Reinforced Vinyl Ester Composites Research Articles

A comparative study on erosion behaviour of untreated and alkaline-treated biochar reinforced vinyl ester composites

A comparative study on erosion behaviour of untreated and alkaline-treated biochar reinforced vinyl ester composites

Mechanical, wear and thermal behaviour of rice husk microfibre and ZrO2 bioceramic from Phyllanthus niruri extracts reinforced vinyl ester composites

Mechanical, wear and thermal behaviour of rice husk microfibre and ZrO2 bioceramic from Phyllanthus niruri extracts reinforced vinyl ester composites

Effect of Fiber Length and Loading on the Mechanical Characterization of Cyperus Pangorei Fiber Reinforced Vinyl Ester Composites

Polymer composites fabricated using plant fibers have become a dominant role in number of industries due to the outstanding results of their physical and mechanical characteristics when compared to traditional materials. The current study aims to develop lightweight and affordable composite materials using Cyperus pangorei fiber (CPF) and a vinyl ester (VE) resin matrix. Comparing the characteristics of composite materials created with different fiber lengths (3 to 11 mm) and contents (10 to 50% weight). The composite with 7mm fiber length and 40% of fiber content demonstrated the highest level of stability among the various fiber weight and lengths percentages tested. A composite system's fiber contents have a significant impact on its overall performance. The bonding of fibers and matrix of the specimens were good, according to SEM analysis. As a result, the current study suggests that the optimal CPF-reinforced VE composites would be a capable substitute to traditional materials for value-added engineering products.

Mechanical characterization of banana-nylon fibre reinforced Vinyl ester composites

ABSTRACT Hand lay-up was used to create banana and nylon Fibre-reinforced vinyl ester (VE) composites with random orientation of the short fibre ratio (banana:nylon = 1:1). To make it environmentally conscious, natural fibre (banana) was added in synthetic fibre (nylon). After fabrication, different mechanical testing was conducted. Tensile strength improves by 47% at 10 wt. % fibre loading and 13% at 20 wt.% fibre loading. Flexural strength improved by up to 213% at 15 wt. % fibre loading. At 20 wt. % fibre loading, the mean hardness number reaches its maximum. The mean impact energy is highest at 15 wt. % fibre loading. Furthermore, the highest water absorption is 2.3% with a fibre loading of 20 wt.%. After 15 wt.% fibre loading, which is suggested for optimal performance, the manufactured composites exhibit a declining trend in tensile, flexural, and impact capabilities. As a result, scanning electron micrographs were collected at 20 wt.% fibre loading to investigate the type of fibre-matrix bonding, voids, fibre agglomeration, and fibre pullouts phenomena. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy was also explored to show a decline in hemicelluloses content. As-fabricated composites have several technological uses, including leisure and sports products, maritime sectors, and airplanes.

The development and multifunctional characterization of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) nut shell biochar reinforced vinyl ester composites for sustainable management

The development and multifunctional characterization of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) nut shell biochar reinforced vinyl ester composites for sustainable management

Effects of vacuum infusion configuration on homogeneity of glass fiber reinforced polymer composites for automotive components

In this study, the effects of vacuum infusion configuration on the homogeneities of glass fiber reinforced vinyl ester composites have been evaluated. Three different sizes of samples (100x100, 500x500, and 1000x1000 mm) were fabricated. Three different configurations were used to fabricate the samples. The first two configurations had one inlet, while the third configuration had two inlets for resin infusion. Thickness variations and hardness (Shore D) measurements were performed to determine the homogeneities of the samples. The results revealed that, for small size samples, the configurations have no obvious effect on the homogeneity of the samples, both in terms of thickness variations and hardness values. However, for larger samples, the configuration where the resin is introduced into the preform in the center of the component showed better homogeneity than other configurations. Even a better distribution is assessed with the introduction of the resin in the center of the sample, although this configuration also resulted in thickness swellings in the central areas of the sample. The thickness swellings were observed around the inlet areas for all configurations. The study shows that the resin flow in the center of the component is preferable but thickness swelling must be considered when dimensional tolerances are critical.

Hydrothermal Ageing of Glass Fibre Reinforced Vinyl Ester Composites: A Review.

The use of glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites in load-carrying constructions has significantly increased over the last few decades. Such GFRP composite structures may undergo significant changes in performance as a consequence of long-term environmental exposure. Vinyl ester (VE) resins are a class of thermosetting polymers increasingly being used in such structural composites. This increasing use of VE-based GFRPs in such applications has led to an increasing need to better understand the consequences of long-term environmental exposure on their performance. The reliable validation of the environmental durability of new VE-based GFRPs can be a time- and resource-consuming process involving costly testing programs. Accelerated hydrothermal ageing is often used in these investigations. This paper reviews the relevant literature on the hydrothermal ageing of vinyl ester-based GFRP with special attention to the fundamental background of moisture-induced ageing of GFRP, the important role of voids, and the fibre-matrix interface, on composite mechanical performance.

