed to improve the bending capacity of the members. Static flexural tests of one comparison beam and five reinforced beams were completed on a four-point centralized loading device. Changes in deflection, cracks, stresses, and damage characteristics of the specimens were measured under various levels of loading. The test results showed that the damage patterns of the reinforced specimens were dominated by the yielding of longitudinal tensile reinforcement at the bottoms of the beams and the crushing of the cementitious material in the top compression zones of the beams. The cracking load greatly increased by 1.42 to 7.12 times, and the ultimate bearing capacity increased by 0.29 to 1.41 times. The distribution characteristics and dynamic changes in the displacement, stress, and damage of the specimens were dynamically simulated by finite element software. The effects of reinforcement and initial load-holding level on the reinforcement effect were investigated. A bending capacity calculation formula for RPCTL reinforcement technology is proposed that aligns with the test results and can provide a reference for the design of RPCTL reinforcement.

Disturbance range characterization and reinforcement design method of concealed bedding slope

The concealed bedding slopes exhibit sudden and extensive failure characteristics, harboring significant safety hazards. It is crucial to employ rapid and accurate methods to determine excavation disturbance ranges and reinforcement forces to prevent such slope disasters. This paper first analyzes the failure characteristics of slope excavation to reveal the mechanism of slope failure. Secondly, a novel method was proposed to calculate excavation disturbance ranges and solve for active reinforcement forces. Thirdly, the rationality of the method was validated through numerical simulation experiments. Finally, the method was applied to engineering. The results are as follows:(1) Excavation induces plastic shear failure of structural planes first, and the strength of the structural plane will be reduced, resulting in extrusion shear deformation of the rock mass at the foot of the slope under greater unidirectional load along the structural plane, forming a shear sliding surface. (2) From both strength and deformation perspectives, a method for calculating disturbance ranges in excavated slopes is proposed. This method determines key indicators for analyzing two disturbance range factors: ultimate height and disturbance thickness. The disturbance range is divided into shear plastic zones and traction sliding zones. (3) An active reinforcement design method is proposed considering the timing, scope, and force of reinforcement. The disturbance thickness is used to determine the reinforcement range, while the ultimate height is used to determine the timing of reinforcement. Active reinforcement forces are calculated based on the equilibrium of forces and deformation amounts. (4) A comparison with the Finite Element Method (FEM) shows that during excavation, the disturbance ranges and reinforcement forces calculated using this method are slightly larger than those obtained from the FEM. The calculations are fast, and as the excavation height approaches the limit slope height, the disturbance thickness and horizontal deformations closely match the FEM results, ensuring safety. It can provide monitoring, early warning and reinforcement guidance for bedding slope construction.

Fracture mechanics approach to minimum reinforcement design of fibre-reinforced and hybrid-reinforced concrete beams

The problem of the minimum reinforcement condition in fibre-reinforced and hybrid-reinforced concrete flexural elements is addressed in the framework of fracture mechanics by means of the Updated Bridged Crack Model (UBCM). The model describes the crack propagation process occurring in the critical cross-section of the reinforced member, by assuming the composite as a multiphase material, whereby the toughening contribution of the cementitious matrix and of the reinforcements are independently evaluated. The key-point of the discussion is that, when the influence of the matrix nonlinearities on the response is neglected, the minimum reinforcement condition is defined by a linear relationship between the critical values of two dimensionless numbers: (i) the bar- reinforcement brittleness number, NP , proportional to the steel-bar area percentage, ρ; (ii) the fibre- reinforcement brittleness number, NP,f, proportional to the fibre volume fraction, Vf. The model is applied to several experimental campaigns of the literature, in order to assess its suitability in the minimum reinforcement design of reinforced members in a unified fracture mechanics-based framework.

The configuration design of cross-linked CNT networks to realize heterostructure in Cu matrix composite towards prominent mechanical-electrical property synergy

Developing reticular reinforcement and heterogeneous microstructure remains persistent challenges in one-dimensional carbon nanotube (CNT)-Cu system. We herein fabricated dual-heterostructured Cu composite by diazotizing CNT into cross-linked (CL) networks and achieving bimodal grain distribution. The CL-CNT networks uniformly dispersed in Cu matrix, forming strong C–N/O–Cu covalent bonds at the interfaces and effectively retarding grain growth to create ultra-fine grain (UFG) regions around them. The CL-CNT networks/UFG regions, along with the surrounding coarse grain (CG) regions, resulted in a remarkable synergy between mechanical and electrical properties within the composite. Systematic analysis indicates that CL-CNT network acts as a whole to bear loading, remarkably enhances the load-transfer strengthening and promotes the dislocation accumulation around the interface. Meanwhile, hetero-deformation between “hard” CL-CNT networks/UFG regions and “soft” CG regions lead to extra-strengthening and hardening associated with strain partitioning, generation of geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) and strain delocalization. In-situ tensile test further reveals that CL-CNT/Cu with dual-heterostructure introduces the extra-toughening via crack bridging and deflection mechanisms. Besides, CL-CNT network with the robust interface is considered to reduce the interfacial inelastic scattering and provide additional paths for electron transport, accounting for the high electrical conductivity. This work highlights the importance of configuration design of reinforcement in tailoring heterostructured metal matrix composites (MMCs) with outstanding comprehensive performance.