Mechanical Characterization of Hybrid Polymer Composite for Marine Application

An investigative work was conducted to examine the tensile, flexural and impact strength of carbon fiber reinforced vinyl ester composites filled with different proportions (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2) of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and silicon nitride (Si3N4) filler. Composites were fabricated by hand layup method. Results showed an increase in tensile strength of g-C3N4 and Si3N4 particles content by 1% and beyond which the strength decreased. With the addition of 1wt% of g-C3N4 and Si3N4 in carbon fiber reinforced vinyl ester composites, the flexural strength increased to 16% and the tensile strength increased by 10%. The eroded surface of specimen was observed under scanning electron microscope and the results are reported. Incorporation of nano fillers in hybrid polymer composite will enhance the mechanical properties. Hence hybrid C-V extensively used in marine applications.

Effects of fiber content and its chemical treatment on the mechanical properties of screw pine fiber reinforced vinyl ester composite

Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites have several advantages over traditional composites. The chemical modification of natural fibers helps to develop polymer composites with better mechanical properties. In the present work, mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural, and impact strength of chopped Screw pine fiber reinforced vinyl ester composites have been evaluated under-treated conditions based on the volume fractions of Screw pine fibers. The fibers have been treated with 5% of NaOH solution for 1 h at room temperature. The hand lay-up method has been used to prepare composite plates at room temperature. The results revealed that mechanical properties of composites increased with the increase of the fiber content up to 35.57 vol% at both the untreated and treated conditions and then dropped. However, the modulus values have been increased continuously from the fiber content of 8.43 to 45.3 vol%. It was identified that the critical or optimum fiber content for better mechanical properties is 35.57 vol% for both the untreated and treated conditions. The percentage of improvement at every combination was obtained by comparing the composites prepared with the untreated and treated fibers. The fractured surface of the treated fiber composites was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, the tensile properties are predicted using the Hirsch and Modified Bowyer and Bader model and compared with experimental values. The predicted results revealed that the Modified Bowyer and Bader model shows better conformity.

Mechanical Behaviour and Thermal Properties of Pine Apple Leaf Fiber Reinforced Vinyl Ester Composites

Despite its mechanical and environmental properties, pineapple leaf fibers (PALF) are used as a home threading material in India. In addition, the effects of abrasive combing and pretreatment techniques on fiber and composite characteristics were examined in this work. Using PALF vascular bundles separated from different regions of the leaves did not affect the mechanical aspects of pineapple leaf fiber-vinyl ester composites. PALF fibers performed equally in strengthening composite flexural properties under static loading, regardless of diameter or location, with a much lower weight percentage and combined pressure. Tests at higher speeds revealed that the PALF-vinyl ester composite was more robust with more delicate bundles. Reinforcing composites that do not require a high degree of hardness can benefit from the cleaner, more delicate bundles produced by abrasive combing.

Artificial Neural Network Modeling of Abrasion Loss and Surface Roughness of Crab Carapace Impregnated Coir Vinyl Ester Composites

Roughness plays an important role in determining how an object would be related with its environment. In tribology, rough surfaces easily obtain wear more quickly and have higher friction coefficients than smooth surfaces. Roughness is often a good analyzer of the performance of a mechanical component. This investigation is aimed to study the abrasion loss and surface roughness behaviors in crab carapace-filled coir fiber reinforced vinyl ester composites. The development of filler-impregnated fiber-polymer composites in recent years necessitated the evaluation and prediction of tribological behaviors in fiber reinforced composites. The composite fabrication was planned by varying the three fabrication parameters with three levels such as fiber length (10 mm, 30 mm, and 50 mm), fiber diameter (0.1 mm, 0.18 mm, and 0.25 mm), and content of crab carapace fillers (0%, 2%, and 4%) as per Design of Experiments (DOEs) in this current investigation. Low velocity integrated wear loss tests on composite samples were carried out, and also the average surface roughness is measured in the fabricated composites. Nonlinear regression equations were developed to study the correlation between tribological behaviors and fabrication parameters. The interaction effect of fabrication parameters was studied using ANOVA two-tail test and validated using response surface plots. In order to forecast abrasion loss and surface roughness behaviors, artificial neural network (ANN) models were constructed, and it was discovered that the produced ANN models effectively predicted the abrasion loss as well as surface roughness behavior within the given ranges.

Studies on mechanical and fracture properties of basalt/E‐glass fiber reinforced vinyl ester hybrid composites

AbstractIn this study, a comparative analysis of basalt, E‐glass and hybrid fiber reinforced vinyl ester composites was carried out. Composites were fabricated using vacuum infusion process with 0°/90° and ±45° as fiber orientation angles. The influence of volume fraction on mechanical behaviors and surface morphology of impact fractured composites were analyzed. The glass and basalt fibers oriented at 0° have shown higher load bearing capability, whereas the fibers oriented at 45° angle have shown higher plastic deformation. Hybridized composite having silane treated glass fibers has shown enhanced mechanical properties including tensile strength, bending strength, toughness, and elongation at break due to good bonding between fibers and polymer matrix. The tough and flexible interface between fiber and matrix dissipates more energy through stress transfer from matrix to fiber, allowing increased resistance to shearing. The impact test of BGS‐0.2 hybrid composite showed 103% and 108% of strength improvement compared to basalt (B‐0) and glass fiber (G‐0) reinforced laminates, respectively. However, the fiber orientation at 45 degree showed reduced the strength and modulus with high elongation. The fractography micrographs of hybrid composites have shown the effectiveness of basalt and glass fiber orientation in the composites and bonding between fiber and matrix indicating flexible interphase between the fiber and matrix during impact loading. The composites added with silane have shown marginal increase in water uptake due to presence of polar functional groups in the coupling agent.

Utilization of waste dolomite dust in carbon fiber reinforced vinylester composites

The present study was designed to explore the applicability of dolomite dust (a waste from a dolomite quarry) as filler in polymer composites. Therefore, fixed carbon fiber reinforced vinyl ester composites with varying dolomite dust proportions (0, 5, 10 and 15 wt.%) are manufactured and subsequently evaluated for physicomechanical and sliding wear properties. Experimental results indicate that density, void content, impact energy, hardness, tensile modulus, and flexural modulus increase with dolomite content increase. On the other hand, a continuous decrease in tensile and flexural strength was observed with increased dolomite dust content. The sliding wear tests were performed using L16 orthogonal design, considering four parameters: dolomite dust, sliding distance, applied load, and sliding velocity according to the Taguchi method. It was found that dolomite dust was the most noteworthy parameter of wear rate, followed by applied load and sliding distance.

Synthesis and characterization of randomly oriented silane-grafted novel bio-cellulosic fish tail palm fiber–reinforced vinyl ester composite

Synthesis and characterization of randomly oriented silane-grafted novel bio-cellulosic fish tail palm fiber–reinforced vinyl ester composite

Çeşitli Matris Malzemelerinin Bazalt/Jüt/Cam Elyaf Takviyeli Hibrit Kompozitlerin Mekanik Özelliklerine Etkisi

In this research, the effect of different matrix materials (epoxy and vinylester) on the mechanical properties of Basalt, Jute, and Glass fiber-based hybrid composites were analyzed mechanically and morphologically. The mechanical test results were achieved by the Tensile test and Vickers hardness test, while morphologic images were obtained by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Basalt fiber fabric, Jute fiber fabric, and Glass fiber fabrics of 86 gr/m² and 100 gr/m² were used as reinforcement elements, while epoxy and vinylester were utilized as matrix materials. A vacuum assisted resin transfer molding method was used as the production technique. In the results, it is given how the use of different reinforcement element types and different matrix materials affects the mechanical properties of the produced composite samples. Results show that the tensile strength of basalt fiber/glass fiber (100 gr/m²) reinforced with epoxy is the highest in all of the produced composites. In terms of microhardness, the hardness value of basalt fiber/glass fiber (100 gr/m²) reinforced epoxy composites have 1.39 times higher than basalt/glass fiber (100 gr/m²) reinforced vinylester composites. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was utilized to examine the fiber rupture and fracture mode in hybrid composites. As a result of the analysis, also it was observed SEM results support the mechanical test results.

Effect of the double bond content of sizing agents on the mechanical properties of carbon fibre reinforced vinyl ester composites

Unsaturated polyester sizing agents with various double bond contents have a significant influence on the interface between carbon fibers (CF) and vinyl ester resins (VER). This paper aims to study the effect of the double bond content of sizing agents on the surface properties of CF and thermo mechanical properties of the sized CF/VER composites. We synthesized five types of self-emulsifying cationic sizing agents with various double bond contents and characterized the samples by FTIR, dynamic light scattering (DLS), cryo-scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-SEM) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The double bond content of the sizing agents on the cross-linking extent of the CF surface were investigated on factors such as the wettability of VER, the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and flexural strength and modulus of CF/VER composites. It was identified that the distribution of the sizing agent emulsions had a mono-dispersion of around 50 nm and were thermally stable below 300 °C. Additionally, it was identified that the double bond content of the sizing agents enhanced the grafting reactions and cross-linking extent between the sizing agent and CF surface. The CF had the best wettability for vinyl ester resin when the double bond content was 10% in the sizing agent. In addition, the ILSS, the flexural strength and the modulus reached maxima.