Quantitative analysis of deformation performance for skew slab based on deformation energy decomposition method of triangular prism element

In order to propose a simpler and more effective method to quantitatively analyze the macroscopic basic deformation properties such as tension, bending and shear of the skew slabs, and provide theoretical basis and technical support for targeted design and reinforcement. Based on mathematical orthogonality, mechanical equilibrium and physical parameters, this paper proposes a deformation energy decomposition method suitable for 3D 6-node arbitrary triangular prism elements. By applying this method to the finite element model discretized by triangular prism element, the quantitative information of 6 kinds of rigid body displacement and 12 kinds of deformation energy of skew slab can be obtained. The quantitative and visual analysis of the basic deformation performance of the skew slab is carried out by using the method in this paper. Then the targeted structural design and reinforcement design of the skew slab can be guided according to the principle of matching design with deformation. Compared with the existing deformation decomposition methods based on square elements, which are only applicable to 2D or quasi-3D regular structures, the deformation energy decomposition method based on arbitrary triangular prism elements in this paper can be used to analyze the deformation performance of 3D irregular structures. The influence of skew angle and span-width ratio on the deformation performance of skew slab is analyzed by deformation energy decomposition method. The results show that when the skew angle is greater than 25°, the proportion of ductile deformation energy such as tension and bending of skew slab decreases rapidly. In this case, the shear design of the skew slab should be focused on. When the angle is greater than 45°, the span-width ratio should be appropriately reduced to improve the ductility of the skew slab, and the torsion design needs to be focused on.

A novel constitutive law of confined grouted rock bolt under pull-out load based on a fully nonlinear bond-slip model

Rock bolts are widely applied in deep underground excavations for rock reinforcement. Here, a constitutive model that quantifies the pull-out load-displacement relationship of the grouted rock bolt has been developed though theoretically analyzing the load transfer behaviour along the bolt-grout interface. An improved nonlinear continuously yielding criteria was employed as a bond-slip model where the role of confining pressure playing in slip was accounted. The performance of the proposed constitutive model was demonstrated by comparing with three sets of laboratory pull-out tests on the fully grouted rock bolts under different confining pressure levels (including a short-encapsulated pull-out test designed in our laboratory). The input parameters in the model were determinable within the laboratory environment. The analytical simulation results of pull-out load-displacement performance, the axial stress in the rock bolt and shear stress along the bolt-grout interface agreed well with the laboratory data. We also found that the confining pressure significantly affects the critical embedment length and the higher the confining pressure, the shorter the critical embedment length. The findings enrich the understanding on the mechanical properties of grouted rock bolts and hence aid the rock engineers in rock reinforcement design in underground excavations.

Fundamentals of Arthroscopic Surgery Training and beyond: a reinforcement learning exploration and benchmark

PurposeThis work presents FASTRL, a benchmark set of instrument manipulation tasks adapted to the domain of reinforcement learning and used in simulated surgical training. This benchmark enables and supports the design and training of human-centric reinforcement learning agents which assist and evaluate human trainees in surgical practice.MethodsSimulation tasks from the Fundamentals of Arthroscopic Surgery Training (FAST) program are adapted to the reinforcement learning setting for the purpose of training virtual agents that are capable of providing assistance and scoring to the surgical trainees. A skill performance assessment protocol is presented based on the trained virtual agents.ResultsThe proposed benchmark suite presents an API for training reinforcement learning agents in the context of arthroscopic skill training. The evaluation scheme based on both heuristic and learned reward functions robustly recovers the ground truth ranking on a diverse test set of human trajectories.ConclusionThe presented benchmark enables the exploration of a novel reinforcement learning-based approach to skill performance assessment and in-procedure assistance for simulated surgical training scenarios. The evaluation protocol based on the learned reward model demonstrates potential for evaluating the performance of surgical trainees in simulation.

In-plane crushing behavior and energy absorption of sponge-inspired lattice structures

Novel energy-absorbing structures were a crucial requirement for the structural crashworthiness design in the automotive and aerospace industries. Inspired by the unique double-diagonal reinforced configuration of deep-sea glass sponge, we proposed a bionic lattice structure (BLS) fabricated by additive manufacturing (AM). In-plane quasi-static compression tests and numerical simulations were conducted on BLS with varying wall thicknesses (t), and two distinct deformation modes were observed: layer-by-layer mode with zero Poisson's ratio (ZPR) and uniform deformation mode with negative Poisson's ratio (NPR). The effects of structural parameters on the crushing behavior of BLS were investigated by numerical method. It was found that BLS with wall thickness (t) of 1.2 mm exhibited better energy absorption performance than 0.45 mm, with the energy absorption (EA), specific energy absorption (SEA), and mean crushing force (Pm) increased by 745.0%, 216.5%, and 744.3%, respectively. The change in crushing mode was caused by the ‘+’ shaped joints changing from buckling to rotation, and the crushing behaviors of BLS could be effectively controlled by adjusting unit size and unit number. Finally, theoretical prediction models were developed using simplified super folding element (SSFE) theory to gain deeper insights into crushing behavior and performance of BLS. The present study provided valuable insights into the in-plane crushing and energy absorption capabilities of BLS. Moreover, it highlighted the potential of the double-diagonal reinforcement design in developing innovative energy-absorbing structures.

Feasibility Study of UHPC Reinforced Masonry Structure

With the increase of service life of masonry structure and the damage of masonry structure caused by external environment, the structure will be difficult to meet the design requirements. It is necessary to repair and reinforce the existing structure or replace the original structure with a new type of composite structure. ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is a kind of high strength, high ductility, high durability material, which has the advantages of almost impermeability, almost no carbonization, and almost zero chloride ion penetration and sulfate penetration. UHPC has been widely used in the field of concrete structure reinforcement, whether the masonry structure can be better strengthened has become the research content of this paper. Basic mechanics of UHPC materials at home and abroad By systematically combing and summarizing the research progress of performance and reinforcement design, the feasibility of UHPC reinforced masonry structure is obtained.

A robustness-oriented procedure for the design of tying reinforcement in precast concrete hollow-core floors

Buildings may be subjected during their service life to extreme events which can trigger progressive collapse. On this front, the role played by tying reinforcement in structural members is crucial for an adequate load redistribution and the avoidance of disproportionate collapse. This work proposes a robustness-oriented procedure for the design of tying reinforcement placed in the hollow-core units and beams of precast concrete buildings, where limited studies are available in scientific literature. In particular, the aim is to provide a simple yet reliable approach for the design of concentrated and distributed ties in precast floors by adopting fundamental input parameters such as the system’s chord rotation capacity and dynamic amplification factor, which are not considered in current design codes. Firstly, a flow-chart of the design procedure is proposed and discussed. Secondly, the input parameters are calculated based on recent analytical approaches - proposed by some of the authors - to optimize the tying reinforcement design. Finally, the efficiency of the design procedure is demonstrated with an application example, and a novel detailing scheme is proposed which is aimed at a significant enhancement of structural robustness. Due to its simplicity, the proposed design procedure is contended to be applicable in robustness assessment and design of building structures with precast concrete hollow-core floors.

DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE WITH ORDINARY MOMENT FRAME IN LOW SEISMIC REGION (CASE STUDY: MIDRISE SHOPPING BUILDING IN SINGKAWANG CITY)

This paper focuses on the design of a reinforced concrete structure for an eight-story shopping building in Singkawang City, located in a low to moderate seismic area. The study integrates relevant design considerations in response to the region's seismic conditions. Through structural analysis, the building is categorized as seismic design category B due to moderate seismic risk, leading to the selection of an ordinary moment-resisting frame system compliant with SNI 1726:2019. Emphasis is placed on the importance of using such a system to enhance ductility and prevent brittleness during earthquakes.The research emphasizes the need to design structures capable of withstanding various loads, including dead, superimposed dead, live, wind, and earthquake loads, particularly in West Kalimantan, known for its historically low to moderate seismic activity. Recent earthquake records highlight the necessity of earthquake-resistant design for safety and durability. Structural analysis confirms the building's stability against seismic forces, with a modal participation ratio meeting SNI 1726:2019 requirements, indicating robust response under seismic loads.The study also assesses inter-story drift and P-Delta effects to ensure they meet allowable limits, which is crucial for preserving structural integrity and preventing post-earthquake instability. A detailed reinforcement design following SNI 2847:2019 enhances structural strength and durability, especially when under seismic loading. The foundation design uses tailored hollow spun piles to provide sufficient bearing capacity and stability. This approach demonstrates resilience against potential seismic events in low-to-moderate seismic regions, highlighting the importance of integrating seismic design principles and ductility considerations for effective earthquake hazard mitigation.