Effect of Moisture on the Resistance of Sansevieria Cylindrica–Reinforced Vinyl Ester Composites

Abstract The research is intended to determine the absorption behavior of a newly fabricated, sansevieria cylindrica–reinforced vinyl ester composite (SCVEC) under a different immersion medium. For this purpose, seawater, distilled water, and groundwater was taken. The samples of untreated and sodium hydroxide (NaOH)-treated SCVEC with varying fiber content and fiber length was subjected to water absorption studies. The diffusion coefficient, permeability coefficient, and sorption coefficient were determined to study the kinetics of water molecules penetrating the SCVEC. The results show that SCVEC can resist seawater effectively compared to other medium. This is because of the salt molecule, which disables the secure transport of water molecules into the composite. NaOH-treated composites showed better results compared to the untreated composites irrespective of immersion medium. Scanning electron microscopic studies reveal the water absorption mechanism of SCVEC materials.

Study of Mechanical Properties of Roselle Fiber Reinforced Vinyl Ester Biocomposite Based on the length and content of Fiber

Mechanical properties of Roselle fiber reinforced vinyl ester biocomposite were studied based on the fiber content and length in the present communication. Usually, natural fiber reinforced polymer composites depend on some aspects such as fiber content, fiber length and orientation, the fiber-matrix adhesion. Composite plates were prepared by a simple hand lay-up technique for two different fiber lengths (3 and 13 mm) and five different fiber content (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 wt%). Composite specimens were tested according to ASTM standards and their results were recorded. Experimental results showed that mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural and impact, increases with increase of fiber content up to 40 wt% after which it is decreases at both the fiber length. However, modulus values were increased linearly with fiber content of 10 to 50 wt%. Composites with the fiber length of 13 mm show the high level of mechanical properties compared to composites with the fiber length of 3 mm at all combinations of fiber contents. It is observed that the optimal fiber content is 40 wt%, which can be used to obtain the maximum property level in the Roselle fiber reinforced vinyl ester composites

Experimental investigation on wear behaviour of bio-waste reinforced fusion fiber composite laminate under various conditions

Natural fibres are performing an essential role as a substitute for human-made fibre reinforcements in plastics and proposing reasonable and ecological advantages. The wear behaviour and coefficient of friction of natural fibre reinforced polymer composites is a complicated exterior damage process, strongly affected by the prepared situation. Aim of this present work to investigate the tribological characterization such as wear rate and Coefficient of friction of Human Hair/Hibiscus/Epoxy glass fusion fibre and coir pith polymer composite with particulate reinforced vinyl ester composites. Attempts made to look at the wear behaviour of fusion fibre such as Human Hair/Hibiscus/Epoxy glass fibre and coir pith particulate materials in these composites. The experimental results revealed to straightforwardly identifying the Wear behaviour, Coefficient of friction and Characterization changes in the Polymer surrounding composite substance materials. Results exposed that the Coefficient of friction and wear performance of Human Hair/Hibiscus/Epoxy glass fusion fibre-based composites are better than the coir pith particulate reinforced composites.

Evaluation of mechanical, thermal and water absorption behaviors of Polyalthia longifolia seed reinforced vinyl ester composites

This study presented a novel utilization of biomass solid waste, named Polyalthia longifolia (Mast tree) seed as a reinforcement in a composite, using a compression molding technique. An attempt was made to reinforce vinyl ester matrix (VE) with Polyalthia longifolia seed filler (PLSF), ranging from 5 to 50 wt% loadings. Mechanical properties of the fabricated Polyalthia longifolia seed filler/vinyl ester (PLSF-VE) composite samples were tested and analyzed. The results showed that the PLSF-VE composite exhibited optimum mechanical properties at 25 % wt of filler loading; ultimate tensile strength and modulus were approximately 32.50 MPa and 1.23 GPa, respectively. The ultimate flexural, impact strengths and hardness were observed around 125 MPa, 31.09 kJ/m2 and 36.50, respectively. The heat deflection test and thermo-gravimetric analysis depicted that the PLSF-VE composites withstood up to 66 °C and 430 °C, respectively. Furthermore, the PLSF and its various composite samples were studied, using energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM).